猪流行性腹泻病和猪圆环病毒病混合感染的诊治

2014年2月,突遇降雪天气,某规模化猪场2 000头母猪中约100头母猪所产新生仔猪集中在1周龄内出现大批死亡现象,死亡前均出现呕吐、消瘦及水样稀粪症状。通过采用现场调查、实验室病理解剖、病理组织学观察、免疫组化、RT-PCR、测序、ELISA检测等方法,本试验确定该病是猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)变异野毒株感染引起,同时混合感染猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)。通过采取母猪群紧急接种疫苗、仔猪口服卵黄抗体及加强保温、消毒等综合措施,该病迅速得到控制。     

猪感染圆环病毒Ⅱ型的流行特点和预防

感染率高PCV2(圆环病毒)对猪具有较强的易感性。可经口腔、呼吸道感染不同年龄的猪，部分怀孕母猪感染PCV2后，经胎盘垂直传播给仔猪。用PCV2人工感染后，其他未接种猪同居感染率达100％。可经鼻液、粪便等废物中排出病毒。PCV2常与细小病毒和PRRS混合感染。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒分离鉴定及其灭活疫苗免疫保护效果研究

为筛选能用于猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)疫苗研发的流行毒株,收集PEDV阳性病料,以Vero细胞进行病毒分离试验,并对分离毒株进行外源病毒检测、病毒培养特性研究、仔猪毒力试验及免疫效力试验等。9份PEDV阳性病料共分离到3株病毒,分别命名为PEDV-SC12、PEDV-JS12、PEDV-JX12。其中PEDV-SC12株存在支原体污染;PEDV-JS12株与PEDV-JX12株均能被PEDV特异性阳性血清中和;PEDV-JS12株能在Vero细胞上增殖并产生细胞病变,但适应细胞45代以后病毒培养效价仍然偏低;PEDV-JX12滴度能维持在106.0 TCID50/mL以上。PEDV-JX12株毒力试验显示,该分离株能够通过人工感染复制出腹泻病例,并能从发病动物体内检测到感染的病毒。免疫攻毒保护试验显示,以PEDV-JX12株制备的灭活疫苗免疫母猪,对所产仔猪攻毒后免疫组6.25%(1/16)发病,对照组100%(8/8)发病。说明PEDV-JX12株能够适应细胞培养,免疫接种母猪能给仔猪提供有效保护,可以用于PEDV流行毒株的疫苗研发。     

猪场母猪与仔猪猪圆环病毒2型感染情况调查

为了解目前母猪和仔猪猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)感染情况,本试验对来自于15个猪场的85份母猪血清和29个猪场的55份仔猪可疑病料(脾脏、淋巴结、肾脏等),分别采用间接ELISA和PCR法进行PCV2抗体和病毒核酸检测。结果显示,在15个猪场中,1个猪场母猪抗体呈阴性,其他14个猪场母猪抗体均呈阳性,猪场PCV2阳性检出场为93.3%(14/15),85份母猪血清抗体总阳性率为75.3%(64/85)。29个猪场的仔猪,PCV2核酸检测阳性猪场为19个,猪场阳性率为65.5%(19/29),55份仔猪可疑病料病毒核酸检测总阳性率61.8%(34/55)。可见,母猪和仔猪感染PCV2相当普遍。对母猪群PCV2抗体阳性率及其仔猪群病毒核酸阳性率进行比较发现,母猪群PCV2抗体阳性率越高其仔猪群病毒核酸阳性率却越低。     

猪圆环病毒3型的分离及致病性分析

猪圆环病毒3型(porcine circovirus type 3,PCV3)是2016年由美国首次报道引起母猪繁殖障碍的一种新型猪圆环病毒，该病毒的致病性尚不完全清楚。为研究PCV3对断奶仔猪的致病性，本研究用PK-15细胞自临床病料分离到1株PCV3毒株，命名为PCV3/CH/HB/XY/2018,全基因组测序分析表明，该毒株属于PCV3a-IM基因亚型。分别用PCV3阳性病料初始匀浆液和第8代细胞培养物采用滴鼻和肌肉注射2种方式感染28日龄断奶仔猪，每组试验猪5头，并设置空白对照组。通过观察和分析试验猪的临床表现、体温、增重、病毒血症、各组织的病毒载量和病理变化等方面评价仔猪感染试验结果。结果显示：PCV3阳性病料初始匀浆液和细胞培养物在感染断奶仔猪后均会引起仔猪出现体温上升、消瘦、皮炎和生长缓慢等现象；病毒血症时间超过14 d,但21 d消失，病毒的组织分布结果表明，PCV3主要感染扁桃体、淋巴结等免疫器官，在脾、肺和扁桃体等组织中的病毒载量最高；感染猪可出现间质性肺炎、淋巴小结增生和嗜酸性粒细胞增多等病理变化。本研究表明PCV3/CH/HB/XY/2018毒株对断奶仔猪有致病...     

猪流行性腹泻病毒灭活疫苗的制备及攻毒保护研究

为研究现用猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)CV777疫苗毒株对流行毒株的免疫保护效果,以RTPCR进行PEDV CV777疫苗株、JS12流行株S基因克隆测序,进行PEDV S基因核酸序列分析与氨基酸序列分析。分别以转瓶工艺与细胞悬浮培养工艺培养Vero E6细胞,制备PEDV CV777株转瓶灭活苗与悬浮灭活苗。分别以PEDV转瓶灭活苗、悬浮灭活苗、PEDV流行株组织灭活苗(JS12株)产前30d免疫经产母猪;母猪产仔后14d进行仔猪攻毒保护试验。核酸序列分析显示,PEDV CV777株S基因与流行毒株的相似性在96.4%~99.7%之间,氨基酸序列相似性在96.7%~99.5%之间。转瓶工艺制备PEDV抗原效价为107.0 TCID50/mL,悬浮培养制备PEDV抗原效价为108.5 TCID50/mL。攻毒保护试验显示,悬浮灭活苗免疫母猪后,仔猪有2/10发病,保护率为8/10,转瓶灭活苗组发病率为8/10,保护率仅为2/10;组织灭活苗组9/10发病;对照组10头全部发病。该试验证明,提高PEDV CV777株的抗原含量,能够有效提高疫苗对PEDV流行毒株的保护效果。     

一株变异型猪流行性腹泻病毒的分离鉴定及其灭活疫苗的免疫效力试验

本研究旨在分离猪流行性腹泻病毒（porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV）变异株,通过悬浮培养工艺制备成高效价的PEDV灭活疫苗。2017年从中国多个规模化猪场采集腹泻病死仔猪的小肠及其内容物200份,通过RT-PCR方法进行PEDV检测并测序,筛选一株PEDV变异株,将其在2 L反应器里悬浮培养的Vero细胞上进行病毒分离与传代培养,收获的病毒液鉴定后测定TCID₅₀,经甲醛灭活后加入氢氧化铝胶佐剂配制成PEDV灭活疫苗,对其物理性状、稳定性、黏度、无菌等进行检验,检验合格后免疫妊娠母猪及所产仔猪,对其安全性和免疫效力进行研究。结果显示,200份病料中有86份为PEDV阳性,将筛选的PEDV变异株病料在Vero细胞上传至第5代时出现细胞病变,传至第10代收获病毒液,经鉴定后确定为PEDV变异毒株,并命名为PEDV-GF10株。收获的病毒液浓缩后测得病毒滴度可达1×10^8.0 TCID₅₀/mL。疫苗检验合格后在母猪产前40和25 d时试验组后海穴肌内注射4 mL疫苗,空白组不免疫,结果显示试验组与空白组母猪的生产情况无明显差异,所产3日龄仔猪分别免疫不同剂量后体温无显著差异,表明该疫苗对母猪和仔猪均安全性良好。随机挑选试验组与空白组母猪所产3日龄仔猪各20头,分别口服4 mL PEDV-F10病毒培养物,空白组母猪所产仔猪在攻毒24 h后PEDV发病率为100%,抗体均为阴性;试验组母猪所产仔猪只有10%出现了轻微的腹泻症状,仔猪获得了高达90%保护率,且仔猪被动免疫后抗体能持续至35 d以上。以上结果表明,PEDV-GF10变异株通过悬浮细胞培养后病毒滴度显著提高,研制的PEDV-GF10株灭活疫苗安全有效,能够对中国的PEDV变异株达到有效防控,为国内PED防控提供了理论依据。     

吉林省猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型血清流行病调查分析

猪圆环病毒（porcine circovirus，PCV）为圆环病毒科（Circoviridae）圆环病毒属成员，是单股环状DNA病毒，是迄今发现的最小的动物病毒。PCV存在2种基因型，即PCV-1和PCV-2。PCV-1未发现有致病性；PCV-2主要引起仔猪免疫缺陷的断奶仔猪多系统消耗综合症（Posl-weaning muhisystemic wasting syndrome，PMWS）的病原之一。猪是PCV的易感动物，主要是经口腔及呼吸道途径感染，少数怀孕母猪可经胎盘将PCV直接感染给仔猪。感染猪可从鼻液、粪、尿中排出病毒，并于2—15周龄时发生PMWS。     

猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型ORF3基因缺失突变毒株对仔猪的致病性及免疫原性研究

15头28～30日龄健康仔猪分成A、B、C3组（5头／组）,分别肌注接种PCV2ORF3基因缺失突变毒株mPCV2-C、亲本毒株PCV2-CD以及生理盐水。用PCR-RFLP和PCR方法,分别从A组和B组屠宰仔猪的腹股沟淋巴结中特异性检测到mPCV2-C和PCV2-CDDNA,发现mPCV2-C能够在仔猪体内复制增殖。组织病理学结果表明;A组和B组腹股沟淋巴结、肝细胞及肺泡壁上皮细胞呈现病变,其中B组病变较严重,证实ORF3基因缺失未改变PCV2的组织嗜性。外周血T淋巴细胞亚群含量动态检测结果表明：与C组相比,A组、B组外周血CD3^＋、CD4^＋细胞百分含量降低,而A组CD8^＋细胞于免疫后第14天回升,高于B组和C组,表明ORF3基因缺失使病毒对T淋巴细胞亚群的影响有所减弱,并有诱导仔猪细胞免疫应答的趋势。上述结果提示ORF3缺失致使病毒的致病力有降低的趋势。PCV2抗体动态检测发现：mPCV2-C明显诱导了仔猪的体液免疫,具有良好的免疫原性。mPCV2-C可作为PCV2基因缺失疫苗候选毒株。     

猪圆环病毒2型细胞培养适应毒株的培育和鉴定

从临床表现为仔猪断奶后多系统衰竭综合征（PMWS）淋巴组织病料，经聚合酶链式反应（PCR）证实为猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）感染，采用无污染的猪肾细胞系（PK15）分离培养，并连续传代培育成一株细胞培养适应毒，命名为PCV2／LG株。分离毒株经细胞培养，于第25代后毒价显著升高，于第35代毒价可达10^5.6TCID 50/mL。采用免疫过氧化物酶单层细胞染色法（IPMA）、免疫电镜技术、分子克隆及核酸序列分析等鉴定表明，分离株感染细胞后病毒抗原主要分布在细胞核及细胞质中；病毒感染的阳性细胞呈散在分布，阳性细胞数可达50％以上；免疫电镜观察到与PCV2特异抗体结合形成的病毒免疫复合物呈实心小颗粒样粒子团，病毒粒子直径约为17nm；病毒抗原基因组由1768个核苷酸组成，与GenBank登录的8个PCV2基因组序列同源性达96．2％以上。用2mL的病毒细胞培养物（10^5.6TCID 50/mL）接种30日龄PCV2抗体阴性仔猪3头，可引起典型PMWS临床症状。本研究为进一步开展该病毒的致病性、疫苗免疫、诊断及分子生物学等研究奠定了基础。     

Association of porcine circovirus 2 with porcine respiratory disease complex

A retrospective study was performed on natural cases of porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) to determine the association and prevalence of PRDC with porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and other co-existing pathogens in Korea. Histologically, alveolar septa were markedly thickened by infiltrates of mononuclear cells. Moderate to marked multifocal peribronchial and peribronchiolar fibrosis were present and often extended into the airway lamina propria. Among the 105 pigs with PRDC, 85 were positive for PCV2, 66 were positive for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), 60 were positive for porcine parvovirus (PPV), and 14 were positive for swine influenza virus (SIV). There were 80 co-infections and 25 single infections. A co-infection of PCV2 with another additional bacterial pathogen is frequently diagnosed in PRDC. The combination of PCV2 and Pasteurella multocida (38 cases) was most prevalent followed by PCV2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (33 cases). The consistent presence of PCV2, but lower prevalence of other viral and bacterial pathogens in all pigs examined with PRDC, has led us to speculate that PCV2 plays an important role in PRDC.     

Cultivation of a porcine adenovirus in porcine thyroid cell cultures

The porcine adenovirus type 4 was adapted to grow in porcine thyroid cell cultures. A readily recognizable cytopathic effect appeared in these cells as soon as the first passage of the virus and complete degeneration of the monolayers was obtained after only 72 hours post-infection at the fourth passage. A viral yield of 10(6.0) TCID50/ml was calculated after the third passage. The virus was purified by CsCl density gradient centrifugation and was shown to possess a buoyant density of 1.33 g/ml. A specific antiserum was prepared from two specific-pathogen-free piglets and used for indirect immunofluorescent staining. The fluorescence was observed in the nucleus of infected cells at 24 to 72 hours post-inoculation. The use of TP cells is suggested for routine porcine adenovirus diagnosis.     

Pseudorabies virus, porcine parvovirus, and porcine enterovirus interactions with the zona pellucida of the porcine embryo

Porcine embryos (n = 93) were incubated on cell monolayers that had been previously inoculated with pseudorabies virus, porcine parvovirus (PPV), or each of 2 porcine enteroviruses. After 2, 24, or 48 hours of incubation, the embryos were fixed in glutaraldehyde and examined by electron microscopic procedures. It was found that pseudorabies virus adsorbed to the zona pellucida (ZP) and entered sperm tracks in the ZP. The PPV and both enteroviruses entered pores in the ZP and were associated with sperm that were at or near the outer surface of the ZP. In addition, PPV was seen enmeshed in cellular debris on the outer surface of the ZP. Evidence of a productive viral infection of the blastomeres of the embryos was not found.     

The survey of porcine teschoviruses, porcine circovirus and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus infecting piglets in clinical specimens in China

A multiplex PCR assay was developed and evaluated for its ability to simultaneously detect three viral infections of swine. Specific primers were carefully selected from articles published for each of the following three viruses: porcine circovirus type II (PCV2), porcine teschovirus (PTV) and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). Each target produced a specific amplicon with a size of 353 bp (PCV2), 168 bp (PTV) and 499 bp (TGEV). The sensitivity of the multiplex PCR using purified plasmid constructs containing the specific viral target fragments was 6.60?×?10², 8.43?×?10² and 7.30?×?10² copies for PCV2, PTV and TGEV, respectively. Among 127 samples which were collected from Heilongjiang, Jilin, Henan and Guangxi provinces, the single infection of PCV2, PTV and TGEV was 99.21, 46.88 and 65.35 %, respectively, and co-infection of the three viruses was 26.77 %. In conclusion, the multiplex PCR has the potential to be useful for routine molecular diagnosis and epidemiology.     

猪MSTN基因敲除载体的构建及细胞筛选

构建猪肌肉生长抑制素(Myostatin,MSTN)基因的打靶载体并获得敲除MSTN基因的猪胎儿成纤维细胞.以Puro为正筛选基因,白喉毒素-A(DT-A)为负筛选基因.将同源长臂和同源短臂分别插入Puro基因的两侧.同源长短臂分别为4 294 bp和1 015 bp,定点敲除MSTN基因的部分内含子2和部分外显子3.采用FugeneHD 转染法将打靶载体转入37 d的猪胎儿成纤维细胞中,转染后的细胞采用嘌呤霉素筛选.结果显示,成功构建了对猪MSTN基因部分区域进行敲除的打靶载体,共得到48个具有药物抗性的细胞克隆,经PCR检测,获得2个正确同源重组的细胞克隆.     

Association of porcine circovirus type 2 with vascular lesions in porcine pneumonia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the vasculature in porcine circovirus type 2-infected (PCV2-infected) lungs and to identify the PCV2 subtypes involved in porcine pneumonia. Pulmonary samples from 140 pigs, 2 weeks to 7 months of age, from 36 Hungarian commercial herds with clinical signs of respiratory disease were examined for the presence of respiratory pathogens, with bacterial culture, pathologic evaluation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV2, porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus, and swine influenza virus. PCV2 was the most commonly identified pathogen (49 cases) among the 74 of 140 cases (53%) with respiratory pathogens. PCV2 was detected immunohistochemically in the wall of 13% to 100% of pulmonary vessels (mean, 89%) in 38 of 49 cases (78%). Detection of PCV2 antigen was positively correlated with the presence of vascular lesions (P < .001, odds ratio [OR]: 159.54). Other pathogens capable of vascular injury in swine were found in 29 of 49 of the PCV2-positive cases (59%). The probability of detecting vascular lesions in PCV2-infected lung was higher than in infection with porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus (P < .002, OR: 14.63), Pasteurella multocida infection (P < .001, OR: 5.75), or Streptococcus spp. infection (not significant, OR: 1.45). Sequence analysis of open reading frame 2 amplicons was possible in 6 PCV2-positive cases, from which 5 cases proved to be PCV2b subtype and 1 case, PCV2a subtype. In conclusion, PCV2 antigen was commonly colocalized with pulmonary vascular lesions in pneumonia in Hungarian swine, and PCV2b was the dominant subtype.     

Chorio-retinitis in porcine toxoplasmosis

Porcine toxoplasmosis generally occurs as a latent disease in adolescent and adult pigs, but now and then also manifests itself as a fatal congenital disease in piglets. It is known to occur in USA (Farrel et al. 1952), Germany (Becker 1954), Denmark (Momberg-Jørgensen 1956), Mexico (Varela et al. 1956), Japan (Sato et al. 1958), England (Harding et al. 1961) and Sweden (Hansen et al. to be published).