刺五加多糖对雏鸡脾脏中CD4+ 和CD8+T淋巴细胞定位分布的影响

为了研究刺五加多糖（ASPS）对雏鸡脾脏中CD4+和CD8+ T淋巴细胞定位分布的影响,从组织学角度评价ASPS对脾脏的免疫调节作用,试验将1日龄海兰褐公雏饲养至7日龄时选取150只,随机分为3组：空白对照组、ASPS低剂量组（ASPSL）和高剂量组（ASPSH）,每组50只,所有组每天注射1次,连续注射3天。免疫后的第7、14、21和28天分别取其脾脏制作冰冻切片,采用免疫组织化学方法检测CD4+和CD8+ T淋巴细胞的定位分布。结果显示,与空白对照组比较,免疫注射后21天和28天时ASPSL组和ASPSH组CD4+ T淋巴细胞的数量均显著增加（P<0.05）,而且ASPS能够促进红髓中CD4+ T淋巴细胞向动脉周围淋巴鞘迁移,从而使单个动脉周围淋巴鞘面积较对照组明显增加,而ASPS对脾脏中CD8+ T淋巴细胞的数量和分布无明显影响。由此可知,ASPS能够通过影响脾脏中CD4+ T淋巴细胞的定位分布发挥免疫调节作用,这对于进一步揭示ASPS的免疫调节机制具有重要意义。     

青蒿组方对球虫感染雏鸡血液中CD4^+和CD8^+T淋巴细胞的影响试验

为研究青蒿组方中药对鸡免疫力的影响,试验选取14日龄三黄鸡120只,平均分为4组:感染给药组(1组),感染不给药组(2组),不感染给药组(3组),不感染不给药组(4组).感染组人工接种柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊.接种后第4、7、10 d运用流式细胞仪测定各组鸡血液中CD4^+、CD8^+T淋巴细胞值及二者的比值.结果:1组CD4^+、CD8^+T淋巴细胞值及其比例在接种后第4、7、10 d均高于2组,差异显著(P<0.05);2组CD4^+、CD8^+T淋巴细胞平均比值低于其他3个组.结论:青蒿组方中药可促进鸡血液中CD4^+、CD8^+T淋巴细胞生成,进而增强机体的免疫功能.     

增免散对鸡脾T淋巴细胞CD4^＋和CD8^＋亚群的影响

将300只1日龄雏鸡随机分为中药增免散组、环磷酰胺组、环磷酰胺＋左旋咪唑组、环磷酰胺＋增免散组和正常对照组，6日龄时用鸡新城疫LaSota疫苗点眼滴鼻免疫，14、21、28、35日龄时测定鸡血液NDV抗体效价，脾器官指数，脾组织中CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞浓度和脾细胞凋亡率，观察脾的组织结构变化。结果显示，14、21日龄增免散组抗体水平高于其他各组（P〈0．01）；14、21、28日龄增免散组脾指数高于其他各组，增免散组脾CD4^＋细胞浓度、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比例高于其他各组，差异极显著（P〈0．01）；14、21、28日龄增免散组脾细胞凋亡率低于其他各组，差异极显著（P〈0．01）；14、21日龄时，增免散组脾白髓和红髓内网状细胞和中淋巴细胞较多，脾小体比对照组略有增加。表明，中药增免散不仅能促进鸡脾的发育，增高脾组织中CD4^＋／CD8^＋比例，而且对环磷酰胺的免疫抑制有一定拮抗作用。     

外周血中CD4+、CD8+T、CD4+CD25+Treg在绵羊接种布鲁氏菌M5-90弱毒疫苗后的动态变化

为研究绵羊接种布鲁氏菌弱毒M5-90株后外周血中CD4+、CD8+T、CD4+CD25+Treg细胞的动态变化规律,本研究选择11只健康绵羊,每10 d免疫一次,共免疫3次,分别在免疫前、免疫后10d、20 d、30 d利用流式细胞术检测外周血中CD4+、CD8+T、CD4+CD25+Treg淋巴细胞亚群.在免疫后的第20 d,CD4+T、CD8+T细胞百分含量达到最高水平(P＜0.05)后均缓慢下降;在第10d,CD4+CD25+Treg细胞缓慢升高,至20 d、30 d均显著升高(p＜0.05);在布鲁氏菌M5-90疫苗免疫应答过程中CD4+CD25+Treg细胞参与了机体的免疫反应调控,对CD4+T、CD8+T淋巴细胞的比例进行调节,并且维持CD4+/CD8+比值稳定,起到平衡Th1/Th2细胞间反应的作用.     

雏鸡淋巴细胞变化规律的流式细胞仪检测研究

为进一步研究鸡在出孵1个月左右时间内T、B淋巴细胞及其亚群的发育状况，将SPF雏鸡分别在3、5、7、9、11、14、17、22、27、32日龄时取血液、脾脏、法氏囊及胸腺，分离并制成淋巴细胞悬液，流式细胞仪双染色法检测Bu-la^＋B淋巴细胞、CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋和TCRγδ^＋CD3^＋T淋巴细胞含量及血液淋巴细胞的凋亡规律。结果：在出孵1个月内T、B细胞处于分化发育阶段的初期，除胸腺外，呈上升趋势，但T细胞亚群的变化无规律，B细胞在法氏囊中和T细胞在脾脏中3～9日龄发育最快；血液淋巴细胞凋亡趋于下降，尤其是在9日龄以后：此间不断有成熟的淋巴细胞产生，不断进入血液和脾脏，使其数量有上升趋势。但是，血液中第7日龄时Bu—la^＋B淋巴细胞和CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞数量均最低，说明体液免疫和细胞免疫水平第7日龄时都最低，并在17日龄时进入水平较高的又一个低谷。TCRγδ^＋CD3^＋T细胞则变化幅度不大。     

不同日龄鸡喉黏膜淋巴组织中的T和B淋巴细胞分布检测

为了解鸡喉黏膜不同时期的免疫状态,采集不同日龄海兰白鸡的喉组织,利用免疫组织化学方法研究CD3+ T淋巴细胞和Bu-1+ B淋巴细胞的出现、定位分布及数量变化过程。结果显示：4日龄时,CD3+ T淋巴细胞和Bu-1+ B淋巴细胞都首次出现在喉黏膜中,而且都主要分布在喉腔底壁的正中黏膜嵴中;7日龄时喉黏膜中CD3+ T淋巴细胞和Bu-1+ B淋巴细胞急剧增多,并形成淋巴聚集物,CD3+细胞占据淋巴聚集物的中下部区域,而Bu-1+细胞主要位于淋巴聚集物外周;14日龄时Bu-1+细胞虽仍主要分布于CD3+细胞的外周,但分界不如7日龄时明显,有部分Bu-1+细胞穿插分布于CD3+细胞之间;21日龄和35日龄时,喉黏膜固有层中淋巴细胞更为集中;56日龄时,黏膜固有层底端出现主要由Bu-1+ B淋巴细胞构成的生发中心,而CD3+ T淋巴细胞则分布在生发中心周围的滤泡间区域。在数量变化上,随着日龄增长,CD3+ T淋巴细胞和Bu-1+ B淋巴细胞数量均逐渐增加,且14日龄之前CD3+细胞数量多于Bu-1+细胞,而此后各日龄Bu-1+细胞的数量均显著多于CD3+细胞（P＜0.05）。结果表明,鸡喉黏膜中T、B淋巴细胞的分布和数量均呈现日龄相关性变化,并且其变化可以反映出14日龄之前喉黏膜以细胞免疫为主,而之后则倾向于体液免疫。本试验为进一步研究家禽喉黏膜的免疫机制奠定了基础。     

鸡十二指肠中T淋巴细胞及其亚群发育的研究

通过免疫组织化学法,应用CD3、CD4和CD8单克隆抗体研究了CD3+T淋巴细胞及CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞亚群在鸡盲肠扁桃体中的出现、迁移、组织定位分布及数量变化规律等一系列发育过程。结果显示:CD3+、CD8+T淋巴细胞最初于11胚龄时出现,而CD4+T淋巴细胞在15胚龄时出现。在定位分布变化上,CD3+主要分布在黏膜上皮中,CD4+主要分布在黏膜固有层中,CD8+在黏膜固有层和黏膜上皮内都有大量分布。在数量变化上,1～7日龄雏鸡各种阳性细胞的数量都骤然增加;而到7日龄时,雏鸡CD3+淋巴细胞的数量明显减少,CD4+、CD8+T细胞的数量无明显变化;从21日龄开始直到35日龄,雏鸡CD3+、CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞的数量持续增加。试验证明,鸡在出壳后初期十二指肠的细胞免疫功能增强。     

鸡回肠中T淋巴细胞及其亚群发育的试验

为探寻鸡回肠中T淋巴细胞及其亚群的发育规律,本试验通过免疫组织化学方法,应用CD3、CD4和CD8单克隆抗体研究鸡回肠中T淋巴细胞及其亚群出现、迁移、定位分布及数量变化过程.结果显示,CD3+、CD8+T淋巴细胞最初于18胚龄时出现,CD4+T淋巴细胞于出壳后1日龄时出现.在定位分布上,CD3+细胞在黏膜上皮内以及固有层中均匀分布,CD4+细胞以固有层中的分布为主,黏膜上皮内的分布较少.CD8+细胞最初主要分布在黏膜固有层中;随后,CD8+细胞逐渐向上皮内迁移;最终,黏膜上皮内出现广泛的CD8+细胞浸润.在数量变化上,CD3+、CD4+及CD8+整体呈逐渐增加趋势,第2周时阳性细胞数量稍有下降,21日龄时显著增加到达较高水平后保持稳定.结果表明,鸡出壳后,回肠的细胞免疫功能逐渐增强,并在21日龄时到达成熟水平.     

鸡直肠中T淋巴细胞的发育研究

通过免疫组织化学方法,应用CD3、CD4和CD8单克隆抗体研究了CD3＋、CD4＋和CD8＋B淋巴细胞在鸡直肠中的出现、迁移、组织定位分布以及数量变化规律等一系列发育过程。T淋巴细胞均在雏鸡出壳后7日龄时出现。在定位分布变化上,出壳后1～4日龄时,T淋巴细胞数量没有明显增加,7日龄时,CD4＋大量分布在肠绒毛皮下固有层中,少量分布在黏膜肌层和黏膜固有层中,CD3＋分散分布在黏膜肌层和黏膜固有层中,极少数的CD8＋出现在黏膜肌层中。随着日龄的增长,T淋巴细胞的数量持续增多,多数位于黏膜固有层,雏鸡生长至21日龄时,T淋巴细胞的数量维持稳定,其中数量以CD4＋细胞最多,CD3＋细胞次之,CD8＋细胞最少。鸡出壳后初期直肠的体液免疫逐渐增强,并在21日龄时达到成熟水平。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒感染SPF雏鸡免疫器官变化

为了探讨H5N1禽流感病毒(AIV)感染对SPF雏鸡免疫器官细胞免疫功能的影响。以7日龄SPF雏鸡为研究对象,应用组织化学技术结合病理学方法,通过T细胞数量、增殖功能、CD4~+和CD8~+亚型数量及其比值变化的检测,对H5N1亚型AIV感染SPF雏鸡后,免疫器官细胞免疫变化进行了较系统研究。结果发现,H5N1亚型AIV感染SPF雏鸡后3～7 d,其胸腺、脾脏、腔上囊无论是T细胞数量还是胸腺和脾脏T细胞对Con A的增殖功能,以及CD4~+和CD8~+T细胞数均显著低于对照雏鸡。病毒感染雏鸡后1～5 d,CD4~+/CD8~+T细胞比值也显著低于对照雏鸡;AIV感染雏鸡全部发病,呈现典型AIV感染症状,死亡率为40%。表明AIV感染所致雏鸡免疫器官细胞免疫功能低下,是AIV免疫致病机制的重要环节。     

The Localization Changes of CD4+ and CD8+ T Lymphocytes in Chicken Lung at Different Ages

The aim of this study was to investigate the immune state of chicken lung in different periods.With lung tissue of Hy-line White chicken at different ages,the distribution and quantity changes of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺T lymphocytes in lung were studied using immunohistochemistry staining.The results showed that CD8⁺T lymphocytes appeared firstly in embryonic at 18 d,while CD4⁺T lymphocytes appeared at 1-day-old chicken.At 4-day-old,there were aggregates of lymphocytes at the junction of the primary and secondary bronchi,which formed obvious broncho-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT).CD4⁺T lymphocytes of each age mainly occupied the central area of BALT,while CD8⁺T lymphocytes mainly surrounded the periphery.Since 56 days old,CD8⁺T lymphocytes are distributed in the inner wall of third-order bronchial airway,atrial septum,gas exchange area and interlobular connective tissue,and are distributed throughout the lung.In terms of quantity change,with the growth of daily age,the number of CD4⁺T lymphocytes and CD8⁺T lymphocytes gradually increased,and the number of CD4⁺ T lymphocytes was more than that of CD8⁺ T lymphocytes before 35 days of age,while the number of CD8⁺ T lymphocytes was significantly more than that of CD4⁺ T lymphocytes at the same age thereafter.The results showed that the distribution and number of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺T lymphocytes in the lungs of chickens were correlated with the age,and the changes could reflect that the lungs before the age of 35 days were dominated by humoral immunity,while the lungs after that tended to be cellular immunity.     

传染性法氏囊病病毒超强毒感染SPF鸡免疫器官中CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞动态分布

利用免疫组织化学染色对传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）超强毒LX株感染SPF鸡免疫器官中CD4^ 和CD8^ T淋巴细胞的动态分布进行了研究。超强毒LX株接种2周龄SPF雏鸡，在其法氏囊、脾脏、胸腺、盲肠扁桃体、骨髓和哈氏腺中均可检出IBDV抗原的存在和CD4^ 与CD8^ T淋巴细胞的数量改变。在法氏囊中，CD4^ 淋巴细胞主要存在于淋巴滤泡间隙和滤泡皮质，而CD8^ T淋巴细胞则丰在于整个淋巴滤泡和滤泡间隙，并且CD8^ T淋巴细胞数量明显多于CD4^ T淋巴细胞，在接种后14d仍未见CD4^ 和CD8^ T淋巴细胞数量减少。脾脏中CD4^ T淋巴细胞主要存在于外周小动脉淋巴鞘或散在，而CD8^ T淋巴细胞则多存在于外周小动脉淋巴鞘和红髓。接种后胸腺中CD4^ 和CD8^ T淋巴细胞在皮质中减少，但在髓质增多，尤其是CD8^ T淋巴细胞数明显多于CD4^＋T淋巴细胞。盲肠扁桃体中CD4^ 和CD8^ T淋巴细胞主要存在于发生中心，尤其是CD8^ T淋巴细胞数比CD4^ T淋巴细胞明显多。骨髓和哈氏腺中也可见CD4^ 和CD8^ T淋巴细胞，而且CD8^ T淋巴细胞更多。在这些淋巴器官中，病毒损伤部位出现CD4^ 和CD8^ T淋巴细胞的迁入聚集，表明T淋巴细胞可能参与IBDV超强毒的免疫致病过程。     

负载灭活口蹄疫病毒树突状细胞启动的CD8~＋T细胞应答

探讨在体外条件下负载灭活口蹄疫病毒（iFMDV）树突状细胞对CD8＋T细胞的活化效应。用重组粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（rmGM-CSF）和白介素-4（rmIL-4）将小鼠外周血单核细胞诱导分化成树突状细胞（MoDCs）,用信号阻断法从淋巴结T细胞制备CD8＋T细胞,利用负载iFMDV的MoDCs与CD8＋T细胞共培养,以iFMDV＋MoDCs作为对照,用ELISA检测不同时间培养上清液中IFN-γ的含量。用蛋白酶体抑制剂处理MoDCs,2h后再负载iFMDV,并与CD8＋T细胞共培养,对照组则用iFMDV＋MoDCs＋CD8＋T细胞,用ELISA检测不同时间培养上清液中IFN-γ的含量。结果表明,同对照组相比,在共培养后9,12,24,36,48h,CD8＋T细胞组均产生高水平的IFN-γ。而且,经抑制剂预处理的MoDCs与CD8＋T细胞共培养后,其分泌的IFN-γ量不仅没有降低,反而显著升高。因此得出,MoDCs可与蛋白酶体等加工iFMDV抗原,并通过交叉提呈途径激活CD8＋T细胞。     

Protective killed Ehrlichia ruminantium vaccine elicits IFN-gamma responses by CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in goats

Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) is considered as a key mediator of protective cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens in general, and against Ehrlichia ruminantium, the causative agent of tick-borne heartwater disease of ruminants, in particular. However, the source of this important cytokine in animals immunized against E. ruminantium remains largely unknown. We have analyzed in goats protected by vaccination with a killed E. ruminantium vaccine, the potential of individual, genuine (i.e., non-cloned), T cell subsets to produce IFN-gamma after antigenic recall in vitro. In all vaccinated but none control animals, E. ruminantium-induced IFN-gamma secretion was observed in 24 h stimulated blood. Flow cytometric analysis of stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected after each vaccine inoculation indicated that immune CD4+ and CD8+ T cells contribute to the same extent to the production of IFN-gamma, while WC1+ T cells are less important. This was confirmed by blocking the secretion of IFN-gamma with anti-classes I and II major histocompatibility complex antibodies. Blocking experiments also suggest that CD8+ need the help of CD4+ T cells in order to produce IFN-gamma. Thus, this work underlines the key role of CD4+ T cells in the production of IFN-gamma by immune goat PBMC. It also describes, for the first time in ruminants, E. ruminantium-specific CD8+ effector T cells. Since CD4+ and CD8+ T cells collectively contribute to the production of IFN-gamma in most vaccinated animals, and since these responses are associated with protection, it may be that a recombinant vaccine will need to incorporate E. ruminantium antigens capable of driving both responses.     

Quantitative analysis of the antigen-specific IFNgamma+ T cell-mediated immune response in conventional outbred pigs: kinetics and duration of the DNA-induced IFNgamma+ CD8+ T cell response

It is now well established that antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cells play a major role in vaccine-induced immunity against intracellular pathogens and tumor cells. The detection of these immune cells in outbred animals has been hampered mainly by the need to generate individual autologous antigen-presenting cells (APCs) due to the high degree of polymorphism of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I loci. We used individually derived immature porcine dendritic cells infected with a pox-based recombinant viral vector to ex vivo stimulate PBMCs from vaccinated conventional pigs. The frequencies of antigen-specific T cells was determined by the number of IFNγ-secreting cells in a quantitative enzyme-linked immune spot (ELISPOT) assay. Using this approach we were able to rank different pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccines strategies for their ability to prime viral-specific IFNγ⁺ T cells. Plasmid DNA has recently emerged as a promising tool with multiple applications in the field of infectious diseases, allergy and cancer. We showed for the first time in this study that DNA immunization induced a long-lived antigen-specific IFNγ⁺ T cells response in conventional pigs. Additional studies allowed us to show that these virus-specific IFNγ⁺ responding cells detected in this ELISPOT assay were MHC-restricted and comprised in the CD8^bright pig T cell subset. These new data confirm the usefulness of DNA vaccines to control diseases requiring cellular immunity in pigs.     

In vivo kinetics of peripheral cellular immune responses in Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infected and vaccinated goats

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis (ParaTB) also known as Johne’s disease (JD) in ruminants, which is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation. A similar counterpart has been observed in the form of Crohn's disease in humans. The present study is the first trail in goats to understand the peripheral cellular immune responses following experimental MAP infection and vaccination. Fifteen apparently healthy male kids (3–6 months old) of Barbari breed were included in this study. In the experimental study, 5 kids were infected with ‘S 5’ strain of MAP (“Indian Bison Type”), 5 were vaccinated (Indigenous Vaccine) against MAP infection (Singh et al., 2007) and the remaining 5 kids were uninfected and non-vaccinated controls. Kids were observed for a period of 180 days post exposure (infection and vaccination) and were tested for development of infection. Cellular immune responses (in blood) were recorded post-exposure by three assays. We measured the frequencies of CD4 and CD8T cells, estimated plasma IFNγ and TNα and in the third assay, in vitro cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from vaccinated, infected and controls were examined in response to polyclonal stimulation. The frequencies of peripheral CD4 and CD8T cells were comparable in control, infected and vaccinated animals except around day 49 post-infection where MAP infected animals showed a trend towards significantly reduced frequencies of CD4 T cells compared to apparently healthy controls. Significantly reduced plasma TNFα levels were also observed in infected animals compared to vaccinated animals,during the course of infection. Diminished levels (although non significant) of TNFα were observed in the supernatants from polyclonally stimulated PBMCs at around day 49 post infection. It is conceivable that the diminished cellular immune responses may coincide with an impairment (immune exhaustion) of perhaps antigen-specific CD4T cells that might, in the course of infection, contribute to the progressive nature of caprine paratuberculosis.     

Comparison of cytokine mRNA expression in peripheral CD4+, CD8+ and γδ T cells between healthy Holstein and Japanese Black calves

Japanese Black (JB) calves are more susceptible to infectious diseases compared to Holstein (Hol) calves. To clarify the immunological differences between JB and Hol calves, expression of cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA) was examined using peripheral CD4⁺, CD8⁺ and γδ T cells. Healthy calves, 24 from each species, were examined. Blood samples were obtained from calves at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months old, eight calves for each age of each species. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with phytohemagglutin (PHA), and T cell subsets were isolated by positive selection using magnetic cell sorting (MACS). Levels of interlekin (IL)‐2, IL‐4, IL‐10 and interferon (IFN)‐γ mRNA in three T cell subsets were analyzed. WC1‐N1⁺ γδ T cell percentages were significantly lower in JB calves at 1 week and 1 month of age compared to Hol calves. In addition JB calves had significantly lower IL‐2, IL‐10 and IFN‐γ mRNA in WC1‐N1⁺ γδ T cells at 1 and 3 months of age, whereas there were no significant differences in cytokine mRNA of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cells between the two groups. Decreased cytokine mRNA and cell number of peripheral γδ T cells may affect negatively on the immune system of JB calves.     

The effect of different doses of methisoprinol on the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subpopulation and the antibody titers in pigeons immunised against PPMV-1

As immunosuppression in pigeons is common and results in reduced post-vaccination immunity and lower health status of the birds, studies have been taken up aimed at evaluation of the effect of three doses of methisoprinol on the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subpopulation in peripheral blood and in the spleen and the titre of anti-NDV antibodies in the serum of pigeons in four groups (A, B, C, D), with 20 birds each. Pigeons in each group were immunised against paramyxovirosis at week 6 and 9 of life. Water for injection (group A - control) or methisoprinol at 100 mg/kg of body weight (group B), 200 mg/kg of body weight (group C) and 600 mg/kg of body weight (group D) was administered intramuscularly for 3 days before each vaccination. The immunological analyses were carried out by flow cytometry and the ELISA test. The findings indicate that methisoprinol administered intramuscularly at 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight for 3 successive days before vaccination against paramyxovirosis mainly stimulates the mechanisms of non-specific humoral and cellular immunity, which is indicated by a higher percentage of the subpopulation of CD4+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood and in the spleen and a higher titre of anti-NDV antibodies.