虫生真菌玫烟色棒束孢PF904表面活性剂的筛选

为筛选适用于玫烟色棒束孢Isaria fumosorosea PF904菌株的表面活性剂,采用OWRK法和表面张力法测定了甘蓝、苹果、茄子和黄瓜叶片的表面自由能以及添加4种表面活性剂后玫烟色棒束孢孢子悬浮液的表面张力和临界胶束浓度(CMC),并采用量角法和重量差值法测定了4种不同植物叶片上的接触角和最大稳定持留量,同时对筛选获得的表面活性剂进行了安全性评价。结果表明:PEG-12聚二甲基硅氧烷(OFX-0193)、ɑ-烯基磺酸钠(AOS)和二异丁基萘磺酸钠(Nekal)3种表面活性剂在125~500 mg/L下均可提高玫烟色棒束孢孢子悬浮液在4种供试植物叶片上的润湿性能;其中250 mg/L的Nekal在甘蓝和苹果叶片上的最大持留量(11.90和13.28 mg/cm^2)和接触角(29.5°和27.5°)均显著优于OFX-0193和AOS,润湿效果最好;在茄子叶片上,添加125 mg/L的OFX-0193时持留量最大(9.45 mg/cm^2);而添加普鲁兰多糖(Pullulan)达到临界胶束浓度时的溶液表面张力大于甘蓝、苹果和茄子叶片的表面自由能,润湿性能最差。孢子萌发抑制率的测定结果表明:添加Nekal和OFX-0193对玫烟色棒束孢PF904的孢子萌发无抑制作用,而AOS则对其表现为抑制作用。因此,在玫烟色棒束孢PF904中添加OFX-0193和Nekal 2种表面活性剂可用于防治苹果、甘蓝类害虫,添加OFX-0193还可用于防治茄类害虫。     

作物叶片表面自由能及喷雾助剂对农药药液在5种作物叶片上润湿性能的影响

为了解不同作物叶片表面润湿性能,科学选用助剂提高化学防治水平,采用光学视频接触角测量仪分别测定了小麦、玉米、辣椒、大豆和苹果5种作物叶片的表面自由能及其分量,进一步测定了2%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂和20%阿维 ? 杀虫单微乳剂两种药液液滴在添加Silwet 408和GY-Spry两种喷雾助剂后其在5种作物叶片上的接触角。结果表明:5种作物叶片正反面表面自由能差异较大,表面自由能最大和最小的分别为辣椒叶片 (54.12、45.08 mJ/m2) 和小麦叶片 (3.76、6.42 mJ/m2);同种作物叶片正反面表面自由能均有差异,其中辣椒叶片正反面和大豆叶片正面自由能以极性分量占主导,表现出亲水性,小麦、玉米、苹果叶片正反面及大豆叶片反面自由能以色散分量占主导,表现出疏水性。在2%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂5000倍液和20%阿维 ? 杀虫单微乳剂750倍液中分别添加两种助剂后,药液液滴在5种作物叶片上的接触角均有不同程度降低,其中添加Silwet 408后两种药液接触角分别降低82.63%~100%和85.07%~100%,添加GY-Spry后分别降低0~57.54%和10.96%~59.13%,说明添加Silwet 408比GY-Spry使接触角降低得更为显著;加入助剂的两钟药剂在5种作物叶面上接触角下降趋势一致,0~30 s内接触角下降程度明显高于30~60 s。本研究表明,喷雾助剂Silwet 408 和GY-Spry能提高2%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂和20%阿维 ? 杀虫单微乳剂对5种靶标的润湿性,效果上Silwet 408 好于GY-Spry。     

喷雾助剂对氟啶虫胺腈在富士苹果叶片表面润湿和持留的影响

为明确喷雾助剂在苹果园化学防治中的作用，采用表面张力、接触角和最大稳定持留量等分析了GY-T12、NF-100和迈润等3种喷雾助剂在达到临界胶束浓度 (CMC) 时对22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂药液的表面张力及其在苹果叶片表面润湿性能和持留量的影响。结果显示:当添加的3种喷雾助剂达到其CMC时，氟啶虫胺腈药液表面张力降低至27.64~35.64 mN/m；根据水滴在苹果叶片表面的接触角小于或大于90°判定苹果叶片近轴面为亲水性表面、远轴面为疏水性表面，添加助剂使药液在近轴面和远轴面30 s的静态接触角分别降低23.2°~41.3°和68.0°~93.5°，同时使亲水性近轴面黏附功降低5.36~12.56 mJ/m2，而黏附张力增大9.27~11.26 mN/m，在疏水性远轴面黏附功与黏附张力分别增大27.45~36.66 mJ/m2和47.55~53.28 mN/m，对改善远轴面的黏附润湿性更显著；药液表面张力和最大稳定持留量存在抛物线状函数关系，当表面张力为40.89 mN/m时，持留量达最大值12.53 mg/cm2；3种助剂中，NF-100和GY- T12可显著增加药液持留量，且GY-T12对靶标害虫苹果黄蚜有显著增效作用。本研究结果表明，在苹果园应用时应依据预期目标选择适当的喷雾助剂，并通过调节药液表面张力使其处于适宜范围以增加药液持留量、提高对靶标害虫的毒力。     

表面活性剂Silwet408提高药液在蔬菜叶片上润湿性能的研究

有机硅表面活性剂Silwet408是一种优良的表面活性剂,在0.5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油2000倍药液中分别加入0.05%和0.1%Silwet408,与加入非离子表面活性剂OP-10和JFC对比,研究有机硅表面活性剂Silwet408提高药液在作物叶片上的润湿扩散性能。结果表明,3种表面活性剂对药液的黏度影响差异不大,在0.5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油2000倍药液中分别加入0.05%和0.1%Silwet408,药液的表面张力从35.8mN·m-1分别降低到22.6mN·m-1和22.2mN·m-1,降低药液表面张力的能力优于OP-10和JFC;在0.5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油2000倍药液中加入OP-10和JFC,液滴在油菜、甘蓝、番茄、菠菜、大葱和芹菜等6种蔬菜叶片上的接触角在20～40°范围内,铺展面积增加了1.40～4.29倍;而在0.5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油2000倍药液中添加Silwet408,液滴在以上蔬菜叶片上的接触角均为零,液滴在叶片上的铺展面积增加了19.81～96.16倍,显著优于OP-10和JFC的效果。     

添加有机硅表面活性剂对低容量喷雾防治小麦蚜虫的影响

室内试验表明,有机硅表面活性剂Silwet408、非离子表面活性剂OP-10和JFC可显著降低药液的表面张力,其中Silwet408在质量分数为0.05%时可使水的表面张力降到22.05 mN/m,表面活性最强。当药液中含有0.001%的有机硅表面活性剂Silwet408时,其在小麦叶片上的接触角即开始显著减小,且在小麦背面的接触角小于在正面的接触角。在10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂稀释2500倍药液中添加Silwet408,药液的表面张力和其在小麦叶片上的接触角明显降低,雾滴在小麦叶片上扩展面积明显增大。进一步田间试验表明,使用手持离心式低容量喷雾机喷雾,在10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂药液中添加质量分数为0.05%和0.1%的Silwet408,可显著增加对小麦蚜虫的防治效果。     

助剂对10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂在荔枝叶片表面润湿性能的影响

采用接触角测量仪测定了10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂 (difenoconazole WG) 不同倍数稀释液在荔枝叶片上的静态接触角和0～60 s动态接触角,用于计算荔枝叶片的临界表面张力和表面自由能,进而分析药液在荔枝叶片表面的润湿性能;采用全自动张力仪测定了在10%苯醚甲环唑WG不同稀释液中分别添加体积分数为0.4%的silwet stik和0.2%的as 100 2种助剂后溶液的表面张力,研究了助剂添加前后表面张力的变化。结果表明:荔枝叶片近轴面的表面自由能为23.74 mJ/m2,远轴面的表面自由能为11.89 mJ/m2,均以色散力分量 (非极性分量) 为主导。在10%苯醚甲环唑WG 500倍稀释液中加入体积分数为0.4%的silwet stik溶液,其表面张力为21.90 mN/m,低于荔枝叶片的临界表面张力 (22.64 mN/m),且在0～10 s内接触角下降最快。研究结果表明:荔枝叶片的近轴面比远轴面更易被药液润湿;在荔枝园喷施10%苯醚甲环唑WG时,若在稀释倍数500倍的药液中添加0.4%的silwet stik助剂,则可使药液在叶片上能更快更好的润湿铺展。     

嘧霉胺悬浮剂的润湿性能及其靶标表面性质研究

采用光学视频接触角测量仪对加入不同润湿分散剂(7227-A、SOPROPHOR FD和SC-4)的40%嘧霉胺悬浮剂的表面张力及其分量进行了测定,同时研究了作用靶标黄瓜和番茄叶片的表面自由能,以及药液在其上的润湿展布性能。结果显示:不同配方的嘧霉胺悬浮剂其表面张力在39~51 mN/m之间,且均以色散分量为主,其中加入SC-4的药剂表面张力最低(39~48 mN/m);黄瓜和番茄叶片的表面自由能均较小,在22 mJ/m2左右,不利于药液润湿,且以极性分量占主导;各配方药液的水稀释液在番茄叶面上的接触角在51~86°之间,在黄瓜叶面上的接触角在30~62°之间,药液在黄瓜叶面上更易附着,其中加入7227-A的药剂在黄瓜叶片上润湿性能最好,加入SOPROPHOR FD的药剂在番茄叶片上润湿性能最好;田间防治效果与药液的润湿性能呈正相关。表明嘧霉胺悬浮剂对靶标的润湿性能不仅与药液的表面张力有关,也与其分量有关,同时受到靶标表面性质的影响,通过研究药液对靶标润湿性能可分析评价其药效。     

一种农药药液润湿性测试卡的制备及其性能分析

本论文介绍一种农药药液润湿性测试卡的制作,即将指示剂涂布在特定图案的纸卡上,再覆盖一层石蜡.使用时,把液滴加到测试卡上,液滴铺展所到之处发生显色反应,根据显色面积读数,以此判断溶液的润湿性.选用不同浓度有机硅表面活性剂Silwet 408水溶液,对其表面张力,在测试卡上的铺展系数和接触角,在黄瓜、番茄、油菜等6种植物叶片表面的接触角分别进行了测定,初步分析了该测试卡的润湿性能.结果表明,该种测试卡具有与其他自然植物叶片相似的性质.浓度0.003％的Silwet 408水溶液铺展系数为3.3,对应表面张力26.79 mN/m,在小麦表面的接触角66.5°,可见测试卡能反映药液的铺展系数、表面张力、接触角等多种因素,为田间喷雾助剂的选用提供了快速直观的判别工具.     

炔草酯微乳剂药液在菵草叶片上的润湿和持留特性分析

为科学使用除草剂防治菵草,采用Zisman图法测定了菵草叶片的临界表面张力及不同浓度炔草酯微乳剂药液的表面张力,利用表面张力法测定了炔草酯微乳剂中表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度及在菵草叶片上的接触角和最大稳定持留量。结果表明,菵草叶片的临界表面张力为31.3 m N/m。炔草酯浓度为676.1 mg/L时,药液表面张力为28.0 m N/m,此时药液中表面活性剂浓度即为临界胶束浓度;浓度为1 000.0、2 000.0 mg/L时,表面活性剂浓度大于临界胶束浓度,其表面张力分别为27.7、27.8 m N/m,接触角均小于60°,润湿性好,最大稳定持留量分别为3.65±0.09、3.83±0.02 mg/cm2,均显著高于其余浓度;其余浓度下表面活性剂浓度均小于临界胶束浓度,药液表面张力大于菵草叶片的临界表面张力(500.0 mg/L除外),接触角介于75.9~125.9°之间,润湿性中等或差,最大稳定持留量相对较低,但均显著高于对照的0.47±0.10 mg/cm2。表明只有药液表面张力小于菵草叶片的临界表面张力,且药液中表面活性剂浓度达到临界胶束浓度时才能使药液在菵草叶片上具有较好的润湿性和较高的最大稳定持留量。     

松脂二烯喷雾助剂制备及应用性能

为拓展松脂二烯应用，探究了松脂二烯喷雾助剂 (PA) 的制备与应用性能。以Vapor Gard (VG) 为对比，分别测定了两种松脂二烯喷雾助剂不同稀释倍数下的表面张力及在山核桃和红叶石楠叶片上的静态接触角，并利用扫描电镜观察了两种助剂在红叶石楠叶片上的成膜形态。采用植保无人飞机喷雾，研究了戊唑醇药液中添加两种松脂二烯喷雾助剂对雾滴粒径、沉积密度、覆盖率和沉积量的影响。结果表明:两种松脂二烯喷雾助剂PA和VG均能显著降低溶液的表面张力及其在山核桃与红叶石楠叶上的静态接触角，且添加量越大效果越好，而PA的效果优于VG。两种助剂均能在叶片上成膜并包被农药颗粒，且PA在叶片上成膜覆盖更均匀。PA在添加量 (质量分数) 为0.1%时即可达到最大覆盖率与雾滴沉积量，效果优于添加VG的各试验浓度下结果。本研究表明，松脂二烯喷雾助剂PA有助于增进喷雾雾滴沉积，提高液滴在叶面的铺展润湿性，促进成膜包裹药物颗粒，从而系统提高农药利用率。     

植物油助剂Aero-mate 320对植保无人机稻田低容量喷雾沉积利用率的提升效果及其机理分析

为明确添加植物油助剂Aero-mate 320对植保无人机施药体系的影响,评价其作为航空喷雾助剂的可行性,通过在15%甲维·茚虫威悬浮剂和325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂药液中添加0.3%、0.6%和1.0%的Aero-mate 320,测定并评估其对药液体系理化性质、抗蒸发性以及雾滴在水稻田沉积分布和沉积利用率的影响。结果表明,助剂Aero-mate 320的适量添加可以改善药液的理化性质,提高喷雾的均匀性,减少蒸发,增加雾滴在水稻冠层的覆盖及沉积,并能显著增加农药沉积利用率。其中,添加0.6% Aero-mate 320后药液的表面张力以及在水稻叶片上的接触角显著减小,分别降低13.3%和30.3%,黏附张力由-9.7 mN/m增加至9.1 mN/m,黏附功增加51.3%,药液更易润湿叶片;雾滴粒径显著增大,雾滴谱相对跨度显著变窄,雾滴分布更加均匀,小雾滴数量显著降低,减少了雾滴的飘移;对喷雾雾滴蒸发的抑制率为25.0%;同时药液在水稻冠层中的沉积密度和覆盖率增大,沉积量显著增加,农药沉积利用率增至66.8%。     

Mechanisms controlling leaf retention of agricultural spray solutions

Active ingredient deposition as a whole during foliar spray application was studied by means of microscopic and macroscopic methods. High-speed photography of the impact of spray droplets showed that rebound from reflective plant surfaces was reduced only with surfactant concentrations well above the critical micelle concentration. These results correlate with laboratory spraying experiments to determine quantitatively the retention of spray solutions. The dynamic interaction between droplet and foliage seemed to be specifically dependent on surfactant structure, concentration and the distribution of isomers or by-products in the technical product. Rough surfaces with epicuticular wax crystals were difficult to wet; the orientation of the leaf, however, had little influence on retention. Apolar artificial surfaces retained water rather well and are therefore unsuitable as model surfaces for reflective leaves. Measurement of dynamic surface tension at 100 msec gave a satisfactory correlation with retention values in the case of liquids containing surfactant but failed to predict the good adhesion of polyvinyl alcohol solutions.     

核型多角体病毒对玉米草地贪夜蛾的控制作用研究

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是严重威胁我国玉米生产的入侵害虫。为科学、有效地防控草地贪夜蛾,本文应用浸卵法和浸叶法,在室内研究了几种核型多角体病毒Nucleopolyhedrovirus(NPV)对草地贪夜蛾的毒力,并利用喷雾法进行了田间控制作用研究。结果表明,几种核型多角体病毒浸卵处理10 s对草地贪夜蛾的卵孵化率无明显影响,但苜蓿银纹夜蛾NPV浸卵对草地贪夜蛾卵孵化有一定的延迟作用,24、48 h的孵化率分别为12.50%、69.17%,显著低于对照;核型多角体病毒浸卵对初孵幼虫的毒力较强,棉铃虫NPV、甜菜夜蛾NPV浸卵后初孵幼虫死亡率最高,分别达92.32%、82.49%;草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫取食浸过核棉铃虫NPV、甜菜夜蛾NPV的玉米叶片72 h后,其死亡率分别为96.39%、92.82%,甘蓝夜蛾NPV对3龄幼虫也具有较强毒杀作用。同时核型多角体病毒对草地贪夜蛾幼虫发育有一定抑制作用,3龄幼虫取食经棉铃虫NPV、甜菜夜蛾NPV处理的叶片72 h平均虫龄分别为3.00龄和3.36龄,显著低于对照。玉米田喷施甜菜夜蛾NPV、甘蓝夜蛾NPV,药后10 d对草地贪夜蛾的防效分别达到86.03%和82.36%。研究表明,甜菜夜蛾NPV、甘蓝夜蛾NPV杀虫剂对玉米草地贪夜蛾具有较好的防控效果,可以作为其有效防控的生物农药。     

喷雾参数及助剂类型对植保无人飞机在棉花中期喷雾雾滴沉积分布的影响

采用大疆MG-1P型电动四旋翼植保无人飞机在棉花生长中期进行喷雾施药处理,探讨了喷雾参数及添加的助剂类型对农药雾滴在棉花植株叶片上沉积分布的影响。以22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂及3种飞防助剂(倍达通、ND-800和G-2801)为试验药剂,在不同喷雾参数及飞防助剂条件下在棉花生长中期进行喷雾处理,以诱惑红作为药剂沉积指示剂,采用雾滴测试卡和滤纸检测雾滴沉积分布情况,利用分光光度计测定滤纸洗脱溶液的吸光度值,计算单位面积的药液沉积量,利用DepositScan软件分析雾滴密度。结果显示:植保无人飞机的飞行速度对雾滴沉积分布的影响最大,而飞行高度则对其无显著影响。添加不同助剂对棉花植株叶片正反面的雾滴沉积分布影响不同:3种助剂均可使棉花冠层上、中、下部叶片正面的雾滴密度显著提高;而对于叶片反面,则仅添加ND-800后棉花冠层上、中、下部叶片反面的雾滴密度分别增长688.9%、590.9%和327.5%,而添加G-2801与倍达通助剂则无显著影响。     

‘Universal’ spray droplet adhesion model – accounting for hairy leaves

The adhesion of a spray droplet upon initial contact with a leaf surface is extremely important to spray efficacy and is dependent on dynamic interactions between droplets (formulation, size, velocity) and leaf (micro‐topography, surface chemistry, veininess, hairiness and orientation). A ‘universal’ spray droplet adhesion model has previously been developed, using 50% aqueous acetone contact angles as a measure of leaf surface properties; this model satisfactorily predicts initial adhesion over a range of formulation surface tensions, droplet sizes and velocities. However, it failed to fit data from hairier leaves. This study investigates initial spray droplet adhesion on hairy leaves. Two categories of hairy leaves were identified by how the droplets penetrate the leaf hairs, Wenzel (hairy) and Cassie–Baxter (super hairy). For the Wenzel‐type, a simple constant accounted for the increased droplet shatter caused by the hairs. For the Cassie–Baxter‐type, a cushioning factor was introduced to account for the absorption of kinetic energy at impact by the hair mat. The cushioning factor was estimated by measuring the relative height of the hair mat. By including these two parameters, the new model successfully predicted the mean adhesion of non‐hairy, hairy and super‐hairy plants (R² = 0.96). This model and the underlying principles determining hairy leaf adhesion developed in this article will help develop spray formulations effective at targeting hairy‐leaved weed and crop species.     

Behaviour of famoxadone deposits on grape leaves

Famoxadone is a new fungicide developed for the control of crop diseases, including grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola). The majority (>90%) of the spray deposit from a famoxadone 500 g kg⁻¹ water‐dispersible granule formation on a grape leaf were found on the leaf surface or associated with epicuticular waxes. A significant fraction of this deposit could not be removed by a water wash, suggesting strong binding to the waxes. Nearly 100% of the spray deposit was still recovered after 12 days of exposure to a dry environment, confirming the good residual properties of the substance. Thirty per cent of the applied active ingredient was lost after exposure to a wet environment, probably via hydrolysis or wash‐off. Studies with radiolabelled famoxadone formulated as a suspension concentrate indicated that redistribution occurred both in dry conditions, via diffusion in the cuticular waxes, and in wet conditions via dissolution in water followed by re‐deposition. No systemic movement of famoxadone was observed within the treated plant. Grape plants treated with famoxadone alone or in mixture with cymoxanil and subjected to up to 50 mm of artificial rain remained well protected against downy mildew infections. Good rain‐fastness was observed even 2 h after fungicide application. Despite low water solubility, famoxadone spray residues on grape leaves were reactivated in surface water sufficiently quickly to prevent infection by P viticola. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Foliar spray of phosphates induces growth increase and systemic resistance to Puccinia sorghi in maize

A single foliar spray of 0-1 M phosphate salts solution was applied to the upper side of maize (cv. Jubilee) leaves 1,2 and 3 at the five-to six-leaf stage, 2-4 h before inoculation with Puccinia sorghi. This treatment induced systemic resistance against common rust as expressed by 98% reduction in the number of pustules of P. sorghi developed on leaves 5, 6 and 7, There was no damage or chlorotic stippling on the induced leaves (1, 2 and 3) as a result of the phosphate spray, A less effective, but still significant. reduction (90%) in the number of pustules was obtained when the foliar spray was applied 6 days before inoculation. One foliar spray of K₂HPO₄ on leaves 1,2 and 3,6 days before inoculation, stimulated plant growth regardless of inoculation. The foliar spray on the day of inoculation was less effective in stimulating growth. Appropriate mixtures of phosphate solutions revealed that the level of protection was not necessarily dependent on the gradual changes in the pH of the solution. The possible dual use of phosphate salts as foliar fertilizers and as agents for induced resistance is discussed.     

喷雾量及助剂对棉花苗期植保无人飞机作业效果的影响

采用大疆MG-1P型植保无人飞机在棉花苗期进行喷雾,探讨喷雾量及助剂对农药在棉花上的沉积分布及对棉蚜防治效果的影响。以5%啶虫脒乳油为试验药剂,在3个喷雾量 (15.0、22.5和30.0 L/hm2) 及添加2种飞防助剂 (YS09和倍达通) 条件下进行喷雾,以诱惑红为雾滴沉积和农药利用率测定的指示剂,采用Deposit-Scan软件分析雾滴密度和雾滴覆盖率。结果表明:采用植保无人飞机施药,棉花叶片上的雾滴密度和覆盖率随着喷雾量的增加而提高,其中,喷雾量为30.0 L/hm2时叶片正面和背面的雾滴密度最高,分别为43.42 和58.04 个/cm2,雾滴覆盖率分别为6.44% 和6.34%。3个喷雾量下农药沉积率分别为3.53%、3.70%和4.00%,低于背负式电动喷雾器喷雾处理,药后1~3 d对棉蚜的防效也低于背负式电动喷雾器喷雾处理。喷雾量为22.5 L/hm2 时,添加助剂YS09和倍达通对叶片上雾滴密度、雾滴覆盖率及农药利用率无显著影响,但可提高对棉蚜的防效,药后1 d防效为86.24%和84.40%,分别比对照提高9.34%和7.48%,药后3 d防效达95.34%和94.73%,显著高于对照 (88.06%),达到背负式电动喷雾器喷雾水平 (94.36%)。表明采用植保无人飞机在棉花苗期进行施药,提高喷雾量有助于药液在棉花叶片上的沉积,在啶虫脒乳油中添加助剂YS09和倍达通,可提高药液对棉蚜的防治效果。     

Extracellular matrix of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Magnaporthe oryzae</Emphasis> may have a role in host adhesion during fungal penetration and is digested by matrix metalloproteinases

Spores and infection structures such as germ tubes and appressoria of Magnaporthe oryzae, the fungus causing blast disease of wheat, produced an extracellular matrix (ECM) on the surfaces of host leaves during fungal differentiation. The chemical components and function of the ECM were studied to understand the pathological roles using two immunological techniques and ECM-digesting enzymes. The ECM was characterized by fibrous and amorphous materials, located in the spaces between fungal cell walls and plant cuticles. Immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopy suggested that ECM includes components positively reacted with antibodies of four animal cell adhesion factors (collagen VI, vitronectin, fibronectin and laminin) and an animal integrin α3. ECM, incubated on a cellulose membrane, was rapidly digested by matrix metalloproteinases (collagenase and gelatinase B), resulting in the detachment of most infection structures from membrane surfaces. Both ultrastructural observation and immunological responses showed that more ECM was located at the appressoria than at the spores and germ tubes. This result suggested that appressoria needed a powerful adhesion force for aggressive action of penetration pegs into plant cuticles. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Effect of a mixture of iprobenfos and malathion on the development of malathion resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens pallens Coq

A malathion-resistant (RM) strain of Culex pipiens pallens Coq was obtained by successively selecting a field population with malathion in the laboratory. The synergistic effect of iprobenfos on malathion toxicity and alpha-naphthyl acetate (alpha-NA) esterase assay revealed that malathion resistance in the RM strain was associated with increased alpha-NA esterase activity and the synergism was mainly due to the inhibition by iprobenfos of this activity. There was no difference in alpha-NA esterase activity between the larvae and female adults in the susceptible (S) strain, but the activity in the adults was 13-fold higher than in the larvae of the RM strain. To understand the effect of the application of a mixture of iprobenfos and malathion on the evolution of malathion resistance, an artificial strain (Syn) was generated by mixing the RM and S strains with 0.1 frequency of the malathion-resistant individuals. The offspring of the Syn strain were divided into two sub-strains, Rm and Rm+ibp, which were successively treated with, respectively, malathion alone and malathion + iprobenfos (1:2) at LC70. In the mixture, the fungicide iprobenfos acted as a synergist of malathion. After treatment for 10 generations, the resistance level to malathion was 317.4-fold for the Rm sub-strain, whereas for the Rm+ibp sub-strain it was only 38.9-fold, compared with the Syn strain. Similar results were obtained by measurement of alpha-NA esterase activity from both larvae and female adults. The alpha-NA esterase activities in larvae and female adults at F10 generation were 2.6- and 10.9-fold from the Rm+ibp sub-strain and 5.7- and 98.5-fold from the Rm sub-strain, respectively, compared with the Syn strain. The above results suggested that iprobenfos, although it cannot completely stop or prevent the onset of malathion resistance, could dramatically delay its evolution.