啤酒大麦安全烘干温度的研究

试验研究了啤酒大麦适宜的干燥温度。以浙农大３号，浙农大７号啤酒大麦品种为材料，采用３５℃、４５℃、５５℃３种温度进行模拟烘干试验，并对烘干后的种子进行生活力，发芽力，脱氢酶活性，电导率的测定。结果表明，啤酒大麦的干燥温度控制在４５℃以下为好，既安全，干燥效率又高，而在５５℃温度条件下，虽干燥效率高但对啤酒大麦的发芽力及种子有显著的影响，３５℃干燥虽安全可靠，但其干燥效率低，所需时间太长。     

不同干燥方法对啤酒大麦种子发芽力的影响

本试验采用人工模拟阴雨天气的方法研究二种干燥方法即睛天收获晒干和阴雨天收获35℃烘干对啤酒大麦品种浙农大 6号和浙农大 7号种子发芽力影响。试验结果表明 :2个品种均表现为 35℃烘干下种子发芽率较低 ,分别为 65 3%和 65 7% ,并且与睛天收获晒干呈显著性差异 ;与低发芽率相对应的 35℃烘干种子霉烂率较高 ,2个品种分别为 2 9 3%和 2 6 7% ;种子活力指数浙农大 6号品种也表现为 35℃烘干较低为 54 66;而浙农大 7号品种二种干燥方法对活力指数影响不明显 ;与种子活力相对应的 2个品种二种干燥方法的电导率差异均不明显 ,而α -淀粉酶活性 2个品种均以 35℃烘干为较低     

不同干燥方法对啤酒大麦种子发芽力的影响

本试验采用人工模拟阴雨天气的方法研究二种干燥方法即晴天收获晒干和阴雨天收获35℃烘干对啤酒在大麦品种浙农大6号和浙农大7号种子发芽力的影响。试验结果表明：2个品种均表现为35℃烘干下种子发芽率较低，分别为65．3％和65．7％，并且与晴天收获晒干呈显著性差异；与低发芽率相对应35℃烘干种子霉烂率较高，2个品种分别为29．3％和26．7％；种子活力指数浙农大6号品种也表现为35℃烘干较低为54．66；而浙农大7号品种二种干燥方法对活力指数影响不明显；与种子活力相对应的2个品种二种干燥方法的电导率差异均不明显，而α－淀粉酶活性2个品种均以35℃烘干为较低。     

优质高产多抗广适啤酒大麦新品种川农啤麦1号的选育及高产栽培技术

川农啤麦1号原代号F0635,是四川农业大学和成都农业科技职业学院以川农大3号为母本、浙农大5号为父本进行杂交,并经系谱法选育的啤酒大麦新品种。该品种于2011年通过了四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定编号为川审麦2011006,定名为川农啤麦1号。该品种具有丰产性好、品质优、抗性强、适宜机械化耕作等优点。     

矮秆、抗病的二棱大麦品种川农大4号

川农大 4号 (原代号为 177)是四川农业大学农学院杂交育成的啤饲兼用的高产二棱大麦品种 ,母本为 89- 2 1(威 2 4/渝裸 12 3∥渝裸 12 3) ,父本为 89- 0 915 (上海市农科院黄培忠先生提供 )。1991年进行杂交 ,1995年参加区试 ,1999年 5月通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定。1　产量表现1.1　 1994年品比中 ,川农大 4号小区折合单产 (公顷产量 ,下同 ) 5 6 2 5 kg,比对照浙农大 3号增产 8.8%。 1995年川农大 4号参加省院、校大麦育种协作组的区试 ,5点平均单产 46 35 kg,比对照浙农大 3号增产 10 .2 %,居全试验之首。 1996年区试中 ,因低温…     

品种区域结果简报

南方冬大麦区啤酒大麦品种区试,在7省1市9个点上进行,二年结果,以82—1(浙农大选育)居首位,平均亩产259.3公斤,比对照早熟3号增产10.7％,有的省份已经过审定推广。     

大麦籽粒灌浆、干物质积累进程的生理研究

为了探讨大麦籽粒形成过程中,植株各部分器官的干物质积累和物质转运对粒重的影响,我们于1989年3月至5月在浙江农业大学实验农场选用83—28(浙农大3号)和82—14(浙农大2号)为试验材料,对大麦的灌浆规律及干物质积累进程、籽粒成分变化进行了研究。     

甘肃省啤酒大麦新品种（系）区试结果的GGE 双标图分析

为筛选出适宜于甘肃省种植的高产、优质、抗逆性强、综合农艺性状优良的啤酒大麦新品种(系),采用GGE双标图对2012-2013年甘肃省区域试验7个试点的8个啤酒大麦新品种(系)及1个对照品种(甘啤4号)试验数据进行分析.结果表明,9922-28、农大7号、农大NFC属于丰产性、稳产性较好的品种(系).在7个试点中,代表性和鉴别力较好的是玉门农技中心、永昌县农技中心.品种0008-3和试点山丹良种场在本次试验中表现较差.     

矮秆、抗病、优质、高产的二棱大麦品种“川农大5号”

川农大 5号是四川农业大学农学院杂交育成的啤饲兼用的高产二棱大麦品种 ,原代号为 1 1 2 1 ,母本为 89- 0 91 5×渝裸 1 0 9,父本为浙农大 3号。其中 89- 0 91 5由上海市农科院黄培忠先生提供 ,渝裸 1 0 9和浙农大3号分别来自重庆市作物所和浙江农业大学。该品种于 2 0 0 2年 9月通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定。1　产量表现1 1　区试中的产量 :2 0 0 0年川农大 5号参加四川省院、校大麦育种协作组的区试 ,5点(德阳市、邛崃市、三台县、仁寿县和射洪县 )平均单产 (公顷产量 ,下同 ) 5340kg ,比对照浙农大 3号增产 1 1 1 % ,居全试验…     

二棱大麦的产量构成特点及综合高产栽培技术的研究

实现啤酒大麦高产与优质的统一,除选用良种外,采用与之相宜的高产栽培技术是关键。自一九八六年以来,作者相继以湖北的主栽及推广品种(系)鄂啤一、二号、浙农大三号、80435等为对象,研究二棱大麦的产量构成特点及高产限制因子,在此基础     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.