武夷山米槠林主要种群生态位研究

植物种群之间的生态位相似性比例和生态位重叠指数指标值反映了亚热带常绿阔叶林的生态特征。采用定量分析方法,对武夷山米储林群落12个主要种群生态位(包括生态位宽度、生态位相似性比例、生态位重叠)进行了测定。结果表明:组成米槠林群落的优势种群绝大多数为广生态位,种群之间关系复杂,对资源具有一定的共享性。     

子午岭油松林主要种群更新生态位研究

植物种群的生态位宽度与种群之间的生态位相似性比例及生态位重叠度反映了森林的更新生态特征。采用定量分析方法对子午岭油松林主要种群的更新生态位进行分析研究,结果表明:油松林林下主要种群生态位宽度值在中间范围,但辽东栎种群则为广生态位种;油松林林下主要种群之间生态位重叠度均很小,宽生态位种群对资源具有一定共享性,而窄生态位种群则各自集群分布。     

茂兰喀斯特森林优势灌木种群的生态位研究

为了解喀斯特森林灌木种群的生态位特征,以茂兰国家级自然保护区内灌木种群为研究对象,对坡地、槽谷和漏斗3种地形中的植被进行群落学调查,应用生态位宽度、生态位相似性比例和生态位重叠分析了优势灌木种群的生态位特征。结果表明:1)石岩枫和南天竹的生态位宽度较大,其Bi,Ba分别为0.471 9,0.966 0和0.466 3,0.926 1。2)生态位宽度较大的物种之间生态位相似性比例值往往较高,如石岩枫与革叶铁榄、石岩枫与南天竹、南天竹与革叶铁榄的生态位相似性比例值分别为0.966 3,0.902 2和0.868 5;对环境资源的需求有较大相似性的物种,尽管生态位宽度较小,但其生态位相似性比例也会较高,如长梗罗伞和异叶梁王茶的生态位相似性比例值高达0.911 3。3)生态位宽度较大的树种间具有较大的生态位重叠值,如石岩枫、南天竹和革叶铁榄之间的生态位重叠值Lih和Lhi均在0.32以上。研究认为:茂兰喀斯特森林优势灌木种群对环境资源的利用能力较强,但种间差异较大,大部分优势种群的生态位相似性比例值和重叠值较高,种群间竞争较强,研究结果与喀斯特森林生境的复杂性和高度异质性有关。     

绵阳官司河流域天然次生林种群的生态位特征

基于绵阳官司河流域天然次生林群落57块100 m~2的样地调查数据,以微地形地貌作为一维资源位状态,以物种的重要值为生态位计测的资源状态指标,对该流域主要乔木、灌木种群的生态位宽度、生态位相似性和生态位重叠进行了计算与分析。结果表明,主要优势种群的生态位宽度较大,乔木层主要优势种群马尾松、柏木、栓皮栎等Levins生态位宽度值分别为0.841、0.816、0.907,灌木层主要优势种群铁仔、三颗针、黄荆、火棘等Levins生态位宽度值分别为0.985、0.965、0.952、0.882。群落中各种群之间的生态位关系较复杂,生态位宽度较大的物种对资源利用能力较强,彼此之间的生态位相似性和生态位重叠值较大,对资源具有一定的共享性,存在生态位分离现象。种群之间的生态位相似比例和生态位重叠值分布状况,反映了该流域植被恢复过程中森林群落的生态位特征。     

黑龙江省森林植物园水曲柳风景游憩林林下植被生态位研究

对黑龙江省森林植物园水曲柳风景游憩林林下植被的主要植物种群的生态位宽度、生态位相似比例和生态位重叠分析表明,山丁子、长白忍冬、水曲柳、家榆、糖槭和接骨木生态位宽度值较大,上层林分主要树种水曲柳林下更新苗生态位宽度比其他植物种林下更新苗的生态位宽度较高,水曲柳更新程度较好。林下植物种群的生态位相似性比例值和生态位重叠值相对较低。说明不同种群间对资源的竞争相对不剧烈,可采取人工措施改善树种的配置,促进生态位分离。     

宛田红锥林主要种群生态位研究

采用样方法、利用生态位宽度(Levins指数、Hurlbert指数、Feinsinger指数)、生态位相似性比例、生态位重叠对宛田红锥林不同资源位中20个主要种群的生态位进行了测定。结果表明,采用Levins,Hurlbert和Feinsinger三个生态位宽度计测公式结果基本一致;红锥,九节,倒挂铁角蕨的生态位宽度最大,对群落环境的适应和资源利用能力最强;宛田红锥林各主要种群间对生态因子的需求较相似,生态位相似性比例比较高,Cih值大于0.4的有109对,占57.4%;生态位宽度较大的种群间,生态位相似性比例一般较大,如红锥与球序鹅掌柴,九节与罗伞树的Cih值分别为0.709 7,0.741 6;宛田红锥林各主要种群间生态位重叠程度低,表明红锥林利用相同资源位而产生的种间竞争不激烈,群落处于稳定状态。     

卧龙巴朗山川滇高山栎灌丛主要木本植物种群生态位特征

以海拔梯度作为一维资源轴,以物种重要值作为生态位计测的状态指标,对卧龙自然保护区川滇高山栎灌丛主要木本植物的生态位特征进行研究。结果表明:川滇高山栎灌丛在整个资源位中占绝对优势;川滇高山栎、平枝栒子、臡妨⒏仕嗳鹣憔哂薪洗蟮纳豢矶龋?Bsw(Levins生态位宽度)值分别为0.5949,0.4524,0.5511和0.4516,其Ba(Hurlbert生态位宽度)值分别为0.9560,0.5703,0.7834和0.5711;物种的生态位宽度与重要值变异系数呈典型负相关;生态位宽度较大的2个种的相似性比例值较大,生态位宽度较小的2个种间也能产生较大的相似性比例;大部分种群的生态位相似性比例值为0～0.7,以0.4～0.6最多,共占全部种对的36.37%;具有生态位重叠的种对数共有112对,占总对数的84.85%,有39对的重叠值0.2,约占29.55%;生态位宽度大的种群之间一般能产生较大的重叠值,生态位宽度大的种群与生态位宽度小的种群也能产生较大的重叠值,而生态位宽度小的种群一般不会与生态位宽度大的种群间产生较大的重叠值;大于0.08的Lih(物种i与物种h的生态位重叠指数)和Lhi(物种h与物种i的生态位重叠指数)重叠值所占的比例分别为72.74%和65.16%,表明各种群对资源的共享趋势较为明显,川滇高山栎灌丛群落相对稳定。     

大荫山米槠林群落主要乔木种群生态位研究

2018年7月,运用Shoener的生态位相似性比例公式、Pianka的生态位重叠公式以及Shannon-wiener和Levins的生态位宽度公式,对衢州市柯城区大荫山米槠Castanopsis carlesii林群落及其主要乔木种群的生态位进行了研究。结果表明,调查区域内共有植物117种,其中乔木24种、灌木75种、草本18种;米槠、杜英Elaeocarpus decipiens、台湾冬青Ilex formosana是具有明显优势的主要乔木种群,这些优势种群的生态位宽度较大;米槠-台湾冬青种群之间的生态位相似性比例和生态位重叠值最大。本研究通过讨论周围环境资源利用现状及其之间相互的关联对主要植物群落的影响,从而为更有效地保护大荫山米槠林群落提供理论依据。     

天然甜槠林乔木层主要树种生态位研究

采用定量分析方法,计测天然甜槠林主要乔木树种的生态位宽度、生态位相似比例和生态位重叠值。结果表明:组成天然甜槠林的种群大多数为宽生态位,种群之间关系较复杂,对资源具有一定的共享性。种群之间的生态位相似比例和生态位重叠值反映了亚热带常绿阔叶林的生态特征。     

浙江丽水太山山地常绿阔叶林主要种群生态位研究

对浙江丽水太山山地常绿阔叶林中的10个主要乔木种群生态位宽度和生态位相似性比例及生态位重叠进行了研究。结果表明:(1)研究区主要树种的生态位宽度大小顺序为:甜槠>木荷>褐叶青冈>青冈>苦槠>米槠>枫香树>石栎>虎皮楠>多花泡花树;(2)生态位相似性比例大于0.4的仅有36对,占80%,表明群落内物种对资源利用相似性程度较高;(3)生态位重叠指数大于0.4的共有38对,占84.44%,说明生态位重叠的程度很高。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.