应力波用于木材和活立木无损检测的研究进展

在简单介绍应力波无损检测技术的基本原理、特点以及目前应力波主要的检测设备同时,对国内外应力波无损检测技术在木材和活立木领域的研究进展做了叙述,分析了现阶段应力波无损检测技术存在的问题,并对应力波无损检测技术进一步发展做了展望。     

人工林活立木材质应力波无损检测研究进展

应力波无损检测是检测和评估人工林活立木材质的主要手段之一。对该项技术的国内外研究进展情况进行了总结分析,指出这些研究主要集中在三个方面,即应力波传播机理研究、力学性能检测和预测研究,以及木材内部缺陷检测研究。     

应力波法检测活立木品质的研究进展

介绍了应力波无损检测方法的基本原理以及采用该方法检测活立木品质的研究进展情况,阐述了应力波检测用于活立木品质研究的趋势。     

应力波木材无损检测信号采集系统

应力波木材无损检测技术可在不破坏木材使用性能的前提下,快速的检测出木材的尺寸、规格和基本物理性质等,基于此优点,应力波无损检测技术近几年越来越受到青睐。应力波在木材中传播时,如遇到裂缝、孔洞、裂纹等界面不连续处,就会发生反射、折射、散射和模式转换,对缺陷有很高的敏感性。基于应力波的这种敏感性,本文对应力波在木材中传输时的信号进行采集,通过对采集信号进行频谱分析、小波变换等处理,可进一步得到应力波在木材中的传播速度等参数,从而为鉴别木材的缺陷提供更多的信息。     

应力波木材无损检测技术应用及研究进展

文中概述了应力波传播机理及应力波木材无损检测技术的优缺点与工作过程，介绍了现阶段木材无损检测领域内常用的几种应力波木材检测设备，对其特点进行了分析，并从力学性能检测、内部缺陷检测和影响应力波传播速度的因素3个方面对应力波木材无损检测技术的研究进展进行总结分析，预测其发展前景，以期为该领域的进一步研究提供参考。     

应力波评价活立木材质的研究与进展

论述了应力波在活立木中传播的理论依据以及在检测活立木力学性质方面的研究进展,以一套典型的检测装置为例说明实际的检测方法,并对冲击应力波评价活立木力学性质的发展趋势进行了预测.     

两种无损检测方法对CCA处理材的性能评价比较

采用应力波和超声波无损检测,对CCA处理前后沙棘木材密度、应力波和超声波传播速度及动弹性模量的性能进行评价比较.通过配对t检验的数据分析,结果表明:CCA处理对沙棘木材密度有显著影响,但对应力波和超声波传播速度以及动弹性模量的影响不显著;两种无损检测方法所得的数据具有高度的一致性,证明了测定结果的可靠性.     

木材无损检测技术的研究现状与进展

本介绍了木材无损检测技术的主要方法和基本原理,以及不同木材特性的无损检测技术,阐述了几个主要检测技术如超声波,射线,微波等的研究现状及存在的问题,在此基础上,提出木材无损检测技术的发展趋势。     

北美木材无损检测技术的研究与应用

对北美木材无损检测技术的研究与应用进行了阐述,并对应力波、超声波和声发射技术的应用情况、现存问题进行简要分析,为今后在我国推广木材无损检测技术提供了参考.     

木质材料无损检测的应用与研究进展

木质材料无损检测主要包括缺陷无损检测和力学性能无损检测两个方面,其无损检测基本方法主要有应力波法、机械应力变形法、振动法、微钻阻力法、射线法、雷达波法等。笔者先从检测原理入手对目前常见的木质材料内部缺陷和力学性能无损检测方法作了归纳,同时对木材和人造板内部缺陷和力学性能无损检测的应用和研究现状进行了归纳分析。木材和活立木无损检测技术发展较快,锯材和单板应力分等技术已有较为完善的检测设备,在发达国家已被广泛应用;古建筑木构件和活立木内部缺陷无损检测实际应用也较多,但在检测精度和效率提高方面仍有广阔的发展空间。人造板无损检测的研究近年来主要集中在力学性能检测方面,实际应用较少。对已经有较好应用的无损检测技术,下一步科研的目标应是进一步提高检测精度和效率;对尚处在科研探索阶段的无损检测技术,下一步仍应从基础理论完善和技术实现角度坚持工作。     

应力波和超声波在立木无缺陷断面的传播速度

为进行立木无损健康检测,采用Arbotom应力波成像系统、Resistograph针式阻抗仪和RSM-SY5超声仪对4个树种共计120株树分断面进行测试,研究超声波和应力波在立木108个无缺陷断面传播速度变化规律,并对比分析二者的差异和相关性。结果表明:1)采用8个测点对立木测试时,超声波和应力波在立木无缺陷断面具有类似的传播规律,即沿Path A(相邻两传感器)传播时速度最低,沿Path D(径向传播)传播时速度最高,从Path A到Path D传播速度呈递增的变化趋势;2)对于小叶杨、榆树、旱柳、水曲柳4种立木,Arbotom测得的无缺陷断面应力波径向传播速度平均值分别为788.46,1 025.45,940.62和1 146.06 m.s-1;RSM-SY5测得的超声波径向传播速度平均值分别为1 159.57,1 537.5,1 323.15和1 558.6 m.s-1;3)尽管Arbotom和RSM-SY5测得的应力波和超声波传播速度差值较大,但二者的径向传播速度具有显著正相关性,决定系数R2均在0.77以上,因此采用这2种仪器对立木进行无损检测都是可行的。     

A comparative study on the velocities of stress wave propagation in standing Fraxinus mandshurica trees in frozen and non-frozen states

In order to improve the accuracy and reliability of identifying wood defects and to realize the maximum wood utilization of trees, we employed an experimental method to test the stress wave propagation velocity in standing Fraxinus mandshurica trees selected from the Harbin Forest Experimental Station in winter. Thirty standing trees in good conditions were taken as test specimens and stress wave propagation velocities were measured using a FAKOPP Microsecond Timer in trees in both fall and winter. The test data were processed with the aid of Excel and SPSS software. The results show that 1) the velocities in longitudinal and radial stress wave propagation in frozen F. mandshurica trees were much higher than those in the non-frozen trees; 2) there was a highly positive correlation between longitudinal stress wave propagation velocity in frozen and non-frozen states, with a correlation coefficient of 0.82, as well as a positive correlation between radial stress wave propagation velocity in frozen and non-frozen states with a correlation coefficient of 0.87; 3) in the frozen state, the longitudinal stress wave propagation velocity was significantly affected by the moisture content (MC) of standing tree, while it was not obvious in the non-frozen state and 4) the radial stress wave propagation velocity was not significantly affected by MC in either frozen or non-frozen state.     

Acoustic measurements on trees and logs: a review and analysis

Acoustic technologies have been well established as material evaluation tools in the past several decades, and their use has become widely accepted in the forest products industry for online quality control and products grading. Recent research developments on acoustic sensing technology offer further opportunities to evaluate standing trees and logs for general wood quality and intrinsic wood properties. Although the concept of using acoustic velocity as an effective measure of stiffness applies to both standing trees and felled logs, the method typically used to measure acoustic velocity in trees is different from that used in logs. Consequently, there is a significant difference in measured velocity values between trees and logs. Other factors affecting tree–log velocity relationships include tree diameter, stand age, operating temperature, and wood moisture content. This paper presents the fundamentals of acoustic wave propagation in trees and logs and discusses two different mechanisms of acoustic velocity measurement, time-of-flight for standing trees and resonance for logs. Experimental data from previous studies are reviewed and analyzed to examine the strength of the tree–log velocity relationships and discuss the factors that influence tree velocity deviation.     

木质材料力学性能无损检测方法的研究现状与趋势

木质材料用途广泛,在建筑、家具和包装等领域发挥着重要作用。目前,木材无损检测技术发展很快,应用到木材性质检测的无损检测方法已达几十种,然而对木质材料力学性能的检测还处于相对初级阶段,具有较大的挑战性。本文对木质材料力学性能的无损检测方法和原理进行归纳与总结,阐述几种主要检测技术（如应力渡检测、超声渡检测、振动法检测）的国内外研究现状、检测特点及存在问题。在此基础上,提出木质材料力学性能无损检测技术的发展趋势。     

Mechanical properties assessment of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation wood with three acoustic-based nondestructive methods

The objectives of this study were to establish the method of evaluating wood mechanical properties by acoustic nondestructive testing at standing trees and at logs of a Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) plantation, and to compare three acoustic nondestructive methods for evaluating the static bending modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and compressive strength parallel-to-grain (σ_c) of plantation wood as well. Fifteen Chinese fir plantation trees at 36 years of age were selected. Each tree was cut into four logs, for which three values of dynamic modulus of elasticity, i.e., E _sw, of the north and south face based on stress waves to assume the measuring state of the standing tree, E _fr, longitudinal vibration, and E _us, ultrasonic wave, were measured in the green condition. After log measurements, small specimens were cut and air-dried to 12% moisture content (MC). Static bending tests were then performed to determine the bending MOE and MOR, and compressive tests parallel-to-grain were made to determine σ_c. The bending MOE of small clear specimens was about 7.1% and 15.4% less than E _sw and E _us, respectively, and 11.3% greater than E _fr. The differences between the bending MOE and dynamic MOE of logs as determined by the three acoustic methods were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Good correlation (R = 0.77, 0.57, and 0.45) between E _sw, E _fr, and E _us and static MOE, respectively, were obtained (P < 0.001). It can be concluded that longitudinal vibration may be the most precise and reliable technique to evaluate the mechanical properties of logs among these three acoustic nondestructive methods. Moreover, the results indicate that stress wave technology would be effective to evaluate wood mechanical properties both from logs and from the standing tree.     

Early prediction of basic density, shrinking, presence of growth stress, and dynamic elastic modulus based on the morphological tree parameters of Tectona grandis

Significant efforts have been made to improve teak; however, evaluation in juvenile step is limited. The objective of this study was to conduct an early assessment of the wood properties of 4-year-old Tectona grandis. Samples of 36 clones were collected to determine their morphological tree parameters [diameter a breast height (DBH), diameter of the second log, tree height, and log quality]. Presence of growth stress, heartwood percentage, shrinkage (radial, tangential, and volumetric), basic density, and ultrasound velocity (USV) were determined for standing trees, logs, green lumber, and dry lumber. The results indicate that DBH and USV in standing trees can be used to predict elastic module (ED), mainly ED of the standing tree and dry lumber, as well as the possible presence of growth stress. Additionally, growth stress can be predicted by UVS in standing tree. Tangential and volumetric shrinkage were not predicted by tree morphology, but radial shrinkage was predicted by diameter and UVS was not affected by any shrinkage. Basic density was predicted by DBH and UVS measured in log.     

基于树木特征因子预测木材材性及利用价值的研究概述

系统介绍了树木特征因子与林木材性、品质、等级以及经济价值之间的关系, 以期为实现我国森林资源的高效、合理利用提供新的思路。     

Effect of stand and tree attributes on growth and wood quality characteristics from a spacing trial with Populus xiaohei

The effect of stand density (1000 stems/ha, 500 stems/ha and 250 stems/ha) on tree growth and wood quality characteristics was studied in a 27-year-old plantation species of Populus xiaohei in China. Results indicated that stand density had significant effects on tree radial growth and crown size, and the lowest stand density produced trees with the largest stem taper. In terms of wood quality characteristics, there was no significant effect of stand density on either wood basic density or fiber length. However, significant differences were found between different stand densities for wood mechanical properties. A positive relationship between modulus of elasticity, compression strength and stand density was observed, while the highest modulus of rupture was recorded at a moderate density of 500 stems/ha. Stand density was responsible for highly significant effects on both juvenile wood and wet heartwood basal areas in individual trees, and there was an obvious tendency towards increasing juvenile wood and wet heartwood basal areas with decreasing stand density. In addition, the relationships between wood quality characteristics and tree and stand characteristics were also examined. Some wood quality characteristics, namely mechanical properties and juvenile wood and wet heartwood basal areas, were quantified successfully in relation to selected tree characteristics using a regression approach with various degrees of goodness of fit. Based on comprehensive consideration of various factors, such as wood quality, tree growth, and establishment cost, results from this study suggest that a density of 500 stems/ha is optimum for wood production.