基于营养培养基发酵的虫草素功能饮料配方优化

使用自行设计的次生代谢产物诱导营养培养基发酵蛹虫草菌丝,并将发酵后的培养液制成一种新型保健饮料。通过响应面试验,研究了培养基中的碳源、氮源、生长因子对虫草素产量的影响,并基于此发酵液,调配并研究了甜味剂、酸味剂、发酵液添加量对饮料感官品质的影响。结果表明,虫草素诱导营养培养基的最优配方为:葡萄糖添加量25 g/L,精氨酸添加量0.4 g/L,复合B族维生素20 mg/L(每mL含维生素B13 mg、维生素B21.5 mg、维生素B60.2 mg、烟酰胺10 mg、泛酸钙1 mg),蒸馏水1000 mL,pH 6.4。在此培养基上蛹虫草菌丝生物量为9.14 g/L,虫草素含量为68.54 mg/L。发酵液保健饮料的最佳配方为:D-木糖添加量5%,柠檬酸添加量0.1%,菌丝发酵液添加量30%。制得的饮料成品符合国家相关标准,颜色淡棕黄色,口味清淡,酸甜适宜,虫草素含量达到40.012~41.364 mg/L。     

培养基的成分、数量对蛹虫草生物转化率和品质的影响

通过对大米、小米、和大小米混合培养基栽培蛹虫草的菌丝生长、子实体产量、品质分析对比,发现大米培养基和大小米混合培养基菌丝生长、子实体产量、品质相差不多.小米产量较高但优质品率略低.使用普通罐头瓶栽培蛹虫草时3种培养基均以40g培养基的生物转化率优质品率最高,培养基数量过多时,反而会使其品质和生物转化率降低.     

谷秆两用稻201对硒的生物富集作用研究

硒（Se）是人体必须的微量元素，采用40 mg/kg的亚硒酸钠在齐穗期开始喷施谷秆两用稻201，使大米有机硒含量达0.27 mg/kg左右（P<0.05）；同时米糠和高蛋白稻草的有机硒富集水平分别提高3到4倍（P<0.05）；为生产富硒优质米提供依据，为生产富硒食用菌提供了优质原料。     

中国富硒大米的生产与富硒效应

统计分析中国20多年来富硒水稻研究的文献数据,得到富硒大米产量和硒含量的分析结果。数据表明：生产富硒水稻的硒肥施用方式以叶面喷施为主,占统计样本量的92.86%;主要肥料种类包括有机硒肥和无机硒肥,分别占样本总量的67.35%和32.65%;在齐穗期和抽穗期,水稻富硒效应研究的最多,分别占搜集样本量的36.54%和21.15%;有机富硒叶面肥施用量超过20 g/hm²时（以硒量计）,可造成水稻一定程度的减产;叶面喷施有机富硒肥料,水稻增产范围在-3.09%~18.77%之间,平均增产5.55%,大米硒富集量在0.04~0.78 mg/kg之间,平均硒含量为0.24 mg/kg;施用无机亚硒酸钠可使水稻增产-7.20%~20.00%,平均增产7.36%,大米富硒范围在0.09~53.39 mg/kg之间,平均含量为4.04 mg/kg;在施用无机硒肥的情况下,有60%的样本硒含量超出了富硒大米相关标准(DB34/T 847—2008)的规定。总体来看,仅有38.96%的样本大米硒含量符合DB34/T 847—2008的规定,因此,在生产富硒水稻时,推荐优先考虑使用有机硒肥,少用并且慎用无机亚硒酸钠硒肥。     

3种不同广西家蚕品种幼虫培养蚕虫草的对比分析

研究3种不同广西家蚕品种幼虫培养蚕虫草的对比分析,旨在筛选出适合生产优质高产蚕虫草的家蚕品种,为广西蚕桑产业资源综合利用提供参考依据。从3种不同的北虫草菌种中筛选出最适合的菌种,并将其接种至3种广西家蚕品种的幼虫培养蚕虫草,通过调查蚕虫草的形态、性状以及检测生物活性成分含量,来对比出适合作为蚕虫草培养生物材料的家蚕品种。结果表明：菌种A的家蚕蚕体和菌丝生长情况最优,可作为最佳接种的菌种;3种不同品种的家蚕培养的蚕虫草的形态与性状以‘两广二号（正交）’品种的各项指标均为最高,蚕虫草总质量为1.361 g、僵蚕体质量为1.028 g、子实体总数量为10.489根和子实体长度为9.411 cm;蚕虫草的虫草素和虫草腺苷的含量也以‘两广二号（正交）’品种为最高,分别为4.84 mg/g和1.79 mg/g;3种蚕虫草蚕底座的虫草含量比子实体的虫草素含量要高,其中‘两广二号（正交）’的蚕底座和子实体虫草素含量最高,分别为7.93 mg/g和4.79 mg/g;3种蚕虫草子实体的虫草腺苷含量要高于蚕底座的虫草腺苷含量,其中‘两广二号（正交）’的蚕底座和子实体的虫草腺苷含量最高,分别为3.51 mg/g和6.39 mg/g。研究结果表明,广西家蚕品种‘两广二号（正交）’所培养出的蚕虫草的指标和质量较优,可将‘两广二号（正交）’作为培养蚕虫草的优势资源。     

姬松茸富硒液体发酵条件优化及其菌丝营养成分分析

为探讨姬松茸富硒液体发酵的最佳工艺条件及其菌丝营养价值,以深入研发和应用姬松茸等食用菌富硒菌丝产品,本文通过正交试验对姬松茸富硒液体发酵条件进行优化,并对其富硒菌丝营养成分进行分析。结果表明,姬松茸富硒液体发酵的最佳条件为:装富硒液体发酵培养基装量80 m L(250 m L三角瓶),硒浓度15μg/m L,摇床转速80 r/min,培养时间10 d。在此条件下制得的菌丝干重和富硒率分别为2.05 g/100 m L和5.78%;测定分析了姬松茸富硒发酵菌丝体的蛋白质、可溶性糖、多糖及氨基酸等营养物质含量,初步确定姬松茸富硒液体发酵菌丝体具有较高的营养价值,可考虑作为一种补硒保健品。     

谷物杂粮的复配技术及其营养互补

中华民族以谷物为主的饮食习惯已经沿袭了数千年，并且是先有杂粮，后有主粮，杂粮是我们祖先最早的食物来源。如谷子，又称粟，古人称之为稗，“稗为百谷之长”。从人类饮食历史来看，粮谷类是人类最主要的食物。谷物杂粮主要包括谷类（稻米、玉米、小米、红米、黑米、紫米、大麦、燕麦、荞麦等）、     

富硒米走俏市场

一个名为“生物酶促进型有机富硒营养剂”的物质应用于稻谷种植过程，加工出的大米产品经国家授权检测机构检测，硒含量到110～2140μg／kg。     

富硒鸡蛋的开发与分析

利用鸡体的生化功能,开发一种富硒蛋白营养鸡蛋,为人们补硒提供帮助。选取1 000只10～12月龄健康的罗曼蛋鸡,使用添加了硒源和中药材的基础日粮,对罗曼蛋鸡进行饲养,预饲期为10 d,正饲期为60 d,试验期结束时,对鸡蛋的品质进行测评,对鸡蛋常规营养成分和微量元素的含量进行测定。结果显示,生产的鸡蛋品质较高,在水分、脂肪、蛋白质含量上与普通鸡蛋相比存在细微差异,硒含量为979.2±156.3μg/kg,锌含量为3.6±0.9 mg/kg,胆固醇含量为209.33±47.2μg/100 g,可用于人们日常补硒和其他营养补充。     

外源硒对高粱产量、籽粒硒含量及品质的影响

在高粱关键生育期叶面喷施不同剂量Na₂SeO₃,研究外源硒对高粱产量、品质及籽粒硒含量的影响,明确施用外源硒的最佳剂量和最适宜时期,同时为研究硒对高粱生理方面的影响及富硒高粱的生产提供理论依据。以糯高粱品种晋糯3号为材料,采用随机区组试验,设置0（CK）、40（T1）、80（T2）、120（T3）和160mg/kg Na₂SeO₃（T4）5个供硒水平,分别在苗期、拔节期和挑旗期进行叶面外源硒喷施,研究不同时期、不同剂量供硒条件下高粱产量、品质及籽粒硒含量的变化规律。结果表明,施用外源硒一定程度上可以提高高粱籽粒硒含量,不同时期喷施外源硒对高粱籽粒硒含量的影响为挑旗期>拔节期>苗期。在人体吸收硒的安全摄入范围内,挑旗期T2施硒剂量下,晋糯3号籽粒硒含量2年平均为0.295mg/kg,比CK平均提高83.5%。叶面喷施硒对提高高粱籽粒粗蛋白和粗淀粉含量有促进作用,喷施时期对高粱品质的影响为挑旗期>拔节期>苗期>CK。挑旗期T2处理的籽粒粗蛋白和粗淀粉含量最高,分别比CK提高11.25%和1.40%。叶面喷施合适剂量的Na₂SeO₃能够明显提高高粱籽粒硒含量,改善高粱籽粒营养品质,对高粱增产有一定促进作用。综合所述,挑旗期是高粱富硒的最佳喷施时期,最适宜的叶面施硒（Na₂SeO₃）剂量为80mg/kg。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.