雏鸭钙磷缺乏症的病理学研究

１日龄天府肉鸭健雏８０只，分四给，分别喂给钙－磷缺乏（Ｃａ ０．１３％，Ｐ０．３７％），缺钙（Ｃａ０．１２９％，Ｐ０．６５％），缺磷（Ｃａ０．８０％，Ｐ０．３６６％），和正常对照（Ｃａ０．８０％，Ｐ０．６５％）日粮３周（缺磷组）或周（缺钙组和钙－磷缺乏组）。缺钙组和钙－磷缺乏组病变表现为肋骨质软易弯，骨干内表面出现佝偻病串珠；长骨骺生长板之增生带轻度增宽，类骨组织和结缔组织增生，成骨细胞和破骨细胞     

实验性雏鸡佝偻病的病理学研究——Ⅱ.形态学观察

4日龄 Aiboi Acies肉鸡健雏80只随机分为4组,分别喂给钙-磷缺乏(Ca 0.02％,P0.30％)、缺钙(Ca 0.02％,PO.71％)、缺磷(Ca 0.95％,PO.30％)和正常对照(Ca 0.95％PO.71％)日粮三周,进行了系统的病理形态学观察。缺磷组病变表现为肋骨头肿大,长骨骨骺生长板之肥大带明显增宽,骨小梁减少;缺钙组和钙-磷缺乏组病变表现为肋骨增粗弯曲,长骨骨骺生长板之增生带显著增宽,海绵骨类骨组织和结缔组织大量增生,成骨细胞和破骨细胞丰富。结果表明,钙缺乏和磷缺乏所致病变显著不同,为鉴别诊断提供了科学依据。     

雏鸭佝偻病的病理学观察

１日龄天府肉鸭健雏４０只，分２组，分别喂给缺钙（Ｃａ０．１２９％、Ｐ０．６５％）和正常对照（Ｃａ０．８０％、Ｐ０．６５％）日粮４周，在２、３、４周龄剖杀，作肉眼和组织学观察。缺钙雏鸭３周龄开始发病，主要表现为精神不振，食欲减少、喜卧、站立困难，跛行和生长发育迟缓。病理学检查：２周龄时，肋骨质软易弯，骨干内表面出现佝偻珠；胫骨骺生长板之增生带轻度增宽，干骺端海绵骨类骨组织轻度增生，成骨细胞和破骨细胞增多；３、４周龄，肋骨佝偻珠更加明显，胫骨及其它长骨干骺端海绵骨类骨组织和疏松结缔组织明显增生，其余变化同２周龄。其临床表现与病变随病程延长而加重。本文还讨论了临床与病理联系。     

雏鸡佝偻病的病理学观察

１日龄天府肉鸭健雏４０只，分２组，分别喂给缺钙（Ｃａ０．１２９％￣Ｐ０．６５％）和正常对照（Ｃａ０．８０％、Ｐ０．６５％）日粮４周，在２、３、４周龄剖杀，作肉眼和组织学观察。缺钙雏鸭３周龄开始发病，主要表现为精神不振，食欲减少、喜卧、站立困难，跛行和生长发育迟缓。病理学检查：２周龄时，肋骨质软易弯，骨干内表面出现佝偻珠；胫骨骺生长板之增生带轻度增宽，干骺端海绵骨类骨组织轻度增生，成骨细胞和破骨细胞     

仔猪钙磷缺乏症的病理学研究

试验用8周龄长白×雅南杂交断奶仔猪24头,分4组,分别喂给基础(低磷低钙)饲粮(Ca0.06％,P0.216％),低磷(Ca0.65％,P0.216％)、低钙(Ca0.218％,P0.55％)和正常对照(Ca0.65％,P0.55％)饲粮。低磷组病变表现为类骨组织大量增生,血清磷含量显著降低。低钙组和基础组表现为纤维性骨营养不良,并且长骨骺板下有出血、坏死和裂缝;甲状旁腺、甲状腺组织增生,血清钙含量明显下降。测基础组碱性磷酸酶活性时,有显著升高。发病各组胫骨的钙、磷及粗灰分含量均有显著性降低。并对甲状旁腺和胫骨骨骺进行了电镜观察。     

实验性雏鸡佝偻病的病理学研究——Ⅰ.临床观察

四日龄Aiboi Acies肉鸡健雏80只随机分为四组,分别喂给钙-磷缺乏(Ca0.02％,P0.30％)、缺钙(Ca0.02％,P0.71％)、缺磷(Ca0.95％,P0.30％)和正常对照(Ca0.95％,P0.71％)日粮,进行了系统的临床观察。缺磷组最先发病,钙-磷缺乏组和缺钙组随后发病,发病率均为100％并出现死亡。病雏主要表现为两腿变软,弯曲,跛行,嗜卧,龙骨变形;精神沉郁,食欲减损,生长发育受阻。发病各组血清碱性磷酸酶活性异常升高和胫骨粗灰分、钙磷含量显著降低。钙-磷缺乏组血清钙磷值、缺钙组血清钙值和缺磷组血清磷值均显著低于对照组。结果表明,血清钙磷值特异性变化可作为雏鸡钙-磷缺乏症、缺钙症和缺磷症区别诊断的依据。     

犬肥大性骨营养不良

犬肥大性骨营养不良谢富强（北京农业大学动物医学院，１０００９４）肥大性骨营养不良常发生于生长快速的大型犬，以３～７月龄为多。发病部位主要在挠骨、尺骨和胫骨等长骨的干骺端。病变表现为干骺端骨质减少，骨化不足，甚至骨小梁崩解，但骺板发育与钙化正常。此外还...     

饲粮钙、磷缺乏对1～21日龄肉仔鸡生长性能、佝偻病发病特征及胫骨组织结构的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮钙、磷缺乏对1～21日龄肉仔鸡生长性能、佝偻病发病特征及胫骨组织结构的影响。试验选用504只1日龄爱拔益加肉公雏,采用2×2两因子完全随机试验设计,设2个钙水平(1.00%和0.35%)与2个非植酸磷水平(0.45%和0.23%),分为4个组,分别为正常对照组(1.00%钙+0.45%非植酸磷)、磷缺乏组(1.00%钙+0.23%非植酸磷)、钙缺乏组(0.35%钙+0.45%非植酸磷)和钙磷同时缺乏组(0.35%钙+0.23%非植酸磷),每组7个重复,每个重复18只鸡。试验期为21 d。结果表明:钙与磷的交互作用对1～21日龄肉仔鸡各个阶段的平均日采食量、平均日增重、料重比,7、14和21日龄胫骨长度,7日龄胫骨生长板增生区和肥大区长度以及14日龄胫骨生长板肥大区长度均具有显著影响(P<0.05)。在正常钙水平时,低磷显著降低了1～21日龄肉仔鸡各个阶段的平均日采食量和平均日增重(P<0.05),显著增加了料重比(P<0.05),显著提高了7和14日龄胫骨生长板肥大区长度(P<0.05);在低钙水平时,低磷显著提高了15～21日龄和1～21日龄平均日增重以及7日龄胫骨生长板肥大区长度(P<0.05),显著降低了7日龄胫骨生长板增生区长度(P<0.05)。此外,与磷缺乏组相比,钙缺乏组和钙磷同时缺乏组1～21日龄肉仔鸡各个阶段的平均日采食量、平均日增重以及7日龄胫骨生长板增生区长度显著提高(P<0.05),7和14日龄胫骨生长板肥大区长度显著降低(P<0.05)。由此可见,肉仔鸡生长性能和胫骨结构对磷缺乏最为敏感,其次为钙缺乏,钙磷同时缺乏的影响较弱;三者佝偻病的典型特征分别为磷缺乏组的胫骨生长板肥大区长度增长,钙缺乏组和钙磷同时缺乏组的胫骨生长板增生区长度均增长,但钙磷同时缺乏组早期胫骨生长板增生区长度小于钙缺乏组。     

雏野鸭缺钙性佝偻病自然病例的病理学观察

四川省某珍禽养殖场饲喂的一批野鸭约３５０ 只，其中４４ 只（占１２．５７％ ）于育雏的２～４ 周龄发病，主要表现为生长发育迟缓，两腿发软，嗜卧，跛行，站立不稳或困难，严重者卧地不起，站立、行走、饮水和采食极度困难，精神沉郁，食欲废绝，６ 只终因消瘦衰竭死亡。经临床观察和病理检查诊断为饲料低钙或缺钙引起的雏野鸭佝偻病，后被饲料钙磷测定结果（ Ｃａ ０．４２％ ， Ｐ０．５７％ ）证实是正确的。现将观察结果报告如下：尸体剖检：随机抽取发病后期和死亡的雏野鸭２６ 只作尸检，病变只见于骨组织。最突出的变化表现为肋骨质地轻度变软，骨干中部内表面出现界限清楚的乳白色、半球状突起之佝偻珠，其直径约 ０３ｃｍ ；大多数病例前四对肋骨出现佝偻珠，严重病例几乎从第一对到最后一对肋骨均出现佝偻珠（每则７～８ 个），排列成平行的两列，与胸部脊柱对称分布呈典型的佝偻病串珠。病理组织学变化：剖检的雏野鸭中选择８ 只取长骨和肋骨作切片，镜下观察。长骨近端干骺端海绵骨骨小梁边缘见淡红色 的类骨组织不同程度地增生；骨小梁之间的原始骨髓腔内疏松结缔组织增生，甚至充满骨髓腔；成骨细胞增多，破骨细胞偏多散在于增生的疏松结缔组织中。少数病例胫骨近端骨骺生长板之增     

吉林白鹅胫骨生长发育及钙磷沉积规律的研究

本研究运用Logistic和Gompertz两种非线性生长模型对不同日龄吉林白鹅胫骨生长发育进行拟合分析,并研究了胫骨钙磷沉积、灰分含量的变化规律.结果表明,两种模型均能较好的拟合吉林白鹅胫骨的生长发育规律,拟合度为0.980～0.999.14、24日龄胫骨生长速度极显著的高于其他各日龄(P＜0.01),钙及灰分含量与其他各日龄相比差异极显著(P＜0.01);64日龄胫骨各项物理指标显著高于54日龄(P＜0.05),54～64日龄胫骨钙磷及灰分含量均有所下降但差异不显著(P＞0.05).同日龄胫骨两端钙磷及灰分含量与骨干相比差异显著(P＜0.05).总体而言,吉林白鹅胫骨在1～24、54～64日龄时出现两个快速生长期;前一快速生长期内胫骨钙磷沉积速度快、灰分含量不断增加,之后钙磷沉积减慢,灰分含量仍不断增加;54日龄以后胫骨钙磷及灰分含量下降;胫骨两端钙及灰分低于同日龄骨干钙及灰分,两端磷含量则高于同日龄骨干磷含量.     

Effects of dietary calcium, available phosphorus and vitamin D on growth rate, food utilisation, plasma and bone constituents and calcium and phosphorus retention of commercial broiler strains

1. The effects of different dietary concentrations of calcium (Ca), available phosphorus (AP) and vitamin D (D) on 5- to 16-day growth performance, and aspects of calcium and phosphorus (P) metabolism of chickens from three commercial strains were studied in two experiments. 2. Increasing dietary Ca reduced weight gain, tibia Ca and P content and increased plasma total Ca, Ca consumption and excretion, whilst dietary Ca at 32 g/kg increased tibia Ca:P ratio, plasma ionized calcium and reduced plasma P, tibia ash, P excretion, excreta moisture and Ca retention. 3. Increasing dietary AP reduced plasma total and ionized Ca and excreta moisture and increased P consumption and excretion, plasma P and tibia ash. 4. The addition of vitamin D increased plasma total and ionized Ca, tibia Ca:P ratio and reduced plasma sodium and P concentrations. 5. Strains differed in their tibia contents of Ca and Ca:P ratios, in response to Ca, AP and vitamin D diets whilst they differed in Ca excretion and excreta moisture caused by feeding either dietary Ca or AP. 6. It was concluded that dietary Ca, AP, vitamin D and strain of broiler chickens influenced the metabolism of Ca and P and that, as a consequence, the tolerance to high dietary Ca. A lean strain of chickens tolerated high dietary calcium better than its fat counterparts.     

低能饲粮添加植酸酶对仔猪养分利用率、血清理化指标及生长性能的影响

选用24头长白×荣昌杂交仔猪进行2×2因子的代谢试验,试验设2个有效磷水平(0.36%和0.26%)、2个植酸酶添加水平(0、750FTU/kg),共4个处理组,每个处理组设6个重复仔猪起始均重16.9kg,饲粮DE12.8MJ/kg,试验期2周。结果表明:饲粮添加植酸酶,仔猪平均日增重(ADG)、增重/kgW0.75(GPW)、F/G、增重/代谢能(GPM)、蛋白质物质价值(BV)、净蛋白效率比(PER)、钙消化率(CD)、钙沉积率(CR)、磷消化率(PD)和磷沉积率(PR)分别提高10.6%、7.2%、7.9%、7.7%、11.6%、6.7%、4.3%、4.9%、19.6%(P<0.01)、21.3%(P<0.01),每千克增重的饲粮成本(CPG)降低6.6%;植酸酶对仔猪血清理化指标无显著影响,但血清磷浓度趋于升高,血清钙、血清尿素氮浓度趋于降低。降低饲粮有效磷,ADG、GPW、F/G、GPM、BV、PER、PD和PR分别降低3.8%、3.3%、3.2%、4.6%、9.6%、3.2%、7.7%、6.9%,CD、CR和CPG分别增加11.1%、11.6%、3.0%(P>0.05)。     

Effects of dietary calcium to available phosphorus ratios on bone metabolism and osteoclast activity of the OPG /RANK/RANKL signalling pathway in piglets

Hydroxyapatite, a mineral form of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) that gives bones their rigidity, is the major and essential component of bones and teeth in the human and animal body. A suitable ratio of Ca and P is vital for bone growth. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of dietary calcium to available phosphorus ratios (Ca/AP) on bone metabolism and osteoclast activity of the osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) signalling pathway in piglets. At days 15 and 29, the piglets were assessed for growth performance, blood indicators, cytokines and the OPG/RANK/RANKL signalling pathway. Our results showed that piglets fed a dietary Ca/AP ratio of 2:1 increases growth performance and regulates blood indicators and cytokines (parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT), vitamin D₃ (VD₃)_, insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP), tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OCN) content). We also demonstrated that this ratio affects hormone secretion and further bone metabolism through the OPG/RANK/RANKL signalling pathway of osteoclasts. These results indicate that a suitable dietary Ca/AP ratio is vital for bone growth and reduce the incidence of bone diseases such as osteoporosis, providing a practical basis for the raising of piglets.     

Plasma alkaline phosphatase as a criterion for determining biological availability of phosphorus for swine

One hundred thirty-nine pigs, with an average initial weight of 15.9 kg, were used in three trials to evaluate plasma alkaline phosphatase (AP) as a criterion for estimating available P in feedstuffs for swine. The first two trials were designed to determine the effect of adding graded levels of P (as KH2PO4) to a basal diet on the AP response pattern and degree of linear fit with time. Plasma AP increased (P less than .05) with time and, when regressed on the concentration of total P (.26 to .50%), provided the best linear fit by d 14 (r = -.996). This high degree of fit was maintained through d 21 (r = -.983). The poor correlation observed at 7 d (r = -.828) indicated that the AP pattern was not fully established, whereas departure from the close association by 28 d (r = -.913) may be related to a decline in the magnitude of P deficiency with increasing weight. In a third trial, available P was determined in high moisture corn (HMC, 24.6% moisture) using both AP and bone breaking strength (BKS) as response criteria. A standard curve was established by supplementing the basal diet (.26% P, .65% Ca) with graded levels of KH2PO4. High moisture corn was substituted for dextrose on an equal dry matter basis. Blood samples were acquired on d 14 and 21 for AP analysis and pigs were killed on d 28 for determination of metatarsal BKS. Phosphorus from HMC was determined (slope-ratio technique) to be 41.3% available using BKS as the criterion (KH2PO4, r = .961; HMC, r = .994) and 43.8% when AP at 14 d was used (KH2PO4, r = -.988; HMC, r = -.999). The data indicate that AP is a sensitive index potentially useful in P availability studies.     

植酸酶对产蛋高峰期蛋鸡生产性能及主要营养素存留的影响

在分别含非植酸磷为０．３７％,０．３７％,０．２７％和０．１７％的四种（ＣＬ,Ｔ１,Ｔ２和Ｔ３）等钙（３．７５％）蛋鸡（２５￣３５周龄）日粮中,Ｔ１,Ｔ２和Ｔ３均添加５００Ｕ／ｋｇ植酸酶。结果,主要营养素（干物质、氮、灰分、钙、磷）的存留率显著提高。当非植酸磷水平降到０．１７％时,不影响产蛋量和蛋品质。     

Criteria to evaluate bone mineralization in cattle: I. Effect of dietary phosphorus on chemical, physical, and mechanical properties

Fourteen Angus heifers (210 +/- 6 kg initial BW) were allotted randomly to either a low P (LP: .12% P, DM basis) or an adequate P (AP: .20% P, DM basis) diet fed for 14 to 16 mo under drylot conditions on concrete floors to determine the influence of dietary P on chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of bone. Three weeks postpartum, after 14 to 16 mo on their diets, heifers were slaughtered and the right and left third metacarpals (McIII) were excised; soft tissue was removed and metacarpals were frozen in .9% saline. Metacarpals were subjected to a three-point flexure test using an Instron Testing Machine with a crossload speed of 50 mm/min to determine mechanical properties. Broken McIII were reassembled and a 2-cm section was removed at point of loading for determination of chemical and physical properties. Breaking load (BL) was greater (P less than .05) for McIII from the AP than for those from LP heifers (1,348 vs 1,179 kg). Breaking strength (BS) was greater (P less than .05) for AP than for LP heifers (202.5 vs 189.2 MPa). Animals receiving AP diets had greater (P less than .01) bone mineral content (12.6 vs 11.2 g/2-cm slice) and percentage of bone ash (68.0 vs 67.2%) than did LP animals. No differences (P greater than .10) were observed between treatment groups in Ca, P, or Mg percentage in bone ash. Circular, elliptical, radiographic, and planimeter area indices all were greater (P less than .05) in AP than in LP animals (1,048, 729, 1,069, and 570 vs 932, 660, 957, and 523 mm2, respectively). These data indicate that mechanical properties of bovine third metacarpals are sensitive to dietary P and reflect P status in the bovine. Mineral content of bone was highly correlated with its mechanical and physical properties.     

Relative bio-availability and utilisation of phosphatic fertilisers as sources of phosphorus in broilers and layers

1. Different concentrations of non-phytate phosphorus (NPP, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0 and 4.5 g/kg diet) were given to broilers (8 to 42 d of age) to establish regressions between dietary NPP concentration and body weight gain and tibia ash content. Second and third experiments were conducted to study the feasibility of utilisation of different phosphatic fertilisers [ammonium phosphate (AP), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), single super phosphate (SSP), NPK (17:17:17, NPK) and NP (28:28:0, NPK)] in commercial broilers (8 to 42 d) and White Leghorn layers (252 to 364 d). 2. Phosphatic fertilisers were incorporated both in broiler (10 g calcium and 4.5 g NPP/kg) and layer (35 g calcium and 3.5 g NPP/kg) diets by replacing dicalcium phosphate (DCP) in toto. 3. The logarithmic curves obtained for predicting the body weight gain and tibia ash content at different levels of NPP used in experiment 1 were Y = 156.27 + 2,468.8 logX (r2= 0.958) and Y = 530.82 + 144.26 log X (r2 = 0.916), respectively. 4. Body weight gain and food intake in broilers given APP- or NP-supplemented diets were comparable to these in the DCP-fed group. Feeding of NPK, AP or SSP resulted in significant depression in weight gain and food intake and high excreta moisture content. Food/gain, Ca and P contents in tibia ash and serum were not influenced by the use of phosphatic fertilisers as P sources in broiler diets. 5. Tibia ash content in broilers fed on diets containing fertilisers was either similar to or significantly higher than that in the DCP-fed group. Broilers on AP or SSP retained more P and had higher tibia ash content than those on DCP. AP, SSP or NPK caused degenerative and necrotic changes in liver, kidney and intestine of broilers. 6. Relative bio-availability of P from APP or NP was better for body weight gain than AP, SSP or NPK, while the reverse was true for bone calcification. 7. APP and NP gave hen-d egg production similar to that of DCP-fed layers. Food intake was significantly reduced in layers fed on diets containing fertilisers. However, food/egg mass, egg weight and serum Ca and inorganic P contents were not influenced by inclusion of fertilisers in layer diets. 8. Except for AP, inclusion of fertilisers in layer diets reduced shell weight and shell thickness compared with the DCP-fed group. However, no apparent eggshell defects were found which could be attributable to diet. 9. Results of these experiments suggest that APP and NP can be used as the sole source of P both in broiler and layer diets, replacing DCP in toto. However, when utilising these P sources in layers, due attention should be given to shell quality. Fertilisers containing high F (AP and SSP) or K (NPK) reduced performance in broilers and layers and caused microscopic changes in liver, kidney and intestine in broilers.     

Effect of antidotal N-acetylcysteine on the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in dogs

The effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the pharmacokinetic parameters of acetaminophen (AP) in adult female beagles were studied. Each of eight dogs received a single i.v. injection of 150 mg/kg of AP as a 5% solution in a vehicle of 40% aqueous propylene glycol at 0 h. Each of four AP-treated dogs (Group I) received an oral dose of 140 mg/kg NAC as a 20% aqueous solution at 0 h, and 70 mg/kg at 30 min and 1 h post-AP administration. Four dogs (Group II) served as controls and received isotonic saline orally. Mild signs of AP toxicosis seen in both groups within 2-3 h of AP administration including depression, weakness, recumbency and methaemoglobinaemia. Relative to Group II, treatment with NAC (Group I) enhanced the elimination of AP from the body as indicated by the decreased plasma half-life (t1/2 = 1.06 h for Group I v. 1.78 h for Group II) and a higher elimination rate constant (beta = 0.67/h for Group I v. 0.40/h for Group II). Changes in the area under plasma concentration curve data (AUC = 0.39 mg.h/ml for Group I v. 0.65 mg.h/ml for Group II) were associated with a 61% increase in total body clearance of AP in Group I. The apparent volume of drug distribution Vdarea was not affected.     

Practices and outcome of artificial cardiac pacing in 154 dogs

Artificial pacing (AP) is a treatment for symptomatic bradyarrhythmias unresponsive to medical therapy. This retrospective study was designed to define the practices and outcome of AP in dogs at 7 referral institutions participating in the Companion Animal Pacemaker Registry and Repository (CANPACERS). The indications, implantation techniques, complications, long-term outcome, and owner satisfaction were examined. One hundred fifty-four dogs were identified as undergoing AP from January 1, 1991, to January 1, 1996. Third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block (n = 91; 59%) and sinus node dysfunction (n = 45; 29%) were the most common indications for AP Transvenous endocardial AP systems were implanted in 136 dogs (88%), and epicardial systems were implanted in 18 (12%). Complications associated with AP were reported in 84 dogs (55%). Major complications occurred in 51 dogs (33%), including dislodgement of the pacing lead (n = 15; 10%), generator failure (n = 10; 6%), cardiac arrest during implantation (n = 9; 6%), and infection (n = 7; 5%). Minor complications occurred in 47 dogs (31%), including seroma formation (n = 18; 12%), muscle twitch (n = 17; 11%), and inconsequential arrhythmias (n = 15; 10%). Fourteen dogs (9%) experienced both major and minor complications. Survival analysis revealed 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates of 70, 57, and 45%, respectively. Age and presence of preexisting congestive heart failure (CHF) had a negative effect on survival (P = .001). Sixty percent of dogs with preexisting CHF died within 1 year of implantation, whereas 25% of dogs without heart failure died during the same period. Owners rated their satisfaction with the procedure as high in 80% of the dogs.