实验性雏鸡佝偻病的病理学研究——Ⅱ.形态学观察

4日龄 Aiboi Acies肉鸡健雏80只随机分为4组,分别喂给钙-磷缺乏(Ca 0.02％,P0.30％)、缺钙(Ca 0.02％,PO.71％)、缺磷(Ca 0.95％,PO.30％)和正常对照(Ca 0.95％PO.71％)日粮三周,进行了系统的病理形态学观察。缺磷组病变表现为肋骨头肿大,长骨骨骺生长板之肥大带明显增宽,骨小梁减少;缺钙组和钙-磷缺乏组病变表现为肋骨增粗弯曲,长骨骨骺生长板之增生带显著增宽,海绵骨类骨组织和结缔组织大量增生,成骨细胞和破骨细胞丰富。结果表明,钙缺乏和磷缺乏所致病变显著不同,为鉴别诊断提供了科学依据。     

雏鸭钙磷缺乏症的病理学研究

１日龄天府肉鸭健雏８０只，分四给，分别喂给钙－磷缺乏（Ｃａ ０．１３％，Ｐ０．３７％），缺钙（Ｃａ０．１２９％，Ｐ０．６５％），缺磷（Ｃａ０．８０％，Ｐ０．３６６％），和正常对照（Ｃａ０．８０％，Ｐ０．６５％）日粮３周（缺磷组）或周（缺钙组和钙－磷缺乏组）。缺钙组和钙－磷缺乏组病变表现为肋骨质软易弯，骨干内表面出现佝偻病串珠；长骨骺生长板之增生带轻度增宽，类骨组织和结缔组织增生，成骨细胞和破骨细胞     

仔猪钙磷缺乏症的病理学研究

试验用8周龄长白×雅南杂交断奶仔猪24头,分4组,分别喂给基础(低磷低钙)饲粮(Ca0.06％,P0.216％),低磷(Ca0.65％,P0.216％)、低钙(Ca0.218％,P0.55％)和正常对照(Ca0.65％,P0.55％)饲粮。低磷组病变表现为类骨组织大量增生,血清磷含量显著降低。低钙组和基础组表现为纤维性骨营养不良,并且长骨骺板下有出血、坏死和裂缝;甲状旁腺、甲状腺组织增生,血清钙含量明显下降。测基础组碱性磷酸酶活性时,有显著升高。发病各组胫骨的钙、磷及粗灰分含量均有显著性降低。并对甲状旁腺和胫骨骨骺进行了电镜观察。     

奶牛尾椎变形与产后低血钙症临床研究试验

本试验选择产后40d以内的2~4胎尾椎变形奶牛和尾椎正常奶牛各10头,于产后第22天,分别测定其血清Ca和血清P的含量,并进行临床对比研究。结果表明,尾椎正常组和尾椎变形组奶牛血清Ca含量差异不显著(P0.05);尾椎正常组奶牛的血清P含量平均值比尾椎变形组高0.85mg/100m L,两组差异显著(P0.05)。由此可见,在尾椎变形发生率较高的牛群中,缺磷的问题比缺钙更为严重,在日粮配制上要重视磷的补充,如果在尾椎变形发生率较高的牛群中开展奶牛分娩后输液补钙预防产后低血钙症工作,要避免单纯补钙,应钙、磷同补。     

雏鹅钙磷缺乏症的病理学研究

１日龄天府肉鹅健雏６０只,随机分３组,分别喂给缺钙,缺磷和正常对照日粮４周。缺钙组病变表现为肋骨质软,骨干内表面出现佝偻珠,胫骨骺生长板之增生带轻度增宽,干骺端类骨组织和疏松结缔组织轻度增生,血清钙含量下降。缺磷组病变表现为肋骨与翅部长骨质软易弯;胫骨骺生长板之肥大带轻度增宽,干骺端类组织轻度增生;血清磷含量明显降低。     

日粮钙或磷缺乏对22～42日龄肉仔鸡生长性能及胫骨组织结构的影响

试验在前期研究日粮钙(Ca)或磷(P)缺乏对1～21日龄肉仔鸡生长性能及胫骨组织结构影响的基础上,进一步研究其对22～42日龄肉仔鸡上述指标的影响。采用2(钙水平:0.90%和0.30%)×2(非植酸磷(NPP)水平:0.35%和0.18%)两因子完全随机试验设计,选取504只1日龄爱拔益加肉公雏随机分为4组,饲养至22日龄时给与不同日粮处理:正常对照组(0.90%钙+0.35%非植酸磷)、磷缺乏组(0.90%钙+0.18%非植酸磷)、钙缺乏组(0.30%钙+0.35%非植酸磷)及钙和磷同时缺乏组(0.30%钙+0.18%非植酸磷),每个处理7个重复,测定22～42日龄肉仔鸡生长性能及28和42日龄胫骨组织结构。结果表明:与正常对照组相比,日粮钙或磷缺乏显著降低了肉仔鸡平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和胫骨长度(P0.05),而显著增加了肉仔鸡料重比(F/G)和胫骨生长板增生区长度(P0.05);磷缺乏组肉仔鸡的22～28日龄平均日采食量和平均日增重与28日龄胫骨长度显著低于钙缺乏组及钙和磷同时缺乏组(P0.05);磷缺乏组肉仔鸡的22～28日龄死亡率显著高于其他各组(P0.05),该处理组肉仔鸡于28日龄时全部死亡;低钙水平显著增加了28日龄肉仔鸡胫骨生长板增生区长度(P0.05),而低磷水平显著降低了28日龄肉仔鸡胫骨生长板增生区长度(P0.05)。综上所述,22～42日龄肉仔鸡生长性能及胫骨组织结构对日粮磷缺乏最为敏感,其次为钙缺乏或钙和磷同时缺乏;低钙水平可增加肉仔鸡胫骨生长板增生区长度而低磷水平则相反。     

治疗奶牛骨软症

奶牛骨软症的原因,症状及中药为主的治疗原则,总结如下。 1病因 骨软症是成年牛因饲养中钙磷不足和钙磷比例不当,而引发奶牛钙磷代谢障碍,造成缺钙,发病原因主要是缺乏饲养管理知识,表现为饲料单一,缺乏运动,缺乏阳光,对妊娠牛和泌乳量高的牛易发病。     

山羊初生羔羊骨软症血清指标分析

以山羊初生羔羊骨软症为研究对象,分别检测了发病期间和康复后羔羊肝肾功能和血清离子。血清检测的主要特征是:碱性磷酸酶为正常值的3倍以上,活性显著升高;钙(Ca)、磷(P)比为1∶1.55到1∶5.89,比例严重失调;镁(Mg)离子含量约为健康山羊的1/20,显著低于正常水平。结合临床症状综合分析,以骨软症治疗之后,症状消失,血清检测结果正常。     

饲粮非植酸磷水平对产蛋高峰期临武鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮非植酸磷水平对产蛋高峰期临武鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质和血清生化指标的影响,以确定其非植酸磷需要量。试验选用遗传背景一致、产蛋率为80%的250只临武鸭,随机分成5个组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只。各组分别饲喂非植酸磷水平为0.20%、0.25%、0.30%、0.35%和0.40%的饲粮,试验全期63 d。结果表明:与0.20%非植酸磷组相比,其他4组合格蛋率分别提高了1.37%(P0.05)、2.15%(P0.05)、2.05%(P0.05)和1.24%(P0.05);0.30%、0.35%和0.40%非植酸磷组的蛋壳厚度高于0.20%和0.25%非植酸磷组(P0.05);随着饲粮非植酸磷水平增加,蛋壳强度呈上升趋势(P0.05);饲粮中非植酸磷水平对血清钙含量无显著影响;0.20%和0.25%非植酸磷组血清中碱性磷酸酶活性高于0.30%、0.35%和0.40%非植酸磷组(P0.05);0.30%、0.35%和0.40%非植酸磷组血清中磷含量高于0.20%非植酸磷组(P0.05)。由此可见,日粮中适宜非植酸磷水平可以提高合格蛋率,保持机体钙、磷代谢平衡,在饲粮钙水平为3.46%条件下,30～38周龄笼养蛋鸭适宜的非植酸磷水平为0.30%～0.35%。     

营养水平对保育期美系长白猪血清生化指标的影响

采用四因素三水平的L9(34)正交试验设计,研究了不同能量、粗蛋白、钙和磷水平对20~40 kg阶段美系长白猪血清生化指标的影响。结果表明:不同能量水平对血清总蛋白(TP)、血清球蛋白(Glo)有显著影响(P0.05),对血清白蛋白/球蛋白比值(A/G)、血清钙(Ca)、血清总胆固醇(T-cho)和血清血糖(Glu)也有显著影响(P0.05);不同粗蛋白水平对血清中TP、白蛋白(Alb)、Glo和尿素氮(BUN)有显著的影响(P0.05),对血清A/G、血清Ca有显著影响(P0.05);不同钙水平对血清中TP、Glo、Ca、A/G有显著影响(P0.05);不同磷水平方面对血清中TP、Glo、磷(P)和BUN有显著的影响(P0.05),对血清中A/G和Ca也有显著影响(P0.05)。     

Vitamin D3 requirement of young chicks receiving diets varying in calcium and available phosphorus

1. Three battery experiments were conducted with broiler chicks during the 2nd and 3rd week of life. Graded amounts of cholecalciferol (D3) were added to maize-soyabean meal diets that were designed to be (a) severely deficient in available phosphorus (P), (b) marginally deficient in calcium (Ca) or (c) adequate in both available P and Ca. 2. With diets containing 1.0 g available P and 6.3 g Ca/kg (assay 1), graded doses of D3 between 0 and 37.5 mu/kg produced linear (P 0.05) positive responses in both weight gain and tibia ash. With a D3 concentration of 1250 mug/kg, 250 times the requirement recommended by the NRC, bone ash was increased (P 0.05) over that of birds fed 37.5 mug/kg, and neither weight gain nor food intake were reduced. 3. With a P- adequate diet (4.5 g available P/kg) containing 8.5 g Ca/kg (assay 2), weight gain and bone ash increased linearly (P 0.05) upon supplementing the basal diet with 0, 2.5 and 5.0 mug D3/kg. Higher doses of D3 did not elicit further responses, and chicks fed on a diet containing 1250 mug D3/kg gained as fast and had bone ash values that did not differ from those of chicks receiving 5, 10, 20 or 40 mug D3/kg. 4. When the maize-soyabean meal basal diet was fortified with Ca and P to achieve adequate amounts of Ca (10.1 g/kg) and P (4.5 g available P/kg) in assay 3, dietary additions produced results similar to those obtained in assay 2 where P was adequate and Ca was slightly deficient. Again, chicks receiving a surfeit of D3 (1250 mug/kg) exhibited weight gains and bone ash values that were as great as those of chicks receiving 5, 10, 15 or 30 mug D3/kg. 5. It is apparent that young chicks have a high tolerance for excess D3, and chicks fed on diets that are severely deficient in available P continue to respond to D3 in excess of 37.5 mug/kg.     

葡萄糖酸钠和植酸酶对1～3周龄肉鸡磷利用的影响

用350只1周龄的Arbor Acres(AA)商品肉公鸡进行试验,采用2×3＋1试验设计,其中葡萄糖酸钠2个水平（0.2%）,植酸酶3个水平（0.500、1000 U/kg）,另有一满足NRC钙、磷需要的正常日粮,共7个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复10只鸡。研究玉米-豆粕型低磷日粮中添加葡萄糖酸钠和植酸酶对肉鸡磷利用的影响。试验期1～3周。结果表明,在低磷日粮中添加葡萄糖酸钠显著提高了肉鸡的钙（P=0.003）和磷（P<0.001）的表观存留率,降低了血清碱性磷酸酶活性（P=0.038）;植酸酶提高了肉鸡的胫骨灰分重量（P<0.001）、钙（P=0.005）和磷（P<0.001）的表观存留率。在胫骨灰分重量（P=0.030）和磷表观存留率（P=0.008）上,葡萄糖酸钠和植酸酶存在互作。     

不同钙和非植酸磷水平对快大型黄羽肉鸡生长性能和胫骨性状的影响

[目的] 试验旨在研究饲粮钙（Ca）和非植酸磷（NPP）水平对快大型黄羽肉鸡生长性能和胫骨性状的影响。[方法] 选取1日龄快大型黄羽公鸡4 050只,随机分为9组,每组6个重复,每个重复75只。采用3（Ca水平）×3（NPP水平）双因素设计,试验期63 d。小鸡阶段（1~21日龄）,Ca水平为1.00%、0.90%、0.85%,NPP水平为0.46%、0.38%、0.30%;中鸡阶段（22~42日龄）,Ca水平为0.90%、0.75%、0.65%,NPP水平为0.42%、0.35%、0.28%;大鸡阶段（43~63日龄）,Ca水平为0.80%、0.70%、0.60%,NPP水平为0.39%、0.31%、0.23%。利用采食量和体增重计算0~21、22~42、43~63和0~63 d料重比。试验第63天,每个重复随机挑选肉鸡2只,屠宰后取胫骨和血清,测定肉鸡胫骨性状和血液Ca、磷（P）水平。[结果] 随着饲粮中Ca水平降低,肉鸡生长性能并未出现显著变化（P>0.05）。饲粮中NPP水平降低对整个生长周期肉鸡生长性能没有显著影响（P>0.05）。但在小鸡阶段,NPP水平降低,料重比显著增加（P<0.05）。Ca水平对63日龄肉鸡胫骨性状、血P和血Ca均无显著影响（P>0.05）。NPP水平降低,63日龄肉鸡胫骨灰分和P含量均降低,且差异显著（P<0.05）,同时63日龄肉鸡血P水平显著降低（P<0.05）。饲粮中Ca和NPP水平之间对肉鸡生长性能和胫骨性状没有显著交互作用（P>0.05）。[结论] 总体来看,黄羽肉鸡对钙的需求低于黄羽肉鸡推荐营养标准,黄羽肉鸡标准中小、中、大鸡阶段Ca水平可以下调20%~30%,分别设定为0.85%、0.65%和0.60%,对肉鸡生长性能和胫骨性状无任何负面影响。黄羽肉鸡标准中NPP水平下调影响小鸡阶段生长性能,降低肉鸡胫骨Ca、P沉积,建议保持目前水平,分别设定为0.46%、0.42%和0.39%。     

鸡传染性法氏囊炎不同毒株活疫苗抗体消长对比试验

将14日龄SPF鸡分为3组,每组20羽。第一组:口服鸡传染性法氏囊炎B87株活疫苗(0.1mL/羽);第二组:口服鸡传染性法氏囊炎V877株活疫苗(0.1mL/羽);第三组口服等量灭菌生理盐水,为对照组。在规定时间内采血分离血清,用ELISA法检测各组鸡血清抗体。结果表明,两种疫苗均能获得保护性抗体,B87株产生的抗体水平高于V877株。     

Effects of divergent selection for incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) on purebred and crossbred performance. 1. TD incidence and calcium and phosphorus plasma concentrations

1. The effect of divergent selection for high (H) or low (L) incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) for 7 generations on blood calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) concentrations was studied. 2. The chicks used in this experiment were obtained from diallel crosses between H and L lines to obtain HH, HL, LH, and LL lines. A random-bred control (CC) line was also used. 3. The chicks were reared under standard management conditions. Body weight and plasma Ca and P concentrations were measured at 2, 4, and 7 weeks of age. Incidence of TD was recorded at 4 and 7 weeks. 4. Although HH birds had lower body weights than the other lines, there was no significant effect attributable to line selection for body weight at 2, 4, and 7 weeks of age. 5. The LL line birds had no incidence of TD at 4 weeks of age; however, the incidence of TD in LL line birds was 5.3% at 7 weeks of age. The incidence of TD was higher in HH line birds than the other line at 4 and 7 weeks of age. 6. Plasma Ca and P concentrations and Ca:P ratios increased with age. These results showed that HH line birds had higher plasma Ca, lower plasma P and higher Ca:P ratios than birds of the LL line.     

Effects of microbial phytase and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on the absorption of minerals from broiler chicken diets containing different levels of calcium

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various calcium:total phosphorus (Ca:tP) ratios due to addition of microbial phytase and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)2D3] on the absorption levels of minerals. In a 42-day experiment repeated three times, 144 day-old male broiler chicks (ISA 220) were divided into six groups of eight chicks each. Diets containing two different (1:1 and 2:1) Ca levels were prepared. Groups 1, 2 and 3 received a diet of 1:1 Ca:tP ratio while Groups 4, 5 and 6 a diet of 1:2 Ca:tP ratio. These diets contained 1,25-(OH)2D3 and phytase in levels of 5 micrograms/kg and 600 FYT/kg, respectively. The faeces was collected to analyse the absorption of minerals. At the end of the study, the absorption levels of Ca, P, Zn, Mn and Cu were increased by the addition of phytase enzyme (p < 0.05). This effect was obvious in the 3rd week. On the other hand, in the 6th week only Ca and P absorption levels were influenced positively by the addition of phytase enzyme. The results proved the positive effect of phytase, an enzyme which is used for increasing the utilisation rate of phytate P, Ca and other minerals in broilers.     

卵黄免疫球蛋白对雏鸡生长性能和免疫机能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加卵黄免疫球蛋白(IgY)对雏鸡生长性能和免疫机能的影响。选取同一批出雏、体重相近的1日龄罗曼褐蛋鸡公雏240只,随机分为2组(对照组和试验组),每组6个重复,每个重复20只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在对照组饲粮基础上添加0.1%的IgY。试验期5周。分别于1、3、5周龄,每个重复选取接近该重复平均体重的试验鸡2只,称重、采血并用于血清免疫指标测定,然后取免疫器官、空肠食糜用于相关指标测定。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验组1、3、5周龄雏鸡平均日增重有增大的趋势(0.05P0.10)。2)试验组1、5周龄雏鸡胸腺相对重和1周龄脾脏相对重显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验组1、5周龄雏鸡法氏囊、脾脏、胸腺中IgY含量与对照组差异均不显著(P0.05)。3)试验组1周龄雏鸡血清球蛋白、α-干扰素、白细胞介素-2含量和溶菌酶活性,3周龄雏鸡血清总蛋白、球蛋白和白细胞介素-2含量,5周龄雏鸡血液淋巴细胞数量均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。4)试验组1周龄雏鸡肠道食糜中分泌型免疫球蛋白A含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。由此可知,雏鸡饲粮中添加IgY可以促进雏鸡1~5周龄生长性能和免疫机能的提高,但从提高免疫机能的角度看,育雏前期(1~3周龄)的作用效果更为明显。