整合子-基因盒系统与细菌耐药性

整合子 基因盒系统在细菌中能捕获外来耐药基因,是细菌耐药性传播的机制之一。整合子携带着重组的基因盒插入到转座子或接合质粒中,在不同的细菌间运动而传播耐药性;同时一个整合子可以捕获多个基因盒,使细菌产生多重耐药性,细菌产生多重耐药性的能力取决于它们捕获新的抗生素耐药基因的能力。整合子是一种遗传因素,编码一个位点特异重组酶(IntI)负责基因盒在 attI位点的插入,同时整合子也提供一个启动子(Pant)负责基因盒耐药基因的表达。文章对整合子 基因盒的结构、种类、耐药基因盒的表达及耐药基因的获得和传播进行综述。     

整合子-基因盒系统与金黄色葡萄球菌耐药相关性的研究现状

金黄色葡萄球菌在临床革兰阳性菌感染中的检出率居首位,金黄色葡萄球菌分离株的耐药率呈逐年升高趋势,并且多重耐药菌株也在不断增加。分析和阐明金黄色葡萄球菌耐药机制对控制细菌耐药性的产生与传播至关重要。整合子-基因盒系统能够识别外源性基因盒,通过位点特异性重组捕获或切除耐药性基因盒使捕获的耐药性基因盒表达,在细菌间耐药基因的扩散和多重耐药性的产生中起到重要作用。文章主要综述了整合子-基因盒系统与金黄色葡萄球菌获得性耐药之间的关系。     

整合子——基因盒系统与细菌多重耐药

整合子是近年来在细菌中发现的一种可移动性基因元件。细菌通过整合子——基因盒系统能捕获外来耐药基因,在整合子中形成多种耐药基因的组合、排列,是细菌耐药性播散的机制之一,是导致耐药基因在细菌间水平播散的重要原因。就整合子的发现与分类,基因盒结构与种类,整合子对基因盒的捕获与表达,整合子与细菌耐多重耐药的关系等进行综述。     

整合子——基因量系统与细菌多重耐药

整合子是近年来在细菌中发现的一种可移动性基因元件.细菌通过整合子--基因盒系统能捕获外来耐药基因,在整合子中形成多种耐药基因的组合、排列,是细菌耐药性播散的机制之一,是导致耐药基因在细菌间水平播散的重要原因.就整合子的发现与分类,基因盒结构与种类,整合子对基因盒的捕获与表达,整合子与细菌耐多重耐药的关系等进行综述.     

基因盒-整合子系统介导的细菌多重耐药性

细菌多重耐药性的传播和扩散变得越来越严重，给临床治疗带来诸多困难，使得抗菌药物在兽医临床上的应用引起很大的争议。细菌可通过多种方式逃避抗菌药物的治疗，最主要的是从外源获得耐药基因，基因盒-整合子系统是近年来的研究热点，细菌通过整合子系统捕获外来的耐药基因，并在位于整合子上游的启动子的作用下得到表达，使细菌具有耐药及多重耐药性。本文主要对基因盒-整合子系统的耐药机制进行探讨。     

整合子-基因盒系统与细菌耐药

整合子是细菌基因组中可移动的遗传物质,可以通过其整合酶将携带有耐药基因的基因盒整合到自身基因组中,并使其表达,从而使细菌获得耐药性,甚至多重耐药性.作为近年来关于细菌,尤其是革兰氏阴性菌耐药机制研究的热点,整合子一基因盒系统受到人们越来越多的关注.     

细菌基因盒-整合子系统研究进展

基因盒是小的可移动的脱氧核糖核酸DNA分子,通常整合到整合子中转录;整合子是保守、可移动的转座子样DNA元件,可以整合耐药基因在细菌之间水平传播,对于细菌间耐药基因的扩散和多重耐药性的产生起重要作用。从基因盒-整合子系统的概念提出以来,新型整合子不断被检出,研究也越来越深入,目前公认的有Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三类整合子,其中以Ⅰ类整合子检出最多,研究也最为细致。此文对基因盒-整合子系统的起源、结构、分类、表达、生物学检测及其与细菌耐药性之间的关系等方面研究进展进行了综述。     

猪源多重耐药大肠杆菌中整合子的检测

为了解猪源多重耐药大肠杆菌中整合子的流行状况和分子特性,分析整合子在细菌多重耐药中的作用,采用PCR方法检测75株多重耐药大肠杆菌中整合酶基因和整合子基因盒。结果显示,猪源大肠杆菌Ⅰ型整合子流行普遍,75株猪源大肠杆菌中检出Ⅰ类整合子56株,检出率为74.7%;检出Ⅱ类整合子4株,检出率5.3%;未检出Ⅲ类整合子。共检出5种Ⅰ型整合子,各种Ⅰ型整合子整合不同种类、不同数目的耐药基因盒。这表明Ⅰ型整合子对细菌多重抗药性的产生和传播起着重要作用,整合子是介导细菌多重耐药性的重要分子机制。     

整合子-基因盒介导细菌耐药基因水平传播的研究进展

整合子是一种存在于细菌质粒或染色体上的遗传元件系统,其经整合酶捕获耐药基因盒,并随转座子或接合性质粒传播扩散,这一系统因能解释耐药基因的快速传播而备受研究者们的关注。文章简单介绍了整合子及基因盒的结构、类型及整合子-基因盒体系介导的耐药基因传播与扩散机制,旨在为细菌耐药基因传播机制的研究提供理论依据。     

影响整合子传递耐药性因素的研究进展

随着抗生素的广泛使用,细菌在抗生素选择压力作用下,耐药菌株不断产生。细菌多药耐药性的产生导致抗生素的疗效大大降低,可移动遗传元件整合子被认为是导致耐药基因在细菌间水平转移的重要原因。整合子对耐药基因的捕获及表达关系到新耐药菌株的产生与播散,研究整合子传递耐药性的影响因素能够合理指导临床用药,进而减少耐药菌株的产生与播散。基于上述原因,文章综述了SOS反应、自然转化、可变区启动子、基因盒长度、重组位点等因素对整合子传递耐药性的影响。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.