Assessment of genetic relationships among 29 introduced and 49 local sweet cherry accessions in Turkey using AFLP and SSR markers

Summary

The characterisation of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) genetic resources in Turkey may help to increase their use in breeding programmes worldwide, as Turkey is the centre of origin of sweet cherry. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were therefore used to analyse genetic diversity among a total of 78 local and introduced sweet cherry cultivars. Four AFLP primer combinations, and six SSR primer pairs for sweet cherry were used for genetic diversity analysis. A genetic similarity matrix was calculated using the combined data from AFLP and SSR analyses with simple matching coefficient. Genetic similarities among the sweet cherry genotypes studied were higher than 42%. No two accessions had an identical AFLP and SSR marker profile, indicating that all 78 genotypes were unique. An UPGMA dendrogram, based on the similarity matrix, revealed 18 separate Groups at or above the 70% similarity level. While some Groups consisted of both introduced and local genotypes, other Groups had only local genotypes. This result suggests that there was broad genetic diversity among the local Turkish sweet cherry genotypes, which was not present in the introduced sweet cherry accessions. The genetic variation present in local Turkish sweet cherry genotypes may be useful for future breeding programmes. We found that the use of both SSR and AFLP marker systems was effective for distinguishing between genetically-close sweet cherry genotypes. These marker systems can be used to complement pomological and morphological markers during the characterisation and identification of sweet cherry genotypes.     

甜樱桃品种SSR指纹检索系统的开发及遗传多样性分析

用SSR技术开发了甜樱桃( Prunus avium ) 指纹检索系统并进行遗传多样性分析。18对樱桃、桃和杏的引物在19份甜樱桃及2份草原樱桃( P. fruticosa) 品种中共扩增出83个等位位点, 每个 SSR位点的等位位点数2 ～8 个, 平均416 个, 多态性信息量( PIC) 变化范围为0.38 ～0.80, 平均为 0.64。7个甜樱桃品种具有特殊位点或特殊带型。利用UDP98-414、UDP98-406、UDP96-001及PMS40等4 对引物开发的指纹检索系统, 可以区分18个甜樱桃品种。根据遗传距离进行聚类分析, 19个甜樱桃品种 分成2组, 甜樱桃品种间的聚类结果基本反映了供试材料之间的亲缘关系。     

Assessment of genetic diversity of Latvian and Swedish sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) genetic resources collections by using SSR (microsatellite) markers

Three previously described highly polymorphic SSR (microsatellite) primer pairs were tested on 126 sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) accessions to adapt a fast, reliable method for preliminary screening of sweet cherry germplasm collections and to compare two sweet cherry germplasm collections: at the Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing, Dobele (LIFG-Dobele) and at the Division of Horticultural Genetics and Plant Breeding at Balsgård, Department of Crop Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU-Balsgård). The SSR loci were highly polymorphic with 4–10 different alleles and 5–18 genotypes. Heterozygosity values ranged from 0.431 to 0.809, gene diversity (PIC) values ranged from 0.400 to 0.753, and the discriminating power of each locus varied from 0.631 to 0.894. The combined discriminating power of all loci was highly effective (0.996). Sixteen identical accession groups with the same allele profile were discovered in both collections. This study demonstrated that SSR fingerprinting with the three primer pairs tested, can be used for preliminary characterization of sweet cherry germplasm collections.     

Genetic diversity of apricot revealed by a set of SSR markers from linkage group G1

Eight polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers located in the G1 linkage group of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) were previously developed and evaluated in a small set of cultivars. Those primers were used for studying variability in 77 apricot cultivars belonging to five different geographical groups, such as Chinese, Asian (Irano-Caucasian and Central Asian), North American, Mediterranean and Western European as well as Middle European cultivars. Six of the markers were polymorphic and revealed a total of 71 alleles ranging from 5 (aprigms11) to 20 (aprigms1) alleles per locus with a mean value of 11.83 alleles per locus. In conclusion, the SSR loci located in the G1 linkage group show a level of polymorphism which is similar to loci dispersed throughout the entire genome. The total number of alleles and the number of unique alleles were the highest in Chinese apricots and the lowest in Middle European cultivars. Heterozygosity also showed a decrease from Asia and China to Middle Europe. No association could have been observed between any SSR markers tested and plum pox virus (PPV) resistant phenotype of cultivars. PPV resistant cultivars did not form a separate clade on the dendrogram obtained by UPGMA cluster analysis. Middle European and Chinese cultivars formed separate clusters while other genotypes formed smaller multiple sub-groups or scattered among different clusters. Our results support previous hypotheses on the origin of PPV resistance in North American apricots. The allele data was also presented in a form that allowed the easy observation of allele frequencies in each geographical group at each locus. Using this data field, differences and similarities between cultivar groups can be easily assessed. The analysis demonstrated the links between the North American and Mediterranean apricot germplasm and confirmed that the Chinese and Eastern European cultivars are distantly related.     

Detection of genetic diversity among populations of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) by AFLPs

Summary

The high degree of polymorphism of AFLPs provides an efficient system for identification and genome analysis of sweet cherry (Prunus avium) cultivars and selections. The cultivars of sweet cherry have usually been characterized by assessment of phenotypic and pomological traits. AFLP markers were employed to identify 38 sweet cherry accessions and estimate the genetic diversity among this material. Ten of 18 tested primer combinations were informative with up to 80 bands per primer combination. Seven to 33% of the amplfied bands were polymorphic depending upon primer combination. Allcultivars and selections tested could be clearly identified. The objective of this work was to demonstrate the usefulness of molecular markers in revealing the genetic diversity among different sweet cherry genotypes.     

基于SSR标记的板栗地方品种遗传多样性与关联分析

采用SSR标记对山东等10个省份95个板栗地方品种的遗传多样性、群体结构进行分析,并进行板栗18个农艺性状与SSR标记关联分析。结果表明：（1）17对SSR引物在95个板栗品种中检测出44个等位位点,平均为2.6个,Shannon’s指数（I）和多态性信息含量（PIC）平均值分别为0.67和0.352,遗传多样性较为丰富;（2）山东群体和江苏群体的多态性位点比率（P）最高,均达到94.12%,观察等位基因数（Na）分别为2.53和2.18,亦高于其他群体;（3）根据Evanno等统计模型,92个板栗品种被划分为3个亚群,分别包含25、40和27个品种,且均有着复杂的地理起源,另有3个品种没有明确的类群归属;（4）利用GLM和MLM模型进行关联分析,并经过假阳性检验,发现叶柄长度和淀粉含量分别与标记CsCAT 5和CsCAT 22显著关联,关联系数分别为0.4027和0.1869。     

Application of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in apricot breeding: molecular characterization,protection, and genetic relationships

Seventeen peach simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers have been used in the molecular characterization of 8 apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars from Spain, North America, France, and Greece; a new breeding line from the apricot breeding program of INRA (Avignon, France); and 13 breeding lines and 3 new releases from the apricot breeding program of CEBAS-CSIC (Murcia, Spain). DNA fingerprints have been developed establishing the genetic relatedness among cultivars, new releases, and breeding lines. Amplification of SSR loci was obtained for all 17 primer pairs and 14 of them produced polymorphic amplification. The number of presumed alleles revealed by the SSR analysis ranged from one to nine, although most primers revealed three alleles or more. The mean number of alleles per locus was 4.1. Results allowed the molecular identification of all the apricot genotypes assayed. Apricot genotypes clustered into seven principal groups in accordance with their origin and pedigree. The implications of these results for apricot breeding programs in terms of protection of new release and design of new crosses are also discussed.     

SSR fingerprinting Chinese peach cultivars and landraces (Prunus persica) and analysis of their genetic relationships

Thirty-two Chinese peach landraces/cultivars, a major subset of the core Chinese peach collection, were fingerprinted using seven pairs of SSR primers to assess their genetic diversity and relatedness. The seven primer pairs detected eight loci and revealed an allele richness of 3.125 (average alleles per locus), an expected heterozygosity (He) of 0.450, and a Shannon index of 0.728 among the landraces/cultivars. This level of genetic diversity is lower compared to other fruit trees and Prunus congenus species (cherry and apricot), but it is comparable to previous reports in peaches. A greater level of genetic diversity was observed in landraces than in cultivars, indicating that peach landraces are valuable for germplasm collection. All cultivars and landraces, except two, were unambiguously identified based on multi-locus genotypes. Eight unique alleles were detected among this group of Chinese peaches. UPGMA clustering analysis separated the 32 cultivars/landraces into two distinct groups, which is generally in accordance with the known pedigree information. The results provide accurate genetic information for defined acquisition policy in the repositories, improving the integrity and efficiency of germplasm management and giving evidences for protection of breeder's intellectual rights.     

15个樱桃品种的RAPD分析

利用RAPD技术,用104条随机引物对甜樱桃的14个品种和中国樱桃的1个品种进行遗传多样性分析,其中有14条引物的多态性较好。用任意一条能出现扩增带的引物,能明显区分开中国樱桃和甜樱桃,RAPD标记能够准确地进行种间的区分;而用一个引物或两个引物的组合只能鉴定出甜樱桃的一个品种。聚类结果显示,中国樱桃和甜樱桃的遗传距离最远;黄色果肉的养老和其他红色果肉的品种遗传距离较远。RAPD分析基本能够反映甜樱桃品种间的遗传多样性,但效果不理想,鉴定品种较为困难。     

The Use of Dinitrocresol-Mineral Oil Sprays for the Control of Prolonged Rest in Apple Orchards

Summary

Pluots are putative hybrids between plums (Prunus salicina Lindl.) and apricots (P. armeniaca L.). The capability to distinguish among plum and pluot cultivars is important in breeding and cultivation. We investigated the genetic diversity among 14 plums, 6 pluots and one plumcot representing commercial cultivars in California, with 28 microsatellite markers. We also tested seven apricot cultivars as a reference to ®nd evidence of apricot in the ancestry of pluots and plumcot. The parental material used in the original cross that produced the pluot and plumcot was not available. Of the 28 SSR markers, 25 were from sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) and three from peach (Prunus persica L.). Approximately 80% of the cherry primers generated ampli®cation products in plum and pluots, showing transportability between these Prunus species. One to eight putative alleles per locus were displayed by the tested SSRs in plums and pluots. In plum and pluot samples a total of 100 alleles were identi®ed with an average of 4.3 alleles per primer combination. The SSR markers were successfully used for the discrimination of all tested cultivars. In pluots, 76 alleles were found in which 63 (83%) were speci®cally coming from plum, 9 (12%) were common in plum, pluots and apricot while no allele in the pluots was observed that was contributed from apricot. In plumcot, 49 alleles were observed in which 25 (51%) were from plum, 18 (36%) were speci®cally from apricot and 6 (12%) were common in plum, plumcot and apricot. Relationships among the 28 plum, pluot and apricot cultivars were represented by a dendrogram, constructed on the basis of 168 SSR markers. The dendrogram showed the plums and pluots form a cluster distinct from the apricots, with pluot cultivars interspersed among plum cultivars and more closely related to plum than to apricot. Plumcot made a separate branch and was placed between the plum and apricot cluster. These results suggest that the SSR markers are valuable tools for identi®cation of cultivars and diversity analyses in plum.     

利用DNA扩增片段序列对樱桃种质资源的遗传分析

 从130个任意寡核苷酸引物中筛选出48个引物, 对8个樱桃种及2个种间杂交种的总DNA进行PCR扩增, 产生的多态性用于遗传分析。利用两种距离法进行系统发育分析, 并构建出种间及品种间亲缘关系的聚类图。结果表明, 扩增位点总数为840个; 23个甜樱桃品种及4个酸樱桃品种各自聚为一类, 多态位点数分别为569和247个, 多态位点百分率分别为67.74%和29.40%。毛樱桃、草原樱桃(变种) 与欧李聚为单一组群; 中国樱桃与寇尔特亲缘关系较近, 聚为另一单一组; 甜樱桃、酸樱桃等其他种在亲缘关系上分歧较大; 樱桃种群间的遗传距离在0.0623 ～ 0.2719之间, 并且从分子水平上可以鉴别。聚类图聚类分析结果总体上与李属分类标准相一致。除甜樱桃‘红灯’品种外, 均扩增出了1个以上的特有RAPD标记, 据此可以进行品种鉴定或杂种优良性状预选。     

基于中国樱桃转录组的SSR分子标记开发与鉴定

对中国樱桃(Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl.)休眠芽转录组数据进行了SSR位点搜索和分析,发现了7 197个SSR位点,总的发生频率为15.62%。SSR重复类型以二核苷酸发生频率最高(58.65%),三核苷酸次之(34.72%)。利用8对多态性引物在24份樱桃种质中进行了引物有效性验证和遗传多样性分析,结果表明有效等位基因数最大值为2.92(Pp SSR2),最小值为1.09(Pp SSR8),平均值为1.73;香农多样性指数变化范围是0.202~1.290,平均值为0.755。观察杂合度和期望杂合度的变化范围分别是0.083~0.917和0.082~0.671;平均值分别为0.391和0.384。香农多样性指数、观察杂合度和期望杂合度3个多样性指数最大值均出现在位点Pp SSR2,最小值出现在位点Pp SSR8。基于SSR标记的24份樱桃种质的聚类结果与经典的形态学分类不完全一致,但聚类结果清晰地划分出5个不同组别,说明浙江省的中国樱桃种质资源遗传多样性丰富。两个龙泉地方品种与其他的浙江樱桃种质资源明显不同,它们与山樱和浙闽樱有着更紧密的遗传关系,该地方品种可以作为樱桃新品种选育的优良材料,有利于拓宽现有樱桃栽培品种的遗传背景。     

云南蔷薇属部分种质资源的SSR遗传多样性研究

利用简单重复序列SSR（Simple Sequence Repeat）标记技术对42份蔷薇属（Rosa L.）种质资源（包括13份野生种、变种、变型及29份栽培品种）的遗传多样性进行了研究。用筛选出的18对SSR引物对42份材料DNA进行PCR扩增,在18个位点共检测到148个等位基因,每一位点的等位基因变幅为6~14个,平均8.2个。材料间遗传相似系数变化范围为0.282~0.892,表明在分子水平上云南省蔷薇属植物具有丰富的遗传多样性。本研究发现,在相似系数为0.456时,基于SSR标记的聚类分析可以将 13个蔷薇野生种明显分为5个组,这与植物形态学分类结果大体一致。在遗传相似系数为0.43水平上,聚类分析将42份供试材料分为5大组群;同时初步探讨了野生种之间以及野生种与栽培品种之间的遗传亲缘关系。     

香蕉A基因组品种间遗传关系的SSR检测

应用SSR技术,对32个香蕉A基因组类型品种(系)的遗传关系进行了检测。40对SSR引物在32个品种(系)中分别扩增带数在3～15个,平均每个SSR座位可检测2.99个多态性带;引物的多态信息量(PIC)在0.00～0.88,平均0.62。依据SSR数据计算的品种间遗传距离在0.00%～34.27%,平均12.45%,大多数品种间的遗传变异非常有限,但也存在着遗传差异突出的品种:FHIA25、Yangambi KM5、Pisang Jari Buaya、Rose和皇帝蕉。依据26%的遗传距离,除了FHIA25和Pisang Jari Buaya单独化成1组外,其它30个品种可以分为2组:品种间遗传差异相对较高的组I和品种间遗传差异相对较低的组Ⅱ。Williams与引进的洪都拉斯3号、M931之间,洪都拉斯1号和洪都拉斯2号之间,高脚青芽蕉和高脚顿地雷分别没有区分开来,这可能是同物异名,也可能是同一品种未能分辨的突变体。     

二倍体马铃薯栽培品种遗传多样性的SSR标记分析

二倍体马铃薯基因组相对简单,借助二倍体进行育种可以加速马铃薯的育种进程,因此评价二倍体马铃薯种质的遗传多样性,挖掘和有效利用优良性状显得非常必要。为了筛选多态性的SSR标记,用55对SSR引物扩增39个遗传关系相对较远的二倍体马铃薯材料。选取分布在12条染色体上的12个具有高多态性的SSR标记评价192份二倍体马铃薯栽培品种的遗传多样性,共检测到98个等位位点,其中97个为多态性位点;每对SSR引物扩增出的等位位点为6~18个,平均8.2个。用非加权配对算术平均法(UPGMA)进行聚类,显示出所有供试材料的遗传关系:12对SSR引物可以将192份材料中的186份区分开;这192份材料被划分为11个组群,其中第一个组群包含了83.3%的材料。     

Studies on genetic variation in cherry germplasm using RAPD analysis

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variation among eight cherry species and two interspecific progenies were analyzed. Out of 130, 48 arbitrary oligonucleotide primers were screened for PCR amplification to generate polymorphisms. The phylogenetic analysis was carried out using two distance-matrix methods and a dendrogram was generated to show the relationships among species and cultivars. The results showed that there were 840 amplified loci in total; 23 sweet cherry and four sour cherry cultivars were clustered together with 569 and 247 polymorphic loci respectively which accounted for 67.74% and 29.40% of the total variation. Prunus tomentosa T., Prunus fruticosa var. aucta P. and Prunus humilis B. formed a monophyletic group. A relationship between Prunus pseudocerasus L. and Colt, which formed another closely related group, was observed while Prunus avium L., Prunus cerasus L. and other cherry species were more divergent. The range of genetic distance was from 0.0623 to 0.2719 among the Prunus species, which were genetically distinct. The topology of the tree was generally in agreement with taxonomic classification. The results indicated that with the exception of the sweet cherry variety “Hongdeng”, there were one or more cultivar-specific RAPD markers in cherry species and cultivars. Using these specific markers, cherry species and varieties could be identified and there is therefore the potential to select for good characteristics of hybrids at an early stage.     

Identification of 57 sweet orange cultivars using AFLP markers

Summary

Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) represents an important group of Citrus fruit; however, the identification of sweet orange cultivars during vegetative growth can be difficult. A study on the genetic identification of sweet orange cultivars may be significant for the sweet orange nursery industry, for cultivar-rights protection, and is important for the genetic evaluation and conservation of these orange cultivars. In this study, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were used to genotype 57 sweet orange cultivars. Ten PCR primer pairs generated 629 unique AFLP bands, with a size range of 50 ? 500 bp. Seventy-four bands (11.8%) were polymorphic. On average, each primer pair produced 62.9 fragments, with 7.4 polymorphic fragments. A dendrogram of the 57 sweet orange cultivars was constructed based on an UPGMA analysis using Jaccard?s coefficients of similarity. This provided a clear comparison of the genetic variation between cultivars and an ability to identify them. From Jaccard?s coefficients, 56 of the 57 cultivars examined were genetically close, with coefficient values ≥ 0.985. ?Variegated Navel? was less closely-related, with a much lower coefficient value (0.94). Among the 57 cultivars, 28 sub-groups, some consisting of only one cultivar, could be separated by their AFLP fingerprints. Compared to ISSR and SSR markers, AFLP seemed to be the preferential marker technique for the identification of sweet orange cultivars.     

甜樱桃SSR标记的选择性扩增微卫星( SAM) 法筛选

 以甜樱桃‘红灯’为试材, 应用选择性扩增微卫星( SAM) 法分离、克隆了100个SSR序列, 其中81个非重复, 可用。加上搜索数据库所获得的1个SSR序列, 一共82个序列用于特异引物的设计。仅从69个序列的77个基因座设计出特异引物。合成38对特异引物, 对其中的36个基因座进行检测。其中19对引物扩增出相应大小的片段, 另外8对引物扩增出非预期片段。最后, 以27个甜樱桃种质的基因组DNA为模板, 从27对可扩增出带的引物中, 筛选出多态性引物24对, 获得了24个甜樱桃基因座特异性SSR标记。     

基于SSR 标记的四川野生中国樱桃遗传多样性和居群遗传结构分析

 采用SSR 分子标记技术对四川野生中国樱桃5 个居群共133 株的遗传多样性水平及居群的 遗传结构进行了研究。结果显示：10 对SSR 引物共检测到78 个等位基因,平均每位点等位基因7.8 个。 Nei’s 基因多样性指数（H）为0.6112 ~ 0.6689,Shannon’s 信息指数（I）为1.1984 ~ 1.3786。基于分子方 差分析（AMOVA）,92.53%的变异来自居群内,7.47%的遗传变异来自于居群间。居群间遗传距离（GD < 0.2416）、遗传一致度（GI > 0.7854）、遗传分化指数（Fst = 0.0844）以及较强的基因流（Nm = 2.7125）均 表明居群间的遗传分化水平较低,居群内存在显著近交现象（Fis = 0.3986）,且居群在大多数位点上偏离 Hardy-Weinberg 平衡。基于上述结果,分析讨论了居群较高遗传多样性和居群间较低遗传分化形成的可能 原因,并提出野生中国樱桃的保护利用策略。     

Microsatellite marker-based identification of mother plants for the reliable propagation of olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars in Australia

Summary

Olive production in Australia has continued to increase in recent years, however there remains a high degree of confusion on the genetic identities of the cultivars being grown. In the present study, seven microsatellite (simple sequence repeat; SSR) loci were used to identify a set of 53 olive tree samples from different sources. The microsatellite DNA profiles of all 53 tree samples, including seven unknown trees, were compared with the SSR profiles of 14 reference olive cultivars. A total of 60 fragments (alleles), averaging 8.57 alleles per microsatellite locus, were amplified. High average values were found for the observed heterozygosity, the expected heterozygosity, and the polymorphic information content (0.73, 0.74, and 0.72, respectively). While all seven microsatellite markers proved useful for characterisation and identification purposes, a combination of three SSR primer pairs (DCA9, DCA18, and EM030) was sufficient to distinguish all 53 olive samples. The microsatellite allelic profiles allowed the 53 tree samples to be grouped into 23 genotypes. The allelic profiles of 14 of these genotypes matched with their reference cultivars, while the genetic identities of the remaining nine genotypes could not be confirmed. Some of these unknown genotypes may have been derived from feral olive trees, or were due to mislabelling and/or planting errors among Australian olive cultivars. Our results confirm the usefulness of microsatellite markers as a tool for cultivar differentiation and identification, and indicate the need for reliable identification of mother plants for commercial propagation.