几种苔草种子生活力测定方法及测定结果研究报告

通过四唑法测定苔草属几种种子生活力的试验研究，确定了测定苔草种子生活力的方法是：取净种子，磨擦除去小坚果的外壳，将种子预湿后纵切胚和３／４胚乳，在３５℃下用０．１％的四唑染色４￣２４小时或用０．５％的四唑染色体３￣２４小时，冲掉溶液后在保持种子湿润的条件下鉴定其有无生活力。采用以上方法对不同产地和不同收获、贮藏期的几种苔草种子生活力变化情况进行了初步研究，确定了产于呼市、锡盟、承德地区的苔草种子，     

TTC法测定嵩草种子生活力的适宜条件研究

在不同温度（２０℃,２５℃,３０℃,３５℃,４０℃,４５℃）,不同ＴＴＣ浓度（０．１％,０．２％,０．３％,０．４％,０．５％,０．６％）下,在０～１２ｈ内测定了线叶嵩草种子生活力的适宜条件。结果表明：在３５℃的温度、０．１％的ＴＴＣ浓度和３ｈ的染色时间下,可获得最佳染色效果,可作为线叶嵩草种子生活力测定的适宜条件。     

盐类对丝素溶解效应的研究

用０．５％Ｎａ２ＣＯ３溶液对茧层进行不同时间的脱胶试验,结果表明：０．５％Ｎａ２ＣＯ３溶液煮沸１ｈ对茧丝脱胶效果较好,可达２７．２％;将脱胶后的丝素烘干,用ＣａＣＩ２、ＭｇＣＩ２、ＺｎＣＩ２三种不同的氯化物控制在６０℃、８０℃和１００℃不同的恒温下,每种药品均配成３０％、４０％、５０％、６０％四种不同浓度分别处理０．５ｈ、１ｈ、１．５ｈ,经分析比较得知ＺｎＣＩ２对丝素溶解性能最好,其次为ＣａＣＩ２     

微孔草块根的抗逆性研究

采用电导法对微孔草块根的抗逆能力进行了研究。结果表明,微孔草裸体块根在－９℃低温或４９℃的高温环境中可生存０．５ｈ,在－７℃或４４℃条件下生存１．０ｈ,在０℃或４３℃环境中生存１．５ｈ。微孔草块根经逆温处理的半致死最低和最高温度分别为０．５ｈ是－９．３１℃和４９．７４℃和４９．７４℃,１．０ｈ是－７．４６℃和４４．１６℃;１．５ｈ是－０．４７℃和４３．９５℃。     

鸡静注,肌注及内服氟哌酸的药物动力学研究

选用４２只健康ＡＡ鸡，分３组（每组１４只）进行药物动力学研究：静注、肌注及内服的剂量均为１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。用二氯甲烷提取血浆中的药物，反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆氟哌酸的浓度，测定时以吡哌酸为内标。所得药物一时间数据用ＭＣＰＫＰ计算机程序处理，静注给药拟合二室开放模型，主要动力学参数是：ｔ１／２α０．１４±０．０８ｈ，ｔ１／２β３．６５±１．０３ｈ，Ｋｅ０．８８±０．４０ｈ－１，Ｖｄ３．８１±０．９８Ｌ／ｋｇ，ＡＵＣ１４．１４±３．２９μｇ／ｍｌ．ｈ。内服和肌注给药均适合具有一级吸收二室开放模型，肌注的主要动力学参数是：ｔ１／２ｋａ０．２２±０．１０ｈ，ｔ１／２α１．０３±０．６５ｈ，ｔ１／２β６．８７±２．８６ｈ，Ｋｅ０．２８±０．１０ｈ－１，ＡＵＣ９．８６±２．８８μｇ／ｍｌ．ｈ，Ｆ６９．７８％。内服的主要动力学参数是：ｔ１／２ｋａ０．６９±０．２３ｈ，ｔ１／２α１．７６±０．８９ｈ，ｔ１／２β１０．４３±３．２２ｈ，Ｋｅ０．２１±０．０５ｈ－１，ＡＵＣ８．５６±１．３６μｇ／ｍｌ．ｈ，Ｆ６０．５２％。鸡静注、肌注、内服氟哌酸的药动学特征是吸收较快，在体内分布广泛、半衰期较长。     

TTC法测定昌种子生活力的适宜条件研究

在不同温度，不同ＴＴＣ浓度下，在０－１２ｈ内测定了线叶嵩草种子生活力的适宜条件。结果表明：在３５℃的温度、０．１％的ＴＴＣ浓度和３ｈ的染色时间下，可获得最佳染色效果，可作为线叶嵩草种子生活力测定的适宜条件。     

四唑染色法快速测定菊芋种子生活力的研究

为了研究不同四唑（TTC）溶液浓度、不同染色温度对菊芋种子生活力测定的影响。根据四唑染色法测定种子生活力的原理，对菊芋种子生活力的最佳条件进行了测定。结果表明，当菊芋种子在25℃蒸馏水中浸种，待种子完全吸胀后，于35℃黑暗条件下、TTC浓度0．5％，染色7h，染色效果最好，可以很好地检测菊芋种子活力水平，估计种子潜在发芽能力，为菊芋种子生活力的快速测定提供参考。     

牛羊蹄碱液浸泡脱毛技术的研究

通过正交试验探讨牛羊蹄碱液浸泡脱毛的最佳方案。结果表明：采用２．５％的ＮａＯＨ,在２０℃的条件下浸泡６０ｈ,牛蹄的脱毛效果最好,采用２．０％浓度的柠檬酸中和１２ｈ,可达到理想中和效果：采用１．５％的ＮａＯＨ,在２０℃条件下浸泡４８ｈ,羊蹄毛效果最佳,采用０．５％的柠檬酸中和１２ｈ,中和效果理想。     

皮油及其单体作为驱避剂的研究

此项研究用不同浓度橘皮油在温室内对小白鼠作驱避蚊虫试验，１～２％者２～３ｈ有驱避作用、５～７％者４ｈ有驱避作用。用不同驱避剂在自然环境和温室内对小白鼠作驱避蚊虫对比试验，结果：７％橘皮油、蚊怕水（ＲＡＮＢＯＷ，ＵＳＡ）和驱蚊露均有４～５ｈ的驱避作用；７％橘皮油及其０．５％单体亦有相同的驱避效果。从人群和马骡的现场试验观察，对人体仅观察２ｈ、对马骡观察４～４．５ｈ，均有驱避作用；个体和群体驱避时间基本相同。各项试验的空白对照均有蚊或蠓、蝇叮咬     

种猪饲喂方案

目的：以适量的饲料投入获取最佳的生产效益。饲料营养要求：小猪料：DE１３．３８～１４．２１MJ／kg，CP１７．５％～１８．５％；公猪料：DE１２．９６～１３．７９MJ／kg，CP１６．５％～１７．５％；妊娠料：DE１２．５４～１３．３８MJ／kg，CP１４．５％～１６．０％；哺乳料：DE１３．３８～１４．２１MJ／kg，CP１７％～１８．５％，夏季添加２％～６％油脂或脂肪粉。表饲喂方案kg／d饲喂量４～１０月份１１～３月份种公猪１２０kg或７月龄以内自由采食小猪料成年公猪限饲公猪料２２．２５～２．５后备母猪１００kg或７…     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.