分子标记辅助小麦抗白粉病基因Pm21和Pm13聚合育种

为了获得同时具有抗白粉病基因Pm21和Pm13的材料,利用与抗白粉病基因Pm21和Pm13共分离或紧密连锁的分子标记SCAR1400、CINAU161650和SCAR564、BE398268,对分别含Pm21和Pm13的小麦品系杂交F2代进行检测。结果表明,在764个F2代单株中,能同时检测到显性标记SCAR1400和SCAR564的有404株,阳性率为52.9%,经标记CINAU161650和BE398268检测,同时携带纯合Pm21和Pm13的单株有47株,阳性率为6.15%,两个显性抗病基因在F2代群体中的分离比例符合孟德尔独立分配定律。获得的聚合单株可作为小麦抗白粉病育种的亲本资源。     

滚动回交与遗传标记辅助选择相结合聚合Pm21、Nib8和Wx基因

为了育成兼抗白粉病、黄花叶病的糯性小麦新品种,以携带Wx基因的品系W961、W12222为供体亲本,以携带对白粉病免疫的Pm21基因的扬99G56和扬00G48、抗小麦黄花叶病Nib8基因的转基因品系N121为轮回亲本进行滚动回交,在回交早代运用简单实用的接种鉴定、镜检花粉等方法,在后期运用分子生化标记检测,筛选出6个聚合Pm 21、Nib8、Wx基因的单株,并育成稳定品系扬09G109,为培育优质、抗病小麦新品种提供了中间材料;并证明滚动回交与遗传标记相结合是开展聚合育种的有效方法之一。     

抗赤霉病小麦新品种——扬麦18

扬麦18(原名扬03G12)是江苏里下河地区农业科学研究所采用南农P045(含Pm21)为抗白粉病基因供体亲本,扬88-128为高产亲本,高产、抗赤霉病、具广泛适应性的品种扬麦158为轮回亲本,再以高产、高抗梭条花叶病品种宁麦9号为轮回亲本,运用"综合性状协调点"的观点与抗赤霉病鉴定相结合的育种方法育成的具有广泛适应性的高产抗赤霉病小麦新品种,其系谱来源为4×宁麦9号/3/6×扬麦158//88-128/南农P045.该品种2008和2009年分别通过安徽省和江苏省品种审定委员会审定.     

杂交小麦强优势组合抗白粉病基因的定向导入与改良研究初报

为创制杂交小麦白粉病抗性定向改良育种新体系,以白粉病抗源材料N95175、N9134为抗病种质,以强优势杂交小麦新品种"西杂一号"和"西杂五号"的亲本为受体,以陕西不同地区小麦白粉病流行混合菌种为菌源,对供试材料亲本、杂种F1代和回交后代材料进行了苗期和成株期抗性鉴定,并利用与抗白粉病基因Pm21共分离的SCAR标记、抗白粉病基因PmAS846紧密连锁的SSR标记作为抗病性定向选择分子标记进行了抗病性鉴定。结果表明,以N95175、N9134为亲本的杂种F1含有Pm21基因或PmAS846基因,苗期和成株期均表现为高抗,与抗病亲本的抗病性表现基本一致,符合杂种优势表现显性假说,其抗病性主要由显性单基因控制。研究同时表明,仅凭借表型鉴定结果盲目性较大,表型鉴定和分子标记鉴定相结合准确率较高。     

分子标记结合表型鉴定选育兼抗赤霉病、白粉病和条锈病弱筋小麦新品种扬麦38

长江中下游麦区是中国弱筋小麦优势产业带,小麦赤霉病、白粉病和条锈病是该麦区主要病害,当前弱筋小麦主导品种综合抗性较弱,影响其生产安全。为培育多抗优质弱筋小麦品种,以高产中筋小麦品种扬麦16为轮回亲本,以兼抗白粉病、条锈病的软质小麦92R137为供体亲本,构建了BC₁群体,利用分子标记在BC₁F₂代基础农艺性状较优良的株行中筛选抗白粉病基因 Pm21、抗条锈病基因 Yr26和软质麦相关基因 Pinb-D1a均纯合的单株,并鉴定BC₁F₆代对赤霉病、白粉病和条锈病的抗性,同时检测籽粒硬度、湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、稳定时间等重要品质指标以及小区产量,最终育成高抗赤霉病、免疫白粉病和高抗条锈病的弱筋小麦新品种扬麦38,于2022年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

小麦品种保丰104抗白粉病基因的遗传分析

小麦品种保丰104具有良好的抗白粉病特性。为了解其抗病性的遗传基础,利用保丰104/辽春10号得到F2分离群体和F2:3家系,对其苗期抗病性进行了鉴定和遗传分析,并对其所携带的抗病基因进行了独立性测验及分子标记定位。结果表明,保丰104可能含有两个抗白粉病基因,其中一个抗白粉病基因与Xcfd81紧密连锁,可能是Pm2,另一个与CINAU127紧密连锁,可能是Pm6。     

小麦抗白粉病基因 Pm4的分子标记辅助育种研究

Pm4是我国目前有效的小麦抗白粉病基因之一,该基因对陕西关中当前流行的白粉病菌系关中4号表现高抗。本研究利用与Pm4基因紧密连锁的STS470分子标记对7个小麦品种间的6个杂交组合F3代单株进行分子标记检测并结合田间抗性鉴定筛选出抗病单株14个。对由这14个单株衍生出的64个F5代品系进行分子检测和田间抗性鉴定,发现53个品系表现抗病,占总品系的82.81%,其中51个抗病品系可以检测到与Pm4基因紧密连锁的STS470特异带,占总品系的79.69%。本研究结果表明,STS470是Pm4基因的可靠标记,可有效的用于分子标记辅助育种。     

转WYMV-Nib8基因抗黄花叶病小麦的鉴定及优良株系的选育

小麦黄花叶病是我国冬麦区亟待解决的重要病害之一。为了给应用病毒复制酶基因介导的转基因抗病小麦新品种（系）选育提供依据，对利用基因枪法将WYMV-Nib8基因和bar基因共转化扬麦158获得的15个T2代株系进行了黄花叶病抗性鉴定，筛选出4个高抗病株系和1个剔除bar基因的高抗病株系；连续多年抗病性鉴定结果表明，通过转基因技术获得的5个株系不但抗病性优良而且可以稳定遗传。以转基因材料为亲本之一，通过常规杂交、回交获得1个兼抗小麦黄花叶病和白粉病且农艺性状优良的新品系BR1014。     

杂交小麦杂种一代白粉病抗性表现规律的研究

为探讨杂交小麦杂种一代白粉病的抗性表现规律,以陕西不同地区小麦白粉病流行菌种做菌源,通过田间和苗期接种,对9份抗、感白粉病小麦亲本材料和9份大田感病品种及其杂交F1代进行抗病性鉴定,并结合SCAR和SSR分子标记进行了检测.结果表明:(1)以N95175、N9209为亲本的杂交F1含有Pm21基因,苗期和成株期抗病性均很好,与抗病亲本的抗病性表现基本一致,符合显性遗传,其抗病性主要由显性单基因控制.(2)以N9134、N9227A为亲本的杂交F1含有PmAS846基因,成株期抗病性较好,苗期大部分表现抗病;以N9227A为亲本的杂交F1中有40%的杂交组合表现中感,该抗性基因不完全符合单基因显性遗传,其表达在一定程度上受遗传背景及环境的影响.(3)中国春为苗期感病、成株期抗病材料,其与抗病亲本杂交F1代的抗病性接近或略高于抗病亲本;与感病品种杂交F1代的抗病性介于双亲之间.(4)白粉病遗传属于细胞核遗传,正反交F1代苗期抗病性无明显差异,杂交种的抗病性与双亲相关.因此, 在组配小麦强优势杂种组合时应尽量选用抗病的品种作为亲本之一,并考虑慢病性品种的应用.     

引进小麦白粉病二线抗源的鉴定与改良利用

针对我国小麦推广品种白粉病抗源单一的问题,从美、英等国引进Y um a/8*Chancellor、TP 114、C I12633和M aris D ove等白粉病二线抗源,经连续多年的流行菌种诱发鉴定和生理小种接种鉴定,这些抗源抗白粉病性强而稳定,证明Pm 4a、Pm 2 Pm 6和Pm 2 M ld基因在江苏为有效抗病基因。以这些二线抗源作为抗白粉病供体,开展抗源改良和兼抗种质的创新研究,获得了宁麦资19~宁麦资32、宁麦资57~宁麦资65等一批抗性稳定、育性和农艺性状得到明显改良、育种上可以直接利用的新种质。利用这些二线抗源或创新种质为亲本,已经选育出扬麦10号、扬麦11号、扬麦12号、扬麦13号等系列品种,并已在生产上累计推广种植280.4万hm2。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.