橘小实蝇4种寄生蜂腹部和产卵器感器的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜对橘小实蝇的4种寄生蜂(阿里山潜蝇茧蜂、切割潜蝇茧蜂、长尾潜蝇茧蜂和布氏潜蝇茧蜂)的产卵器和腹部感器的形态和超微结构进行了观察和研究.共发现8种感器,分别为毛形感器、蒲姆氏鬃、钟形感器、浅凹状感器、栓锥感器、腔锥感器、刺形感器和分泌毛孔;同时发现阿里山潜蝇茧蜂和布氏潜蝇茧蜂的产卵针端部尖细,而长尾潜蝇茧蜂和切割潜蝇茧蜂的产卵针端部呈倒钩状.     

橘小实蝇不育雄虫田间释放效果

观察研究了橘小实蝇不育雄虫经辐射后田间释放的效果.结果表明,橘小实蝇雄虫经辐射后释放,第6天最远扩散距离可达207.89 m,田间最长存活期为15 d,与田间野生雌性橘小实蝇交配后,其卵不育率为91.15％,而对照区卵不育率仅为21.02％,达到了较好的释放效果.     

人工释放前裂长管茧蜂对橘小实蝇的田间控制作用

【目的】研究人工增殖的前裂长管茧蜂在田间对橘小实蝇的控制作用。【方法】试验设1个放蜂区和1个对照区,放蜂区设置3个放蜂点,按雌蜂与橘小实蝇二龄、三龄幼虫比1∶10的比例释放人工增殖的前裂长管茧蜂,通过生物学观察试验,研究人工增殖的前裂长管茧蜂在田间对橘小实蝇的寄生率和定殖情况。【结果】通过人工释放前裂长管茧蜂,其田间寄生率迅速升高,平均达到5.97%,雌雄性比接近1,但随着放蜂后时间的推移,前裂长管茧蜂的寄生率逐渐下降,雌雄蜂性比也逐渐下降,橘小实蝇的羽化率逐渐升高。【结论】前裂长管茧蜂是橘小实蝇幼虫的重要寄生蜂,通过人为增加其田间种群数量是目前生物防治中的重要手段之一,但人工增殖的寄生蜂通常是经室内大量扩繁的种群,由于野外复杂的环境,其在野外的适应能力、寄生率和性比情况值得进一步深入研究。     

不同实诱剂对橘小实蝇的防治作用初探

选用微生物诱蝇剂、甲基丁香酚实蝇诱剂和蛋白诱剂进行橘小实蝇防治试验,并比较防治效果。结果表明,不同引诱剂对橘小实蝇雌、雄成虫具有引诱效果,且引诱效果存在差异。微生物诱蝇剂诱虫量最多,130 d雌、雄诱虫量分别为36头、71.67头;其次为甲基丁香酚,130 d雌、雄诱虫量分别为8.33头、8.34头;蛋白诱剂的诱虫效果较差,130 d雌、雄诱虫量分别为0头、0.99头。     

不同琼脂配比对阿里山潜蝇茧蜂寄生效果的影响

阿里山潜蝇茧蜂是实蝇的一种卵—蛹跨期寄生蜂。研究人工产卵盘中琼脂与水的比例对该蜂寄生效果的影响。结果表明,阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的寄生率随产卵盘中琼脂含量的增加而增加,当琼脂与水的比例增至1∶50,其寄生率趋于稳定。对2007年4月至2008年9月产卵盘改进前后阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的出蜂率进行了比较,改进前、后平均出蜂率由37.5%提高至61.0%。     

布氏潜蝇茧蜂与长尾潜蝇茧蜂的种间竞争

在室内研究了布氏潜蝇茧蜂和长尾潜蝇茧蜂的种间竞争。结果表明,当寄主橘小实蝇幼虫供两种蜂同时产卵寄生时,2种蜂的各自寄生率与其单独存在时的寄生率相比无显著差异,2种蜂共存时的总寄生率比长尾潜蝇茧蜂单独存在时的寄生率显著提高,与布氏潜蝇茧蜂单独寄生相比无差异。2种蜂均能寄生已被另一种蜂产卵寄生的寄主幼虫。长尾潜蝇茧蜂寄生后0、24、48 h再供布氏潜蝇茧蜂寄生,2种蜂后代个体在寄主体内发育过程中,布氏潜蝇茧蜂数量逐渐减少,长尾潜蝇茧蜂数量无变化。布氏潜蝇茧蜂寄生后24或48 h后再供长尾潜蝇茧蜂寄生,长尾潜蝇茧蜂个体比例逐渐下降,而布氏潜蝇茧蜂没有变化。     

寄主龄期和温度对布氏潜蝇茧蜂和长尾潜蝇茧蜂种间竞争的影响

在实验室条件下研究了寄主龄期和温度对布氏潜蝇茧蜂和长尾潜蝇茧蜂种间竞争的影响,结果表明,以两种寄生蜂对3,4日龄橘小实蝇幼虫为寄主混合寄生后,长尾潜蝇茧蜂的出蜂率明显高于布氏潜蝇茧蜂,以2日龄做寄主时,结果则相反;混合寄生与单独寄生相比,长尾潜蝇茧蜂的出蜂率没有差异,布氏潜蝇茧蜂出蜂率显著下降.在25,35℃条件下,混合寄生的结果是长尾潜蝇茧蜂出蜂率显著高于布氏潜蝇茧蜂,在15℃条件下,两者的出蜂率差异不显著.     

橘小实蝇寄生蜂——切割潜蝇茧蜂的生物学特性

切割潜蝇茧蜂是寄生橘小实蝇的重要内寄生蜂,为中国新纪录种。在室内(25±1)℃、(70±10)%相对湿度条件下,对切割潜蝇茧蜂的形态、习性、最适寄主日龄、实验种群寄生率、性比与每雌产卵量等进行了观察研究。结果表明,切割潜蝇茧蜂多产卵于橘小实蝇的l-2日龄幼虫体内,平均世代历期27.4 d,室内平均寄生率达18.02%,雌雄性比1∶1.426;成蜂寿命15-33 d,雌蜂寿命长于雄蜂,羽化后即可交配,交配时间持续0.5-3.0 m in,交配后1-2 d即可产卵,每雌一生产卵50-85粒,每雌每日卵量呈波动减少现象。该蜂可用体积分数为20%蜜水补充营养,成虫具有正趋光性、孤雌生殖和过寄生现象。本研究结果可为寄生蜂的大量饲养以及橘小实蝇的生物防治技术奠定基础。     

阿里山潜蝇茧蜂与长尾潜蝇茧蜂的种间竞争

研究了阿里山潜蝇茧蜂与长尾潜蝇茧蜂的种间竞争．结果表明：长尾潜蝇茧蜂不能识别被阿里山潜蝇茧蜂寄生过的寄主幼虫．寄主供阿里山潜蝇茧蜂寄生后再供长尾潜蝇茧蜂寄生,会造成寄主幼虫及蛹的大量死亡,在存活下来的寄主羽化出来的寄生蜂中阿里山潜蝇茧蜂占多数,总的羽化率（75．95％）比阿里山潜蝇茧蜂或长尾潜蝇茧蜂单独寄生时的羽化率（63．43％或62．25％）都高．寄主供阿里山潜蝇茧蜂寄生后间隔不同时间再供长尾潜蝇茧蜂寄生,各处理问长尾潜蝇茧蜂的羽化率无显著差异;时间间隔为132h时,寄生蜂总的羽化率最高,为86．63％．     

粤西山区橘小实蝇的发生与为害

2008年2月至2009年2月,在广东罗定市太平镇和罗镜镇利用性引诱剂对橘小实蝇进行了全年种群动态监测,调查结果显示橘小实蝇已在罗定大量发生、为害.该虫数量4-6月开始迅速上升,6-9月份是发生盛期:10月份虫口密度逐渐下降,12月到翌年2月份种群数量很低.     

Application of a web-based remote agro-ecological monitoring system for observing spatial distribution and dynamics of Bactrocera dorsalis in fruit orchards

Improving fruit farm profitability through integrated pest management (IPM) programs is always an important issue to modern agriculture systems. In order to enhance IPM programs against Bactrocera dorsalis, an automatic infield monitoring system is required to efficiently capture long-term and up-to-the-minute environmental fluctuations in a fruit farm. In this study, a remote agro-ecological monitoring system built upon wireless sensor networks has been developed to provide precision agriculture (PA) services with large-scale, long-distance, long-term, scalable, and real-time infield data collection capabilities. Historical data with spatial information is available through a web-based decision support program built upon a database. Pest population forecast results are also provided so that farmers and government officials would be able to accurately respond to infield variations. Compared with the previous version of the system, various useful functions have been added into the system, and its accuracy has been improved when measuring different parameters in the field. The system could provide a valuable framework for farmers and pest control officials to analyze the relations between population dynamics of the fruit fly and meteorological events. Based on the analysis, a better insect pest risk assessment and accurate decision-making strategy can be made as an aid to PA against B. dorsalis.     

Influence of Host Shift on Genetic Differentiation of the Oriental Fruit Fly,Bactrocera dorsalis

Invasion of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, into new niches containing different food sources (a process referred to as host shift), may cause population genetic differentiation and sympatric speciation. To attempt to infer that experimentally, test populations were established by transferring a subset of the original populations, which had been grown on banana for many generations, onto navel orange, and then subculturing the navel orange population and banana population for at least 20 generations. Four pairs of SSR primers with high polymorphism on laboratory strains were used to detect population genetic differentiation. All six tested populations (the 5th, 10th and 15th generations of B. dorsalis fed on banana and navel orange, respectively) were found to have low genetic diversity. Furthermore, the genetic diversity of the navel orange populations was found to decline after being crossed for several generations. Populations initially were deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, however, equilibrium was achieved with increasing numbers of generations in both of the host populations. Limited gene flows were found among the six populations. The Nei's standard genetic distances between the two host populations of the same generation were initially low, but increased with generation number. Genetic distances between banana and navel orange populations of the same generation were lower than genetic distances between different generations grown on the same host plant. Analysis of molecular distance (AMOVA) results based on generation groups and host groups demonstrated that genetic variation among generations was greater than that between the two host populations. The results indicated that population genetic differentiation occurred after the host shift, albeit at low level. Biogeography and taxonomy of the B. dorsalis complex revealed that speciation of B. dorsalis might be tightly associated with host shift or host specialization of B. dorsalis following dispersal.     

一种实蝇营养型诱剂对西瓜实蝇类害虫诱集防治效果初报

实蝇是西瓜生产中害虫防治的重点与难点,目前诱集防治是其主要的防治方法.试验结果表明,西瓜田中实蝇类害虫优势种为桔小实蝇约占60％,其次为瓜实蝇;新型营养型诱剂实蝇克(含0.05％阿维菌素)以1～10倍清水拌匀能有效诱集各种实蝇,每隔7d换药1次,连续换药2次,42 d后对西瓜的保护作用达80％以上,效果优于生产中常用的物理粘杀剂,可满足西瓜生产中实蝇防治的需要.     

Invasion,expansion, and control of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) in China

The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is among the most destructive fruit/vegetable-eating agricultural pests in the word, particularly in Asian countries such as China. Because of its widespread distribution, invasive ability, pest status, and economic losses to fruit and vegetable crops, this insect species is viewed as an organism warranting severe quarantine restrictions by many countries in the world. To understand the characteristics and potential for expansion of this pest, this article assembled current knowledge on the occurrence and comprehensive control of the Oriental fruit fly in China concerning the following key aspects: invasion and expansion process, biological and ecological characteristics, dynamic monitoring, chemical ecology, function of symbionts, mechanism of insecticide resistance, control index, and comprehensive control and countermeasures. Some suggestions for the further control and study of this pest are also proposed.     

Development of an autonomous early warning system for Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) outbreaks in remote fruit orchards

Developing an autonomous early warning system for detecting pest resurgence is an essential task to reduce the probabilities of massive Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)) outbreaks. By preventing pest outbreaks, farmers would be able to reduce their dependence on chemical pesticides. Chemical pesticide abuse often brings harmful consequences to human health and natural environments. Since an agroecological system can change at a fast rate due to the soil degradation and the environmental factors changes, the rise of pest density cannot be immediately detected by traditional methodologies. In this study, an autonomous early warning system, built upon the basis of wireless sensor networks and GSM networks, is presented to effectively capture long-term and up-to-the-minute natural environmental fluctuations in fruit farms. In addition, two machine learning techniques, self-organizing maps and support vector machines, are incorporated to perform adaptive learning and automatically issue a warning message to farmers and government officials via GSM networks when the population density of B. dorsalis significantly rises. The proposed system also provides sensor fault warning messages to system administrators when one or more faulty sensors give abnormal readings to the system. Then, farmers and government officials would be able to take precautionary actions in time before major pest outbreaks cause an extensive crop loss, as well as to schedule maintenance tasks to repair faulted devices. The experimental results indicate that the proposed early warning system is able to detect the incidents of possible pest outbreaks in a variety of seasonal conditions with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and precision around 98%, 100%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, as well as to transmit the early warning messages to farmers and government officials via Short Message Service using the GSM network. The proposed early warning system can be easily adopted in different fruit farms without extra efforts from farmers and government officials since it is built based on machine learning techniques, and the warning messages are delivered to their mobile phones as text messages. The proposed early warning system also shows great potential to assist farmers to update their pest control operations in the fruit farms, and help government officials to improve farming systems.     

梨小食心虫性诱剂2类诱芯的桃园田间诱蛾效果比较

梨小食心虫是北方果树的头号害虫,目前种群仍呈上升态势。为改进性诱剂防治技术,2009年在河北省顺平县桃园,采用橡胶塞载体和水盆法诱捕法,对2类梨小食心虫性诱剂诱芯的诱蛾效果进行了田间对比试验。结果表明:中国科学院动物研究所研制的新型诱芯B的平均诱蛾量是常规标准诱芯的2.11倍,差异达显著水平(P(0.05)。     

广西番石榴园桔小实蝇综合防治研究

[目的]探索广西南宁地区桔小实蝇的为害特点、发生规律及综合防治方法。[方法]在番石榴园采用定点系统调查法,以实蝇引诱剂为材料对桔小实蝇成虫发生动态进行调查;研究诱蝇剂、果实套袋、清园捡拾落果、适时喷药等方法对该虫害的防治效果。[结果]桔小实蝇在广西南宁有2个为害高峰期（5～6月、8～9月）。诱蝇剂诱杀雄虫、适时喷药、套袋、清园捡拾落果等综合防治措施实施后,番石榴园的虫口密度大幅下降;2008年6月桔小实蝇为害高峰期,科研基地番石榴为害率仅为6.67%～7.33%,而对照区为90.53%～98.00%,防治效果显著。[结论]研究结果不仅初步挽回了番石榴产量的损失,也为在该地区制定防治桔小实蝇的整体策略提供了依据。     

10种物理诱黏剂对3种实蝇的诱集效果评价

瓜实蝇、南瓜实蝇以及桔小实蝇是为害果蔬的重要检疫性害虫。物理诱黏剂可用于多种实蝇的监测和防治,但缺乏对3种实蝇的诱集效果评价。田间开展了10种物理诱黏剂对3种实蝇的诱集效果评价。结果表明,10种诱黏剂对桔小实蝇的诱集作用最强,其中佳果多诱集的桔小实蝇数量最多,其次为黏王和神捕。研究还发现,诱集的实蝇大多为雄虫。佳果多、黏王以及神捕可用于桔小实蝇的监测和防治。