Ecological effect analysis of pumpkin and oil sunflower intercropping in arid area of northwest Hebei Province: I. moisture analysis

Experiments were conducted during 2007–2008 at the Zhangbei Agricultural Resource and Ecological Environment Key Field Research Station, Hebei Province, China to study water-efficient pumpkin planting patterns in this area. Four treatments of pumpkin and oil sunflower intercropping were used to study the problem of water resource scarcity and inefficient water use in the plateau of northern Hebei Province. The four treatments were: pumpkin sole cropping (Sp), oil-sunflower sole cropping (So), intercropping one row oil sunflower (IC₁) or two rows (IC₂) between pumpkin rows. The results showed that oil sunflower competed for soil water with pumpkin during late growth stage of pumpkin in IC₂, but there was no water competition in IC₁. Total rainfall during the growing season was 201.6 mm and the soil water balance differed between treatments. In all cases the water percolation was low and soil moisture storage always negative. Nearly all water loss was through evapotranspiration, which varied by treatment. The seasonal evapotranspiration of IC1 was less than So, Sp and IC₂, 46.57%, 41.22% and 46.73%, respectively. Economic yield of pumpkin decreased from 30.00% (IC1 ) to 71.42% (IC₂). However, yield per plant of intercropping oil sunflower increased from 190.71% to 241.26%, as compared with So, because oil sunflower showed remarkably partial advantage. The Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) of pumpkin-oil sunflower was 1.08–1.22, and the Water Equivalent Ratio (WER) of pumpkin-oil sunflower was 1.07–1.26. Economic value of sole pumpkin was greatest but did not differ from treatment IC1. Other treatments had significantly less economic value. In this region of rain-fed dry land farming, a sparse planting of sole pumpkin with high efficiency production could realize water resources most effectively in the Plateau of northern Hebei Province.     

小麦玉米间作和氮肥对作物耗水特性及水分利用的影响

通过大田试验,在半湿润区雨养条件下研究小麦玉米间作种植与单作种植在两个氮肥水平下的阶段耗水量、土面蒸发特征及水分利用效率,探究间作系统中各组成作物的耗水特性以及氮肥对水分利用的调节作用。研究结果表明,间作种植模式可增加小麦耗水量、全生育期土面蒸发量与土面蒸发量占耗水量的比例(E/ET),而降低玉米耗水量。在同一种植模式下,施氮处理增加作物耗水量,同时降低全生育期土面蒸发量与土面蒸发量占耗水量的比例,说明施氮能适当地增加土壤水分的有效性。与单作相比,间作使小麦在施氮时产量、水分利用效率分别提高33.20%与12.15%,在不施氮时较单作小麦产量、水分利用效率分别提高26.97%与23.81%;玉米间作与单作种植对产量的差异不显著,但显著提高水分利用效率,在施氮时和不施氮情况下分别提高8.37%和10.06%。在同一种植模式下,施氮处理同时增加小麦和玉米的产量与水分利用效率。因此,可在半湿润区适当发展施氮处理的间作种植模式,以提高作物的水分利用效率和达到作物高产。     

冀西北高原还林地林带间水分动态与资源适度利用研究

针对冀西北坝上还林地间作的4种模式,对林带间水分进行监测研究。结果表明:4龄榆树与林带间荒草地耗水量差异不显著;林带间作大豆、苜蓿、小南瓜使得远林带点耗水量分别高于林带间荒草地5.2、11.6、20.0 mm,近林带点差异不显著;间种作物未影响幼林的生长,且能获得较好的经济产值;还林地间作小南瓜,不仅可通过瓜蔓郁蔽效应改善林带土壤水分,而且可获得当地主栽作物1.85倍的经济产值,是一生态-经济效益兼顾的幼林地资源适度利用范式。     

广东果园生物多样性利用与生态农业模式概述

分析了广东省果园利用的现状,指出全省果园利用中存在单一化种植尧病虫害多尧农药使用多尧循环产 业链短尧土地利用效率低尧外来入侵生物多尧土壤退化尧水土流失严重等问题。在此基础上,分别从结构尧效益以及地 域分布等方面阐述了当前广东省果园利用的典型生态模式,如野猪-沼-果冶模式尧野林-果-草-鱼冶模式尧野果-草-禽 （牧）冶模式尧果园养蜂模式尧果园套种蔬菜尧食用菌模式以及果园间作花生尧牧草模式等。     

杉木连栽速生丰产技术研究

对套种和不套种籽西瓜的杉木林进行了比较试验。结果表明:采用杉木连栽地套种籽西瓜可提高林分空间的利用率,改善林地小气候,提高造林成活率和保存率;增加林地有机质含量,改良林地土壤理化性质,提高土壤肥力和蓄水保水能力,能有效地防止林地的水土流失。套种籽西瓜所产生的良好环境效应,促进了杉木幼林生长,套种林分蓄积量和生物生产力分别较不套种的林分高191.22%和141.85%,使二代林的林分生产力比一代林的木材产量净增30%~50%。山地杉木幼林的套作方式经济效益显著,实现了低投入、高产出、低消耗、高利润、以短养长、以短促长的经营目标。     

不同种植方式土地利用效率的定量评价

 【目的】针对目前土地当量比在间作应用中存在的问题，分析土地当量比概念的实质是评价不同种植方式的土地利用效率。【方法】采用理论分析与田间试验结果相结合的方法。【结果】在研究土地当量比内涵的基础上，结合实例进一步就应用土地当量比评价复种套作、间混作及轮作等不同种植方式的土地利用效率进行了深入探讨，明确了土地当量比是评价不同种植方式土地利用效率的客观指标。【结论】复种套作、间混作及轮作的土地当量比分别为1.68、1.38和1.21，三种不同的种植方式土地利用效率较单作分别提高68％、38％和21％。     

枣树、紫花苜蓿间作栽培技术

天津市南部半干旱地区多瘠薄盐碱地,农业生产条件恶劣。多年来,在天津市静海县种植业发展服务中心技术人员总结当地实践经验的基础上,利用枣树、苜蓿耐盐碱能力强,苜蓿可改良盐碱地,培肥地力的特点,探索"枣草间作"技术。通过"枣草间作"立体生态种植模式的示范与推广,总结出天津市南部半干旱地区不同栽植形式枣树行间种植苜蓿的主要栽培技术。     

阴山北麓农牧交错区农田土壤风蚀影响因子及防治对策

土壤风蚀是阴山北麓农牧交错区土地退化的主要原因之一.从风蚀气候因子、地表粗糙度、植被覆盖度、土壤性质和人为影响因素等方面对农田土壤风蚀的主要影响因子进行了分析,探讨了这一地区农田土壤风蚀的防治对策,提出了以实施保护性耕作为主,辅之以间作、轮作的防治风蚀措施.这种措施既能发挥保护性耕作带残茬降风速、保水土、抗风蚀的作用,并对翻耕带形成保护;又可满足地区种植结构,解决保护性耕作带来的杂草防治和农家肥施用难题,对实现地区可持续农业发展具有重要意义.     

燕麦与马铃薯带状间作产量优势及土地利用率

为探究北方半干旱地区燕麦与马铃薯带状间作对作物产量和土地利用率的影响，于2019—2021年在山西省右玉县开展3年的大田试验，设置燕麦单作、马铃薯单作和燕麦与马铃薯带状间作3种种植模式，分析了3种种植模式产量效应以及间作模式的土地当量比(LER)和边行效应。结果表明:燕麦与马铃薯带状间作表现出明显的增产效应，3年试验期间的土地当量比分别为1.11、1.07和1.17。间作边1行燕麦籽粒产量显著高于间作其他边行和单作行，2019—2021年，间作边1行产量对间作燕麦籽粒产量贡献率为35.6%~38.5%。产量构成分析显示，地上部生物量、有效穗和穗粒数的增加是间作边1行燕麦籽粒产量提高的决定因素。与马铃薯单作相比，间作边1行马铃薯单株块茎重和商品薯重均降低，导致间作马铃薯产量下降1.0%~26.2%。综上所述，燕麦与马铃薯带状间作增加了土地利用率，具有较好的产量效应，燕麦边行效应是间作产量优势的重要原因。     

Root distributions in tillage layers and yields of pumpkin and oil sunflower in an intercropping system

Studies on the distribution of roots of pumpkin and oil sunflower in tillage layers and their relations with their above-ground biomass in an intercropping system were conducted by digging roots by layers, combined with DT-Scan and the WinRHIZO root analysis system, during harvest in the plateau of the northwest part of Hebei Province, China. The results of analyzing roots and ratio of root to shoot showed that oil sunflower had an advantage over pumpkin in the intercropping system. Root dry weight of oil sunflower in treatments of pumpkin intercropped with one row (J1) and two rows of oil sunflower (J2) was, respectively, 2.5 and 1.83 times that of sole oil sunflower cropping (YD); the root length was 1.25 and 1.27 times, the root surface area was 1.20 and 1.14 times, and the root volume was 1.53 and 1.44 times that of sole oil sunflower cropping, respectively. As oil sunflower was dominant in absorbing nutrition and water in the intercropping system, the growth and development of pumpkin were restricted. Root dry weight of pumpkin in sole cropping (ND) was 1.5 and 1.9 times as much as that in treatments of J1 and J2 in a 0- to 40-cm soil layer, with the root length, surface area, and volume being 1.02 and 1.13, 1.04 and 1.26, 1.22 and 1.22 times that of treatments of J1 and J2, respectively. The root and the above-ground biomass of intercropped pumpkin with oil sunflower were lower than those in sole pumpkin cropping, while those of oil sunflower were the opposite. Root density of pumpkin decreased in power function with the soil layers, while it decreased by exponential function in oil sunflower. It was concluded that sole pumpkin cropping rather than pumpkin-oil sunflower intercropping is the suitable planting regimen in this area.     

阴山北麓农牧交错区麦薯带状间作农田土壤抗风蚀能力研究

对麦薯带状间作农田土壤的抗风蚀能力进行了探讨.结果表明,该措施能够减少水分蒸发,增加地表土壤含水率0.22%~2.6%,增大地表空气动力学粗糙度0.03~3.81 cm,降低近地表风速6%~46%,减少土壤风蚀0.5%~84%.在定量研究的基础上,提出了翻耕带有效抗风蚀宽度为5 m.     

根间作用对玉米间作豌豆耗水特征的影响

通过大田试验,在高、中、低供水水平和根系部分分隔(尼龙网隔根)、完全分隔(塑料布隔根)、不分隔条件下,探讨玉米间作豌豆的产量和水分利用特征,以期为通过调控根间作用提高间作水分利用效率(WUE)提供依据。结果表明,9个间作处理的LER处于1.13~1.42,即间作较单作具有明显的产量优势。两种作物地上互作对间作产量的贡献率为15.7%~17.2%,根系空间生态位重叠对产量的贡献率占0.9%~3.4%,地下互作对间作增产的贡献率为82.6%~86.1%,供水水平相对较高时利于间作优势的发挥。玉米间作豌豆耗水量较相应单作高24.8%~28.8%。供水水平较低且存在作物生长带间水分迁移时,根系空间生态位重叠有利于降低群体耗水量。间作WUE较单作平均高27.5%~38.3%,高供水间作处理的WUE高于中、低灌水处理。无论是完全隔根还是部分隔根,间作WUE较未隔根处理显著下降,且尼龙网隔根间作的WUE最低。间作作物地下水分的带间迁移、根系空间生态位的适度重叠是提高作物WUE的重要途径。     

德宏州幼龄橡胶林下套种甘薯栽培技术

幼林橡胶园套种甘薯,不仅可提高复种指数,同时也可提高土壤墒情,改善林下气候环境,减少病虫害的发生和除草剂的使用,降低种植成本,有效增加单位土地面积的经济效益。本研究依据德宏州幼林胶园宽行密株特性和甘薯的生物学特征,分析橡胶套种甘薯特色产业发展优势,系统介绍橡胶林下套种甘薯的栽培管理技术,旨在为调整当地农业产业结构和橡胶产业的可持续发展提供参考。     

种植和施肥方式对云南坡耕地氮素流失的影响*

 通过野外坡度为146°的径流小区进行实地观测,研究种植和施肥方式对云南坡耕地氮素流失的影响。结果表明,在等高种植+平衡施肥+等高植物篱条带组合农艺措施条件下,玉米吸收氮素达到流失总量的9942%,土壤侵蚀流失氮为流失总量的048%,径流流失氮为流失总量的010%;顺坡种植+农民习惯施肥玉米吸收氮为流失总量的7936%,而土壤侵蚀流失氮占到流失总量的2022%,径流流失氮占流失总量的042%。等高种植比顺坡种植增加玉米吸收氮786%,减少土壤侵蚀流失氮7430%,减少径流流失氮2931%。等高种植+平衡施肥条件下,等高植物篱条带减少玉米吸收氮332%,减少土壤侵蚀流失氮8661%,减少径流流失氮达5610%;顺坡种植+习惯施肥条件下,等高植物篱条带减少玉米吸收氮448%,减少土壤侵蚀流失氮9651%,减少径流流失氮6094%。平衡施肥比习惯施肥增加玉米吸收氮4128%,减少土壤侵蚀流失氮1938%;减少径流流失氮938%。     

Relationship Between Agriculture and Ecological Deterioration, Restoration and Reconstruction in Loess Plateau Areas of Northwest China

A comprehensive analysis was conducted on the current situation as well as historic succession process of agriculture and ecological conditions in Northwest China, in particular in the Loess Plateau, by means of a inter-disciplinary approach of ecology, agro-geohistory, and agronomy. It was concluded that the fundamental causes responsible for the ecological deterioration, signed by the poor agro-productivity and serious soil erosion, had been the extensive cropping system by ever-increasing reclamation on semi-drought slope land, where initiated a natural vegetation of brushy grasses with sparse trees, thus suitable only for animal husbandry. Based on an identification of specific actual status of China, several countermeasures of correctly dealing with the relationship between agricultural development and the ecological restoration and reconstruction were proposed, including to get breakthrough first in the transection area by means of the rational use of resources and the raising of agro-system productivity, to promoting “water conservancy-type ecological agriculture“ through the radical shift of traditional production pattern, and the adoption of a policy of proper degree of grain self-reliance, as well as to construct livestock industry base in Northwest China.     

NSI-415保水剂对荒山栗钙土理化性状和白榆生长的影响研究

在新疆北疆地区荒山绿化造林中,应用NSI-415保水剂进行不同水平用量的白榆秋季造林试验。第二年的试验结果表明:NSI-415保水剂可显著提高北疆地区白榆秋季造林成活率,但对高、径生长影响不大,穴施法最优用量为60 g/株;NSI-415保水剂可以显著改善荒山栗钙土壤的物理性质,但对pH、有机质、总盐均无显著影响。     

间套作系统中土壤水分研究进展

 简要介绍了间套作的基本情况及研究间套作系统中土壤水分的意义,并对国内外不同间套作系统中土壤水分变化、间作群体中的土壤水分蒸发、水分利用效率及土壤水分和水分利用效率影响因素的研究进展进行了综述。通过以上几方面的综述,提出了在间套作系统中土壤水分研究方面存在的不足和需要进一步研究的问题     

辽西半干旱区玉米大豆间作模式对作物干物质积累分配、产量及土地生产力的影响

【目的】通过分析玉米大豆间作模式作物干物质积累与分配规律及种间竞争关系,探讨玉米大豆间作的增产机理,提出适合辽西半干旱区的最优玉米大豆间作模式。【方法】试验于2018—2019年在国家农业环境阜新科学观测实验站进行,采用田间试验方法,设置2行玉米2行大豆间作（MS2:2）、4行玉米4行大豆间作（MS4:4）、6行玉米6行大豆间作（MS6:6）、玉米单作（M）、大豆单作（S）等5种种植模式,研究作物的干物质积累分配特点、种间竞争力及其对产量和土地生产力的影响。【结果】3种间作模式均提高了玉米拔节期和灌浆期的干物质积累量,比单作玉米分别增加16.58%—20.32%和51.29%—52.56%;间作对大豆分枝期和鼓粒期的干物质积累影响较小,但分枝期MS2:2间作模式干物质积累量显著低于单作大豆。玉米干物质分配比率拔节期叶大于茎,灌浆期穗大于茎、叶,且3种间作模式穗的分配比率比单作玉米增加23.22%—31.70%;大豆干物质分配比率分枝期茎大于叶,鼓粒期茎、叶大于荚果,MS2:2和MS4:4间作模式大豆荚果分配比率比单作大豆分别降低19.30%、17.22%,MS6:6间作模式与单作大豆差异不显著。间作模式下玉米比大豆表现出了更强的种间竞争力（Ams>0）和产量营养竞争比率（CRms>1）。MS6:6和MS4:4间作模式土地当量比LER分别为1.16、1.07,土地生产力提高7%—16%,具有显著的间作优势;MS2:2间作模式土地当量比为0.97,具有间作劣势。【结论】玉米大豆间作模式土地生产能力的提高主要是通过改变作物干物质积累分配及种间竞争关系实现,MS6:6和MS4:4间作模式优势明显。表现最佳的是MS6:6间作模式,该模式能够显著提高土地生产力,在当地农业生产中具有很好的应用价值。     

Maize-soybean strip intercropping: Achieved a balance between high productivity and sustainability

Intercropping is one of the most vital practice to improve land utilization rate in China that has limited arable land resource. However, the traditional intercropping systems have many disadvantages including illogical field lay-out of crops, low economic value, and labor deficiency, which cannot balance the crop production and agricultural sustainability. In view of this, we developed a novel soybean strip intercropping model using maize as the partner, the regular maize-soybean strip intercropping mainly popularized in northern China and maize-soybean relay-strip intercropping principally extended in southwestern China. Compared to the traditional maize-soybean intercropping systems, the main innovation of field lay-out style in our present intercropping systems is that the distance of two adjacent maize rows are shrunk as a narrow strip, and a strip called wide strip between two adjacent narrow strips is expanded reserving for the growth of two or three rows of soybean plants. The distance between outer rows of maize and soybean strips are expanded enough for light use efficiency improvement and tractors working in the soybean strips. Importantly, optimal cultivar screening and increase of plant density achieved a high yield of both the two crops in the intercropping systems and increased land equivalent ratio as high as 2.2. Annually alternative rotation of the adjacent maize- and soybean-strips increased the grain yield of next seasonal maize, improved the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potasium of maize, while prevented the continuous cropping obstacles. Extra soybean production was obtained without affecting maize yield in our strip intercropping systems, which balanced the high crop production and agricultural sustainability.     

带状套作大豆群体冠层光能截获与利用特征

【目的】研究不同行距的玉豆间距带状套作组合对大豆冠层结构特征与光能利用的影响,为制定适宜的群体配置提供理论依据。【方法】以四川省主推玉米和大豆品种“川单418”和“贡选1号”为试材,设计（A）玉豆间距40 cm（大豆窄行行距70 cm）、（B）玉豆间距50 cm（大豆窄行行距50 cm）、（C）玉豆间距60 cm（大豆窄行行距30 cm）3种玉豆带状套作组合,并以单作玉米（SM）和单作大豆（SSB）作为对照,对带状套作大豆冠层结构、光能截获量、干物质重等指标进行测定分析。【结果】（1）不同带状套作大豆群体冠层上方的PAR存在显著差异,且均显著低于SSB（P＜0.05）。玉豆共生期间,处理A大豆群体冠层上方的PAR与处理B和C相比,分别低44.1%和60.4%。这说明由于处理A缩短了玉豆间距,加剧了玉米对大豆的遮荫程度,从而降低了大豆群体可利用的有限光照资源。（2）不同带状套作大豆群体的LAI、叶倾角和株高均呈现显著差异（P＜0.05）,在大豆V5、V7和R1期,处理B比处理C和处理A的LAI分别提高了16.4%、13.1%、12%和30.3%、32.2%、29.3%。叶倾角比处理C和处理A分别提高了15%、16%、14%和34%、31%、26%。株高比处理C和处理A分别减低了7%、8.8%、7.9%和13.5%、16.7%、14.8%。说明适宜的玉豆间距可以提高套作大豆的LAI,调整更加合理的叶倾角和株高,优化植株形态特征,实现光能在大豆群体内的均匀分布,有利于提高大豆的光能利用效率。（3）不同带状套作大豆光能截获量呈现显著差异（P＜0.05）。在大豆V5、V7和R1期间,处理A与处理B相比光能截获量分别降低了43%、22%和33%,处理C与处理B相比则分别降低了21%、10%和17%,LAI与光能截获量存在显著的正相关关系（0.977**）, 说明在玉豆间距为50 cm时增加了大豆群体的LAI,从而提高了光能截获量。（4）不同带状套作大豆光能利用率呈现显著差异（P＜0.05）。在大豆V5、V7和R1期,处理B与处理C相比光能利用率分别提高了8.6%、7.0%和5.8%,处理B与处理A相比则分别提高了40%、23%和13%。（5）不同带状套作大豆群体的干物质重均显著低于SSB,且处理间呈显著性差异（P＜0.05）。在大豆V5、V7和R1期,处理A与处理B相比分别降低了59%、36%和41%,处理C与处理B相比则分别降低了27%、16%和22%,DMW与光能截获量存在显著的正相关关系（0.989**）,说明在玉豆间距为50 cm时增加了大豆群体的光能截获量,从而提高了大豆群体干物质的积累。（6）不同带状套作大豆群体产量及总产量存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）。其中处理B的大豆产量分别比处理C和处理A提高了10%和27%,总产量比处理C和处理A提高了1%和3%。说明随着玉豆间距的缩短,大豆弱光胁迫程度的增加,大豆产量呈下降趋势。【结论】本试验条件下,以玉豆间距为50 cm的玉豆带状套作种植模式可以优化大豆群体冠层结构、提高光能利用率和产量。