籼型三系不育系洪A的选育

江西农业大学与萍乡市农业科学研究所合作,用新露B与珍汕97B杂交,F1代再与176B复交,复交F5代选优良株系作父本与新露A测交,并经多代择优回交转育育成籼型三系不育系洪A。该不育系具有穗大粒多、花粉败育彻底、配合力好等特点,适宜用于配制高产杂交晚稻组合。2017年2月,洪A通过了江西省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

高产杂交稻新组合T优8086的选育

从地谷B/珍汕97B∥龙特浦B复交后代中,选择株叶形态好、柱头外露率高、品质较优、生育期较迟的株系,与珍汕97A连续多代回交,育成育性稳定、配合力强、米质较优的三系不育系T80A.以T80A与强恢复系明恢86配制的新组合T优8086具有米质较优、高产等优点,在国家南方稻区长江上游中籼迟熟高产组区试中,生育期比对照汕优63早3～4 d,2 a增产均达显著或极显著水平,2004年7月通过国家品种审定委员会审定,适宜在四川、重庆、云南、贵州和陕西等地作一季中稻种植.     

优质籼型三系不育系楠丰9A的选育

楠丰9A是温州市农业研究院选育的中熟籼型不育系。该不育系株型紧凑,分蘖力较强,穗大粒多,柱头总外露率为71.62%,其中双外露率占30.95%;不育性稳定,花粉败育率99.99%,以典败为主;配合力强,米质较优;抗病性优于对照珍汕97A。2009年9月通过浙江省农作物品种审定委员会技术鉴定。     

籼型优质不育系绵2A的选育

绵2A是以绵2B（香改B/Ⅱ-32-8B//K19B）为父本、珍汕97A为母本测交和连接回交选育而成的野败型优质不育系。该不育系性稳定，花粉败育彻底，不育株率和花粉不育度均为100%，农艺性状优良，遗传性状稳定，米质优，柱头外露率高，易于繁殖、易于繁殖、制种，配合力好，杂种一代优势强、米质优。2001年8月通过四川省技术鉴定。     

三系不育系荟丰A的选育与利用

以天丰B为母本与优质保持亲本IR58025B杂交,F1代再与金23B复交,F3代选柱头外露率高、株叶形态好的优良株系与金23A测交,后经连续多世代进行抗稻瘟病、米质、育性筛选和回交转育,育成育性稳定、综合性状较优的三系不育系荟丰A。2017年4月,荟丰A通过福建省农作物品种审定委员会审定。利用该不育系配制的荟丰优3301、荟丰优3518和荟丰优5438等杂交新组合已通过国家或福建省品种审定。     

杂交水稻新组合T优5570的选育与应用

T优5570是福建农林大学作物学院与福建省种子总站合作以自育的T55A不育系为母本 ,明恢70为父本配组而成的杂交稻新组合。该组合不育系配合力突出、异交性好、育性稳定。用T55A与强恢复系明恢70配制的T优5570 ,具有制种纯度高、杂种优势强、丰产性好等特性。一、选育过程1.T55A的选育1992年早季在福州配制单交组合珍汕97B/地谷B ,秋季种植杂种一代。F1 抽穗时用龙特甫B进行复交。复交F1 选株建立株系 ,F4 代开始选株与珍汕97A测交。于抽穗期间 ,从农艺性状与特B相似的株系中选择单株与珍汕97A测交。F5 抽穗期间 ,从每个小区随机取样5…     

籼型三系不育系29A及其组合29优559的选育与应用

29A系江苏沿海地区农科所以珍汕97B与V20B杂交再与珍汕97A回交转育而成的籼型野败型不育系,具有不育性彻底、开花习性好、异交结实率高等特点,是江苏育成的第1个籼型三系不育系。用29A与盐恢559配组育成的新组合29优559优势明显,抗病性较强,米质中上。29A与29优559均于2003年1月通过江苏省农作物品种审定。     

优质籼型水稻不育系京福4A的选育

京福4A是用京福4B(冈46B/枝B)与枝A测交并逐代回交转育而成的籼型水稻三系不育系.该不育系熟期较早、米质较优、穗大秆粗、株型良好、配合力强,不育性稳定,不育株率100％,花粉败育率99.99％,于2004年6月通过福建省技术鉴定.用京福4A配组育成的杂交稻新组合京福4优13于2010年通过江西省品种审定.     

籼稻三系不育系泉6A的选育

泉6A是福建省泉州市农业科学研究所以不育系珍汕97A为细胞质供体,V41B/闽泉2号∥金23B的F2单株为细胞核供体,经多代回交选育而成的籼稻三系不育系,2007年通过福建省农作物品种审定委员会组织的现场鉴定.泉6A育性稳定,花粉败育彻底,不育株率与不育度均为100%;开花习性好,柱头外露率高;稻米品质较好;配合力强,所配杂种优势强.     

高异交率优质籼型不育系健645A的选育

湖南金健种业有限责任公司与常德市农科所合作用[珍汕97B×(菲改B×V20B)F10]F4×[(菲改B×V20B)F10×金23B]F4的F7代与优质稻黑宝的无色变异株杂交,经3 a 6代的定向选择得到优质人工制保材料(代号645),再与金23A测交并连续回交转育成优质野败型迟熟籼稻不育系健645A。该不育系不育性稳定,不育株率100%,花粉不育度100%,自交结实率为0,开花习性好,花时早,自然条件下柱头外露率高达82.39%,异交结实率高,繁殖制种产量高;米质优良,12项米质指标均达部颁优质米2级以上标准;生育期较长,配合力好,所配组合产量优势强,且米质优良。健645A于2006年2月通过湖南省农作物品种审定。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.