磷酸活化法制备棉秆活性炭的研究

通过研究活化工艺条件对棉秆活性炭吸附性能的影响，探讨了磷酸活化棉秆原料制备活性炭的可行性。结果表明：磷酸活化棉秆原料能制备出糖液脱色用活性炭的优级品，其碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝以及焦糖脱色力分别达N920mg／g、200mL/g和130％。其最佳活化工艺务件为：磷酸浓度50％，浸渍比2．5：1，浸溃时间60min，活化温度500％，活化时间60min。其中浸渍比对棉秆活性炭的脱色能力影响最大。     

龙凤檀磷酸法活性炭的孔径分布与吸附性能的构效关系

以硬杂木龙凤檀的加工剩余物为原料,研究了磷酸活化法的活化温度、磷酸质量分数和浸渍比对龙凤檀活性炭吸附性能的影响,通过N₂吸附-脱附等温线对活性炭的结构进行分析,并根据吸附理论和DFT孔径分布图,拟合计算出活性炭有效孔道所占的孔容积与液相吸附性能(碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值和焦糖脱色率)的构效关系。研究结果表明：在磷酸质量分数60%、磷酸溶液与龙凤檀浸渍比3∶1(mL∶g)、活化温度500℃、活化时间120 min的条件下,磷酸活化法制备的龙凤檀活性炭具有最佳的吸附性能和优异的孔隙结构,碘吸附值为841 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为270 mg/g,焦糖脱色率为120%,比表面积为1 516 m²/g,总孔容为1.145 cm³/g,均优于软杂木杉木制备得到的活性炭。应用密度泛函理论(DFT),计算出龙凤檀活性炭不同孔径区间对应的孔容积,经过理论分析和拟合计算,发现碘吸附值与孔径在1.0～2.7 nm之间的孔容积、亚甲基蓝吸附值与孔径在1.7～5.0 nm之间的孔容积、焦糖脱色率与孔径在2.7～6.3 nm之间的孔容积有着很好...     

废弃粉状活性炭制备糖液脱色用成型活性炭

为了再生废弃粉状活性炭,将废弃粉状活性炭、煤焦油和聚乙二醇混合搅拌,并经成型、炭化和活化制备成型颗粒活性炭。采用国家标准和氮气吸附法分析测试活性炭的碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值、焦糖脱色率、比表面积和比孔容积等,利用热重分析方法研究废弃粉状活性炭、煤焦油和聚乙二醇3种组分及其混合物的热解特征,考察聚乙二醇的用量、分子量以及活化的温度和时间对成型活性炭吸附能力与孔隙结构的影响。研究结果表明:采用粉状活性炭、煤焦油和聚乙二醇混合成型的热再生方法可以制备出糖液脱色用颗粒活性炭;聚乙二醇添加剂可以显著提高活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值和焦糖脱色率,促进中孔的形成,但聚乙二醇分子量的影响不明显;在废弃粉状活性炭与聚乙二醇4000的质量比为6∶1,粉状活性炭与煤焦油的质量比1∶1.6,活化温度和时间分别为900℃和2 h等条件下,可以制备出亚甲基蓝吸附值达205 m L/g和焦糖脱色率达到110%的糖液脱色用成型颗粒活性炭。     

磷酸活化工艺条件对活性炭性质的影响

探讨了磷酸浓度、浸渍比、活化温度三个主要工艺参数对活性炭性质的影响。结果表明磷酸浓度、浸渍比和炭活化温度对磷酸活化法活性炭的碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝脱色力和焦糖脱色力都有影响:浸渍比(纯磷酸与绝干原料质量之比) 的影响最显著,但1.5:1之后影响不大;磷酸浓度对活性炭的碘吸附值影响显著,对亚甲基蓝脱色力的影响次之,而对焦糖脱色力的影响很小;炭活化温度对碘吸附值和焦糖脱色力的影响随磷酸浓度和浸渍比的不同而有较大的差异,但在不同的磷酸浓度和浸渍比的情况下炭活化温度的升高都提高亚甲基蓝脱色力。磷酸活化活性炭的孔隙结构能通过调整磷酸浓度、浸渍比和炭活化温度进行控制。     

磷酸-复合活化剂法制竹屑活性炭的研究

以竹屑为原料,用磷酸 复合活化剂(由磷酸添加一种酸性化合物A和一种盐类化合物S)法制备活性炭。研究了磷酸 复合活化剂用量、炭活化温度、炭活化时间等对活性炭的得率、灰分和pH值的影响,确定了适宜的制备竹屑活性炭工艺条件:磷酸浓度为38°Be′/60℃、添加剂A2%、添加剂S4%(A和S以磷酸质量分数计)、炭活化温度450℃、炭活化时间3h。在此条件下所得活性炭的得率为36%、灰分含量4.8%、pH值4.6。对竹屑活性炭的吸附性能、比表面积和孔隙性质也进行了分析。结果表明:竹屑活性炭的比表面积为1500m2/g、比孔容积1.10mL/g、平均孔隙半径1.46nm、焦糖脱色率(A法)120%和亚甲基蓝吸附值225mg/g。     

高比表面积竹质活性炭的制备与性能研究

以竹子为原料、磷酸为活化剂,在不同条件下制备竹基活性炭,考察浸渍比、活化温度、活化时间、升温速率等因素对竹质活性炭产品吸附性能的影响,得到亚甲基蓝吸附值最高达200 mL/g、焦糖脱色率最高达120%的高吸附性能竹质活性炭。研究结果表明最佳工艺条件为:浸渍比3∶1(g∶g),活化温度400℃,升温速率10℃/m in,活化时间40 m in。对所制得的竹质活性炭产品进行扫描电镜(SEM)分析、N2吸附分析,结果表明所制得活性炭具有较高的BET比表面积(2 103 m2/g)和发达的孔结构。     

磷酸活化稻秆制备中孔活性炭的研究

以稻秆为原料,通过磷酸法活化制备得到了中孔活性炭,并采用氮气吸附、元素分析和扫描电镜对其进行了表征分析。实验结果表明:稻秆制备活性炭的工艺条件为10 g稻秆,浸渍比3∶1(质量比),在140℃下预活化60 min,活化温度450℃,活化时间60 min。在此条件下制备得到的活性炭得率为25%,亚甲基蓝吸附值215 mg/g,碘吸附值835 mg/g,A法焦糖值110%,灰分3.03%,其比表面积为967.7 m2/g,总孔容为1.12 cm3/g,平均孔径为4.6 nm,中孔率可以达到84.8%。     

薄皮核桃壳基活性炭的制备及表征

【目的】以农林废弃物薄皮核桃壳为原料,通过化学活化-高温炭化法制备多孔活性炭材料,优化制备工艺过程,表征吸附性能机理,为薄皮核桃壳的开发利用提供技术指导。【方法】以碘吸附值和亚基甲蓝吸附值为考察指标,进行活化剂的筛选,并进一步考察原料粒度、料液比、活化时间、炭化温度和炭化时间对制备出的活性炭的吸附性能的影响。采用N2吸附-脱附等温线、元素分析仪和FTIR测定了活性炭的孔隙结构、主要元素组成和表面官能团,扫描电镜分析形貌结构,XRD和TG分析活性炭的结晶度和热稳定性。【结果】选用磷酸为最佳活化剂,薄皮核桃壳活性炭的最佳制备工艺条件为:核桃壳粉100目、料液比1:4、活化时间120 min、炭化温度500℃、炭化时间60 min,此工艺条件下制备出的活性炭的碘吸附值为657.42±3.16 mg/g、亚甲基蓝吸附值为248.55±1.94 mg/g。制备出的活性炭的表面积为449.80 m2/g,具有丰富的孔隙结构,孔容积为1.11 m2/g,平均孔径为7.87 nm。碳元素含量为65.56%,结晶度不高,为无定型结构,活性炭在400℃左右发生热降解,主要含有羧基、酚基、醇羟基等活性官能团。【结论】采用磷酸活化法制备出的薄皮核桃壳活性炭的孔隙结构发达,具有良好的吸附性能,碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值均高于国家标准,具有将废弃物资源循环利用的价值和前景。     

利用低温竹炭制备竹活性炭初步研究

选用低温竹炭为原料、氢氧化钾为活化剂,制备不同炭碱比和不同活化时间的竹活性炭。运用傅立叶红外光谱议(FTIR)、比表面积测定仪(BET)等仪器对竹活性炭表面官能团、比表面积和孔径结构及比电容进行了测试和分析。结果表明,炭碱比1:4、活化温度700℃、活化时间3h条件下制备的竹活性炭,比表面积为2897.7m2/g,总孔容为1.340cm3/g,平均孔径为2.59nm,亚甲基蓝吸附值为27.7ml/0.1g,碘吸附值为1920mg/g,作为超级电容器(EDLC)的电极,其比电容为114.4F/g。     

磷酸活化碱木糖渣制备高吸附性能活性炭

以碱木糖渣为原料,磷酸为活化剂,经预处理后活化,制备高吸附性能活性炭。考察了不同条件对活性炭吸附性能的影响,并结合N2吸附-脱附等温线对其孔结构进行表征。结果表明,当浸渍比为2.0∶1,预处理温度和时间分别为270℃和60 min,活化温度和时间分别为400℃和90 min时,制得的活性炭得率为36.36%,亚甲基蓝吸附值360 mg/g,碘吸附值1 142 mg/g,焦糖脱色率120%,比表面积1 850.6 m2/g,总孔容积1.48 cm3/g,中孔孔容0.81 cm3/g,平均孔径3.2 nm。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。