液化木质素磺酸钙基环保酚醛胶黏剂的合成

探讨了加料方式对传统酚醛树脂(PF)胶黏剂游离酚、醛的影响因素.在此基础上,采用热化学酚化技术活化木质素磺酸钙得到木质素磺酸钙酚化产物,将酚化产物代替苯酚制备低成本的木质素基酚醛胶黏剂(LPF).实验结果表明,当甲醛分3次加入、碱液分2次加入时,制备的PF胶黏剂具有较低的游离酚、醛,且以苯酚为液化试剂,液化温度140℃、液化时间15min、苯酚与木质素磺酸钙的质量比(酚木比)为2∶1,酚化工业木质素磺酸钙,将得到的酚化液代替苯酚在酚醛物质的量之比为1∶1.7时,制得的LPF具有更低的游离酚、醛含量、较长的储存期和优异的胶合性能.     

核桃壳苯酚液化及其产物树脂化制备木材胶黏剂的研究

采用硫酸催化剂,考察了苯酚与核桃壳质量比等条件对核桃壳液化的影响。结果表明相同液化条件下,随着苯酚与核桃壳质量比从2∶1升至5∶1,残渣率从26.49%降至6.60%;随着浓硫酸加入量从2%增至4%、反应时间从5 min延至120 min、反应温度从100℃增至150℃,残渣率则分别从20.79%降至10.48%、48.84%降至15.62%、28.86%降至9.39%,游离酚含量分别从17.32%降至12.67%、41.71%降至10.25%、21.94%降至14.33%。同时,液化产物重均相对分子质量(MW)可降至706~1 030、分散度可降至1.04~1.25;液化产物中高相对分子质量部分随着苯酚与核桃壳质量比的增加有所降低,但随着浓硫酸加入量、液化反应时间和温度的增加而有所增加;核桃壳液化产物/苯酚/甲醛共缩聚树脂胶黏剂(WPF)与传统酚醛树脂胶黏剂(PF)的对比表明,WPF的胶接强度可达1.33 MPa,可作为胶合板用胶黏剂。     

利用苯酚液化大豆粉制备耐水性木材胶黏剂

以硫酸/磷酸为催化剂和苯酚液化,将大豆粉转化为胶黏剂的制备原料,并制备得到耐水性木材胶黏剂。采用GPC,HPLC,FTIR等手段结合胶合板压制,对豆粉苯酚液化产物及其与甲醛缩聚得到的胶黏剂进行表征。结果表明:以苯酚/豆粉质量比为3/1～2/1、5%硫酸为催化剂下,将豆粉在130～150℃下液化90min,90%以上的豆粉转化成相对分子质量为250～7250的产物,部分苯酚以1,4-取代和1,2-取代方式与豆粉反应形成结合酚;苯酚液化不仅破坏大豆蛋白的紧密球形结构,还使液化豆粉的活性基团增加,由此通过苯酚液化豆粉与甲醛缩聚,制得低游离甲醛释放的、胶接性能满足国家标准要求的Ⅰ类胶黏剂,由此所制备胶合板的28h煮-烘-煮湿强度在1.24～1.81MPa之间,达到耐候胶合板要求;苯酚/豆粉的比例对液化产物以及苯酚液化豆粉-甲醛胶黏剂的许多特性都有不同的影响,其中以苯酚/豆粉比例为3的胶黏剂胶接强度最好。     

杉木液化产物制备环保型PF树脂的研究

用硫酸和苯酚将杉木液化,采用傅立叶变换红外光谱和凝胶渗透色谱技术对液化产物进行了分析,并对用液化产物代替苯酚制备PF树脂的工艺进行了探讨。研究结果表明:杉木液化产物中含有大量的具有苯环结构的小分子活性物质,分子量主要分布在800～2 300之2;原料配比、树脂化温度、升温方式和残渣率等因素对PF树脂的质量有明显影响,采用优化工艺制备的PF树脂的游离酚和游离醛的含量分别为0.5%和0.3%,且胶合性能优良。     

思茅松的苯酚液化及树脂化研究

研究了硫酸催化条件下，将恩茅松在苯酚中液化用于制备酚醛树脂的技术工艺，分析了各工艺参数对思茅松液化效率的影响，测定了由液化产物制备的液化木基酚醛树脂的物理化学性质和胶合强度。结论如下：1）．液比、反应温度、时间和木粉目数是影响液化反应效率的重要因素，液化产物的残渣率均随上述工艺参数值的升高而降低。2）．残渣含量对树脂物化性质和胶合强度均有影响，残渣含量降低，树脂粘度减小，聚合时间缩短，游离酚含量降低，胶合强度升高。3）．甲醛／苯酚摩尔比对树脂的物化性质和胶合强度也有影响，甲醛／苯酚摩尔比增加，树脂粘度增加，聚合时间减少，游离酚含量减低，胶合强度升高。     

竹材浸渍用酚醛树脂的合成及表征

介绍了采用蒸馏法及分光光度法测定竹材游离苯酚含量的方法。实验选用氢氧化钠作催化剂,采用一次逐步加入甲醛的方法合成低游离酚的水溶性酚醛树脂。采用单因子试验方法分析了反应温度为55℃时保温过程中游离苯酚含量的变化情况,反应原料摩尔比、催化剂用量、分次加甲醛量对合成酚醛树脂游离苯酚的影响,确定优选的合成工艺为:反应温度55℃;保温反应时间60min;F/P摩尔比2.3;NaOH用量0.4;初次加甲醛量50%。     

花生壳苯酚液化物-甲醛树脂胶用于集装箱底板试验

花生壳苯酚液化物-甲醛树脂胶粘剂是花生壳粉苯酚液化后的高反应活性产物与甲醛缩聚而成的高耐水性木材胶粘剂.探讨了花生壳苯酚液化物-甲醛树脂胶粘剂用于集装箱底板生产的最佳胶合工艺,检测了集装箱底板的各项物理力学性能和耐老化性能,并与传统酚醛胶及落叶松单宁胶进行了成本对比分析.结果表明,花生壳苯酚液化物-甲醛树脂胶粘剂的最佳胶合工艺为双面施胶量350 g/m2,热压时间1.2 min/mm,热压温度140℃;在此热压工艺条件下压制的集装箱底板的各项物理力学性能可以满足国家标准的要求,具有胶合强度高、耐老化性能优异、成本低廉等优点.     

竹材液化及竹材液化树脂胶性能研究

研究竹材在苯酚液中酚竹比、催化剂、液化温度等因素对液化的影响，当用HCl或BF3作催化剂、添加量5％、酚竹质量比2—1：1时，115℃下达到竹材完全液化。液化竹材(BL)与甲醛反应，当液化物中苯酚与甲醛摩尔比1：1．6—2．0条件下，制得室外级液化竹材酚醛树脂胶(BLF)。通过TG—DSC分析固化行为表明，BLF比酚醛树脂胶(PF)有更低的固化温度；BLF与PF出现基本一致的IR特征峰。     

微波辅助杨木快速苯酚液化及产物表征

针对传统木材苯酚液化技术中存在的反应时间长、产物黏度高和反应活性降低等问题，采用微波加热方式，将杨木木粉在酸化苯酚溶剂中进行快速解聚反应。结果表明，微波加热条件下杨木苯酚液化的适宜条件为：木粉含水率30%～40%，液化时间15 min，苯酚与木粉的比例(P/W)2.5，木粉粒径0.18～0.25 mm，在此条件下木材液化率达到87%。微波加热的木材苯酚液化速率比传统油浴加热提高至少6倍。木材被降解为醇类、酸类、醚类、醛类和酚类等低分子质量物质，液化产物黏度显著降低，仅为3015 mPa·s，且与甲醛的反应活性较高，100 g液化产物反应消耗的甲醛达2.1 mol。微波加热与传统加热下的木材苯酚液化反应历程不尽相同，主要表现在纤维素和半纤维素降解为单糖后，单糖可进一步断裂为2，3－丁二醇、1，2－丙二醇、乙二醇和乙二醛等物质，这些物质相互之间可以发生脱水、羟醛缩合等反应进一步生成 2－乙氧基－丙烷，1，1－二乙氧基－乙烷、二异丙基缩甲醛和12－冠醚－4。     

生物质苯酚液化产物在模塑材料中的应用

主要阐述了生物质液化产物在模塑材料中应用的3种方法:液化产物直接应用于制造模塑材料;液化产物/苯酚/甲醛共缩聚树脂用于模塑材料;液化产物与热塑性酚醛树脂共混应用于模塑材料.并认为生物质液化产物/苯酚/甲醛共缩聚树脂用于模塑材料是具有良好发展前景的技术.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。