冀中平原奶牛舍温热环境评价及温热参数与生理指标的相关性分析

试验旨在评价冀中平原地区四季奶牛舍的温热环境，并分析温热参数与奶牛生理指标的相关性。选择3栋不同建筑结构的奶牛舍，对各舍温湿度和奶牛的呼吸频率、直肠温度和体表温度等生理指标进行检测。结果显示，奶牛舍四季环境温湿度和温湿指数（THI）变化显著（P<0.05），其中夏季日均温最高，为28.59 ℃；冬季日均温最低，为1.55 ℃。奶牛夏季每天平均15.5 h遭受轻度热应激，6.0 h遭受中度热应激；冬季每天平均12.0 h遭受轻度冷应激。除冬季外，各季节不同牛舍的温度和THI均未表现出显著差异（P>0.05）。相比带矮墙或卷帘的棚舍，仅设顶子的棚舍夏季平均温度要高0.80~1.27 ℃，冬季低1.36~1.84 ℃。另外，夏季奶牛各项生理指标极显著高于其他季节（P<0.01），且夏季不同舍奶牛的呼吸频率和直肠温度均表现出显著差异（P<0.05），体表温度各季节差异均达显著水平（P<0.05）。从环境温湿参数与奶牛生理参数的相关性分析可看出，各项生理参数（呼吸频率、直肠温度和体表温度）与THI、环境温度均呈显著正相关（P<0.05），但与湿度未表现出显著相关性（P>0.05）。本研究可为奶牛舍环境的评价提供科学依据，并通过环境温热参数的检测推断奶牛生理状况，为应激的发生及预警提供数据。     

南方地区发酵床奶牛舍四个季节舍内环境卫生指标比较

试验旨在比较分析南方地区发酵床奶牛舍四个季节舍内环境卫生指标。主要测定了舍内温度、相对湿度、噪音、细菌密度、氨气浓度和温湿度指数等指标并分析了其间的相关性。结果表明:温度在四季间差异显著(P<0.05),夏季高达32.43℃,冬季低至1.53℃;春季、夏季和秋季的相对湿度显著高于冬季(P<0.05);温湿度指数(THI)在四季间差异显著(P<0.05);夏季和冬季的噪音显著高于春季和秋季(P<0.05);春季和秋季的细菌密度显著高于夏季和冬季(P<0.05);夏季氨气浓度为3.92 mg/m^3,显著高于其他季节的(P<0.05)。相关分析表明,一年中,牛舍温度与THI呈正高度相关关系(P<0.01),其余指标间相关性不高(|r|<0.70)或不相关(P>0.05)。另外,季节内的环境指标相关性分析表明:秋、冬季的温度和THI间皆呈正相关(P<0.01),冬季的温度与细菌密度呈正相关(P<0.05);春季的THI、噪音和细菌密度三者之间均呈正相关(P<0.05);秋季的氨气浓度与噪音高度也呈正相关关系(P<0.01)。综上,南方地区发酵床奶牛舍内,四季的环境卫生指标均达到了卫生标准,但夏季THI较高为85.36,奶牛易处于中度热应激状态。     

山西省夏季奶牛热应激程度及奶损失调查

为了研究我国北方夏季奶牛处于热应激的程度及热应激导致奶损失的情况,试验采用实测2013年7月中旬山西省三个规模化牛场各一栋代表性牛舍的四个位置早、中、晚的温度、湿度和收集牛场2013年DHI数据与牛场所在或周边城市气象信息,利用固定模型分析了牛舍不同时间段、不同位置的温湿度指数(THI)的差异,并粗略估计牛群夏季热应激奶损失的情况。结果表明:牛舍THI在中午(11:00—13:00)和晚上(18:00—20:00)时间段显著高于早晨(06:00—07:00),且多数时间段THI超过72,部分时间段THI超过76;在多数时间内,牛舍中间位置THI高于两边位置,且在中午时间段THI大多超过72;当地7,8月份THI接近或超过72时,群体测定日平均产奶量开始降低,即THI每升高1个单位,群体平均日产奶量约下降0.39 kg以上,且产奶量降低趋势有延迟到9月份的现象。说明夏季山西奶牛确实受到轻度热应激影响,养殖中尤其应针对牛舍重点位置在重点时间段加强防暑降温措施,减少因热应激带来的奶损失。     

舍饲散栏有窗奶牛舍温热环境的年动态研究

为研究寒区奶牛舍温热环境的年动态变化,试验选择河北省承德市某规模化奶牛场一栋散栏有窗奶牛舍,连续12个月监测舍内外的气温、相对湿度和风速并分析其规律。结果表明,全年奶牛舍内、外气温均表现为中午高、早晚低的规律性变化,相对湿度则表现出相反的规律。夏季（6~8月）每天有7.5~10 h舍内气温高于25℃,且在6月出现了舍内气温高于舍外气温的现象。12月舍内风速几乎全天为0 m/s。从综合指数分析,夏季每天09∶30~19∶30（10 h）舍内温湿指数（THI）均超过72,奶牛处于轻度热应激状态;冬季的风寒温度（WCT）均未低于－10℃,奶牛不遭受冷应激。综合以上结果,对于寒区散栏有窗奶牛舍,夏季应加强防暑降温措施,冬季加强通风换气。     

基于GPS和GIS技术的冬季和夏季牧场牦牛牧食行为研究

为了研究青藏高原不同季节牧场牦牛的牧食行为规律,选取6头年龄、体况大致相同的成年牦牛作为研究对象,在2014年4月份和8月份分别在冬季牧场和夏季牧场上,运用GPS3300定位追踪系统,对自由放牧条件下牦牛的牧食行为进行了研究。结果表明:冬季牧场早上初牧9∶00、10∶00和下午归牧前17∶00、18∶00外界气温处于牦牛等温区内,有利于牦牛进行采食活动,而夏季牧场日平均气温的变化均高出牦牛活动的等温区(8~14℃),对其采食活动具有影响;夏季牧场上牦牛采食的空间分布由中心向四周辐射且个体间相对分散,冬季牧场上采食分布相对集中,夏季牧场上牦牛游走距离(0.29~0.80km/h)整体大于冬季牧场(0.07~0.14km/h),并且在11∶00和17∶00分别出现峰值,在12∶00游走距离最短;在监测期内(9∶00~18∶00),夏季牧场上牦牛各主要放牧行为的总体时间分配顺序依次是采食(504.90min)行走(75.45min)休息(55.10min),并且差异性显著(P0.05);冬季牧场牦牛的休息时间(355.80min)显著大于采食时间(243.10min)(P0.05)。研究结果显示,初牧和归牧前是牦牛放牧采食的剧烈活动时间,另外在夏季的中午13∶00左右也会出现一个采食高峰;牦牛的牧食行为符合晨昏活动格局,总体上表现出采食-休息(反刍)-采食的活动规律。     

北方春季奶牛饲养注意事项

<正>北方早春气候依然寒冷,且往往多风少雨,空气干燥,昼夜温差大,是奶牛各种疾病高发期。自然放牧状态的奶牛多在此季节产犊。如何做好母牛及犊牛的饲养及管理,是奶牛养殖中的关键环节。1四个饲养环节的最佳温度1.1牛舍温度奶牛耐寒不耐热,但寒冷要有一定限度,一般奶牛最适宜的温度为12℃~14℃,怀孕奶牛与泌乳奶牛最适宜的温度为16℃~20℃;泌乳奶牛舍     

北方地区大型钟楼式奶牛舍空气环境的评价

试验对北方地区某大型钟楼式奶牛舍一年内不同季节舍内、外的空气环境指标,包括温热环境指标、CO₂和NH₃含量、空气中的粉尘和微生物含量进行测定,旨在了解其变化规律,评价其是否满足奶牛健康生产的要求,以便为北方地区奶牛舍的设计和日常管理提供理论依据。结果表明,所测指标随季节或时间均呈现出一定的变化规律;所监测奶牛舍夏季舍内风速低于标准,中午（14∶00）舍内温度超过27 ℃,温湿指数（THI）>69,奶牛在夏季产生轻度的热应激;除此以外,在不同时间、不同位点监测的其他各项空气环境指标均符合奶牛的饲养标准。综合测定结果,试验所监测的钟楼式奶牛舍较适合北方地区的奶牛养殖,但建议增加防暑降温措施,以减少奶牛在夏季产生的热应激。     

音乐对犊牛生长性能、应激及免疫的影响

试验研究音乐对犊牛生长性能、应激及免疫的影响,以期为犊牛的福利养殖提供理论依据。试验选取6~10日龄身体健康、体况相近的荷斯坦母犊牛12头,随机分成对照组(不播放音乐)、音乐组2组,每组6个重复。每天上午8∶00~11∶00和下午的14∶00~17∶00给音乐组的犊牛播放舒缓型音乐《寂静山林》,音乐的音量为50~60dB;对照组除了不播放音乐,在同等条件下饲养。结果显示,音乐组犊牛的平均日采食量、平均日增重、体高增加量显著增加(P0.05),在试验第14天,两组间唾液皮质醇、α-淀粉酶、免疫球蛋白A、免疫球蛋白G含量差异不显著(P0.05)。在试验第28天,音乐组犊牛唾液唾液皮质醇含量显著降低、免疫球蛋白A含量显著升高(P0.05)。结果表明,音乐提高了犊牛的生长性能,降低了犊牛的应激激素,提高了免疫水平。     

季节对犊牛行为的影响研究

为了研究秦川牛犊牛舒适的生活环境,提高犊牛饲养管理技术,本试验通过研究不同季节情况下,秦川牛犊牛的体表温度、呼吸频率、采食行为、反刍行为、排泄行为及运动行为等生理参数的变化,拟为犊牛的健康养殖提供数据支撑。结果表明:夏季犊牛的体表温度最高为37.24℃,与其它三季相比差异显著(P0.05);夏季犊牛呼吸频率最高为53.30次/min,与其它三季相比差异显著(P0.05);夏季犊牛的采食时间最低为43.35s,与其它三季相比差异显著(P0.05);夏季犊牛反刍咀嚼时间最低为31.87s,与其它三季相比差异显著(P0.05);夏季犊牛排粪次数为3.43次、排尿次数为6次、饮水次数为5次都最高,与其它三季的排泄行为差异显著(P0.05);夏季犊牛卧息时间最长为311.00 min,与冬季相比差异显著(P0.05)。研究结果表明,高温对秦川牛犊牛的行为影响最大。     

种蛋的保存与食用蛋的保鲜

作种用的蛋,应尽量及时入孵。如做不到这一点,夏季保存不宜超过一周,冬季不宜超过半个月。种蛋对外界温度敏感,不可过冷过热,最适保存温度是10—15℃。在南方,种蛋应保存于凉爽通风的房舍内,防止阳光直射和接近热源。在北方,少量种蛋冬季可用棉花保暖。贮入蛋     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.