贵州省中部喀斯特山区城镇化对浅层地下水氮磷的影响及评价

以贵州中部普定县后寨河喀斯特流域为研究对象,采集林区、农区、村寨居民区、城镇居民区常年流出的泉水进行化学分析,探讨城镇化对喀斯特山区浅层地下水氮磷含量的影响及水质的变化。结果表明,调查区内浅层地下水中NO3-浓度变化范围在1.18～43.6 mg/L,NH4+浓度变化范围在0.017～0.290mg/L,其中村寨居民区浅层地下水中NO3-,NH4+含量达Ⅲ类水质标准,城镇居民区NH4+含量超过Ⅲ类水质标准;总磷含量变化范围在0.012～0.682mg/L,城镇居民区、村寨居民区总磷含量超过直接影响水质的限值。喀斯特山区城镇化造成地下水氮、磷含量增加,从而明显影响地下水的质量。     

上海市都市农业区域地下水磷素非点源污染特征研究

为研究都市农业区域非点源磷污染对地下水的影响,选择上海市南汇区新场镇果园村的地下水为研究对象,并于2009年7月到9月雨季对该区域地下水进行连续监测。研究结果表明:该区域地下水中磷的形态以水溶性有机磷为主,水溶性总磷含量介于0.75～1.97mg/L之间,平均浓度为1.31mg/L,磷酸盐浓度在0.22～0.62mg/L之间,平均浓度为0.42mg/L。水质低于地表水Ⅴ类标准(0.4mg/L),地下水污染水平已严重超标,不宜饮用。地下水中非点源磷的迁移与土地利用类型相关,果园旁地下水中磷素浓度在降雨前后变化明显。同时,降雨时地表径流加剧磷素流失,农田施肥、水体渗漏均会加剧地下水磷素非点源污染。     

滇池宝象河流域水体氮素特征及影响因素

非点源流失的氮是造成水体污染的主要因素之一.通过对滇池宝象河6个点位沟渠水和河道水体氮素的动态监测,研究了流域水体氮污染特征和影响因素.结果表明,农田沟渠水总氮平均浓度高于相应河道水总氮浓度,沟渠水总氮平均浓度范围为3.86～22.86 mg/L,河道水总氮浓度3.14～6.63 mg/L,总体趋势是从上游到下游水体氮素浓度逐渐升高、并且沟渠水体和河道水体氮素随时间变化呈现同样的趋势.农田沟渠水与河道水体总氮之间、农田沟渠水总氮与沟渠周边表层土壤全氮及沟渠沉积物全氮均呈显著相关性.     

闽西北农田生态系统中大气氮湿沉降研究

在福建省三明市将乐县连续3年定位收集湿沉降,研究闽西北地区农田生态系统大气氮素湿沉降的浓度、沉降量以及时间变化规律。结果表明:降水中TN、TIN、DON、NH4+-N和NO3--N的平均浓度分别为1.22,0.83,0.38,0.53,0.30mg/L,无机氮与有机氮的比例达到2.18,且在每次降雨中总氮的浓度均超过水体富营养化阈值(0.2mg/L)。该地区湿沉降氮输入量有明显的季节性变化,春、夏季高,秋、冬季低。在湿沉降输入氮中NH4+-N、NO3--N和DON占总氮的比例分别为43.77%,24.78%和31.45%,湿沉降以无机氮(TIN)为主,平均年无机氮(TIN)沉降量为8.71kg/hm2,占总氮(TN)沉降量的68.55%。总氮(TN)年输入量为4.17～18.00kg/hm2,平均值为12.71kg/hm2。大气中氮素湿沉降对生态环境有一定的风险。     

节水灌溉与控释肥施用对稻田田面水氮素变化及径流流失的影响

在太湖地区采用田间小区试验,对2种灌溉模式(常规连续淹灌与干湿交替节灌)和4种施肥管理(不施氮、常规尿素、控释BB肥与树脂包膜尿素)条件下稻田田面水pH、总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH+4-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)和亚硝态氮(NO-2-N)的动态变化以及氮素径流流失进行研究。结果表明:田面水pH平均介于6.0~8.4之间,受降雨、施肥和土壤pH的综合影响。田面水氮素以无机形态存在,其中NH+4-N(浓度0.23~72.01mg/L)平均占TN的61.3%,NO-3-N(浓度0.15~1.79mg/L)平均占TN的18.9%,NO-2-N(浓度0.01~0.24mg/L)平均仅占TN的2.3%。与淹灌相比,节灌虽显著提高田面水TN浓度(15.0%)和NH+4-N浓度(16.6%),但大幅降低田间灌溉量(41.9%)和径流量(57.9%),进而TN和NH+4-N径流流失量分别降低52.6%和51.8%。施氮显著提高田面水氮素浓度以及NH+4-N占TN的比例。控释BB肥和树脂包膜尿素较常规尿素处理田面水TN平均浓度分别降低24.6%和78.3%,TN径流流失量分别降低29.4%和32.8%。干湿交替节灌结合控释肥(尤其是树脂包膜尿素)施用有利于降低稻田氮素径流流失,促进农业面源污染减排。     

不同施氮水平对深层包气带土壤氮素淋溶累积的影响

为研究深层包气带土壤中氮素的迁移规律,采用田间小区试验,研究了不同施氮水平(142.5、285和427.5kg/hm2)对夏玉米种植期间0～500cm包气带土壤中氮素淋溶累积的影响。结果表明,不同施氮水平对NO3--N、NH4+-N和总氮有显著影响,施氮越多,NO3--N、NH4+-N和总氮在土壤中的淋溶累积也就越多,夏玉米生育期间土壤中氮素的淋溶累积含量随着夏玉米生长逐渐减少。在0～200cm土层中,收获后不同施肥水平土壤中NO3--N和总氮累积量随施氮量增加而增多,285kg/hm2施氮水平NH4+-N累积量最多,427.5kg/hm2施氮水平NH4+-N累积量最少,但相差不超过0.1kg/hm2,收获后土壤中氮素累积量有损失。夏玉米生育期间不同施氮水平对土壤NO3--N、NH4+-N和总氮的影响深度主要为0～145cm。粉砂壤土中氮素更易累积,砂质壤土中氮素较易随水分淋溶至下层。142.5kg/hm2施氮水平可有效减少NO3--N在土壤中的淋溶损失,降低土壤中NH4+-N和总氮的含量,对地下水构成的潜在污染风险最小。北京地区地下水埋深较深,NO3--N不易淋溶至地下水,但长期大量施用氮肥、田间土壤大孔隙的存在等会加速NO3--N向深层土壤迁移,对地下水水质构成威胁。     

安徽老山亚热带常绿阔叶林降雨中氮和可溶性有机碳的动态变化

对安徽老山自然保护区亚热带常绿阔叶林降雨中可溶性碳和氮动态进行了研究。结果表明,该地区大气降雨pH为6.82,呈中性;TOC含量为3.330mg/L,NH4+-N含量为0.405mg/L,NO3-N含量0.501mg/L。降雨经过冠层后,物质成分的含量发生显著改变。穿透雨的TOC含量为10.498mg/L,NH4+-N含量为0.454mg/L,NO3-N含量为0.959mg/L,分别是林外降雨的3.15,1.12,1.91倍。树干径流的TOC含量为21.157mg/L,NH4+-N含量为0.972mg/L,NO3-N含量为1.040mg/L,分别是林外降雨的6.35,2.40,2.08倍。TOC及氮含量的低值都是出现在夏季生长旺盛期,可能与树木在此期需要大量的养分来维持有关,而林外雨各物质含量的出现低值主要与降雨强度、降雨量有关。     

雨季喀斯特小流域氮输出特征及其受降雨的影响

以黔中典型喀斯特农业小流域后寨河流域为研究区域,探讨喀斯特小流域氮素输出形态特征及降雨对氮素输出的影响。通过对流域内落水洞、地表水和地下水水样各形态氮素的浓度进行监测,估算雨季氮素输出量,结合降雨量数据分析氮输出受降雨的影响。结果表明:(1)后寨河喀斯特小流域水体氮含量明显高于我国主要河流,流域地下水出口溶解性总氮(TDN)浓度均值为6.5mg/L;地表水出口TDN浓度均值为7.3mg/L。(2)氮素输出的主要形态为硝态氮(NO_3~--N),铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、亚硝态氮(NO2--N)以及有机态氮(DON)输出占比极低。(3)流域内TDN,NO_3~--N,NH_4~+-N,NO2--N,DON雨季输出量估算值分别为55.13,52.12,0.40,0.01,2.61t。(4)持续性的多日降雨加速了水体氮素流失强度,流域上游水体硝态氮浓度在降雨事件发生后呈上升趋势,随着降雨事件的停止而呈下降趋势;流域总出口因降雨而产生的硝态氮浓度变化具有一定的滞后性。     

绿狐尾藻湿地对养殖废水中不同污染负荷氮去除效应

为研究绿狐尾藻湿地对不同污染负荷养殖废水氮去除效应和影响因素，该研究在野外建立了9条表面流绿狐尾藻湿地，以低负荷（60 L/d废水+120 L/d清水）、中负荷（120 L/d废水+60 L/d清水/d）和高负荷（180 L/d废水）养殖废水为处理对象，研究了不同污染负荷下绿狐尾藻湿地水体氮素时间变化规律；结合线性混合模型，进一步探究了影响绿狐尾藻湿地氮去除的关键环境因子。结果表明，整个试验期间（2014-07－2015-05），绿狐尾藻湿地对低、中、高负荷废水铵氮（NH4+-N）和总氮（Total Nitrogen，TN）去除率均较高，其中NH4+-N平均去除率为85.0%～98.6%，TN平均去除率为83.6%～97.1%。线性混合模型分析结果表明，影响绿狐尾藻湿地NH4+-N去除的关键环境因子是水体溶解氧和硝态氮以及底泥NH4+-N含量，其中水体溶解氧对绿狐尾藻湿地NH4+-N去除影响最大。由于绿狐尾藻湿地对不同污染负荷废水NH4+-N和TN去除率均达到80.0%以上，因此绿狐尾藻可作为耐铵植物处理高负荷养殖废水。该研究结果可为绿狐尾藻湿地在规模养殖场的实际应用提供参考。     

太子河流域地表水和地下水硝酸盐污染特征及来源分析

地下水作为一种主要的饮用水和重要农业用水水源,其环境质量状况关乎人类健康、粮食安全与生态可持续发展。本研究对太子河流域地表水、地下水的NO-3-N污染状况进行了调查,并结合水化学与NO-3-N同位素对其来源进行了分析,探讨太子河流域地下水的水化学特征和硝酸盐污染状况,为理解该区域地下水的水化学组成特点和开展水环境质量评价提供理论依据。结果表明,太子河流域地表水氮主要以NO-3-N的形式存在,占总氮78.38%,浓度为0.75~6.40 mg·L-1,从上游到下游其含量变化趋势为先上升后下降,在S6采样点达到最高值6.40 mg·L-1;地表水中NO-2-N所占比例仅为0.78%,且沿河流变化较小;由于施用化肥肥料和有机氮的矿化作用,下游地表水Cl-浓度和NH4+含量增高。太子河流域地下水NO-3-N浓度普遍高于地表水,NO-3-N浓度为0.57~55.78 mg·L-1,平均20.26 mg·L-1;NO-2-N浓度为0~0.04 mg·L-1,平均0.017 mg·L-1。太子河流域地下水的NO-3和NO-2污染状况较重。NO-3-N同位素结果显示,地表水的δ15N为-0.74‰~13.27‰;上游NO-3-N主要来源于土壤有机氮矿化,中下游受农业化肥和人畜粪便共同影响。地下水δ15N为5.7‰~17.5‰,受人类活动影响较大,人畜粪便堆肥和农业化肥的渗漏是主要影响因素。     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

响应面设计法在温室番茄栽培中的应用

为优化温室番茄的栽培条件,试验研究了不同栽培密度、施氮量和施钾量对日光温室番茄产量的影响。通过中心复合试验设计,构建三因素（栽培密度,氮肥,钾肥）五水平的响应面设计方法并建立番茄产量与三因子的二次回归数学模型。结果表明:三因素对温室番茄产量均有显著的影响（p0.01）,影响的大小顺序为栽培密度施钾量施氮量;栽培密度与施氮量、施钾量之间存在显著的交互作用（p0.01）,施氮量与施钾量之间的相互作用对番茄产量影响不显著（p0.05）;多元二次回归分析结果显示,栽培密度、施氮量、施钾量与番茄产量之间的回归模型高度显著（p0.01）。统计分析确定温室番茄的最佳栽培条件为:栽培密度4.83万株/hm2,施氮量262 kg/hm2,施钾量513kg/hm2;在此条件下,温室番茄产量的预测值为119381kg/hm2,验证试验所得产量为121005kg/hm2。本研究为日光温室番茄高产、稳产和优质提供了理论依据。