乳中共轭亚油酸生成的新型调控剂——菊科植物

共轭亚油酸(CLA)是一组合有共轭双键的亚油酸(linoleic acid)的几何异构体和位置异构体的总称.目前有研究报道,菊科植物及其提取物能增加乳中CLA的含量.主要综述了CLA的营养调控方法及菊科植物增加CLA含量的研究进展.     

乳中共轭亚油酸生成的新型调控剂——菊科植物

共轭亚油酸(CLA)是一组含有共轭双键的亚油酸(linoleic acid)的几何异构体和位置异构体的总称.目前有研究报道,菊科植物及其提取物能增加乳中CLA的含量.笔者主要综述了CLA的营养调控方法及菊科植物增加CLA含量的研究进展.     

营养调控牛乳中共轭亚油酸含量的研究进展

共轭亚油酸(CLA)是一种主要从反刍动物脂肪及其奶产品中发现的天然活性物质.一些多不饱和脂肪酸(主要是亚油酸和亚麻酸)在反刍动物瘤胃内通过异构化和生物脱氢反应形成CLA;另外,反式油酸在动物细胞内经△<'9>-脱氢酶的脱氢作用也能形成CLA.笔者介绍了一些重要的营养调控措施,以提高奶牛乳脂中CLA含量.     

影响反刍动物产品中共轭亚油酸含量的饲粮因素探讨

共轭亚油酸(CLA)具有抗癌、抗动脉粥样硬化、抗氧化、降低脂肪沉积、促进生长以及调节免疫等重要的生理功能。人类食物中的CLA主要来源于反刍动物产品。影响反刍动物产品CLA含量的因素主要包括:(1)饲粮中的脂类底物;(2)瘤胃内环境的改变;(3)饲喂方式;(4)饲粮中CLA的供给。生产中可以通过饲粮来调控瘤胃微生物区系,以增加CLA的合成;也可以给饲粮提供富含亚油酸的原料,通过增加底物来提高反刍动物产品中的CLA含量。     

共轭亚油酸在养猪业中的应用

共轭亚油酸 (CLA)是一系列含有共轭双键的亚油酸的总称 ,包括几何异构体和位置异构体 ,具有独特的生理功能。共轭亚油酸主要存在于反刍动物牛、羊等的乳脂及其肉制品中 ,在一些植物中也发现了共轭亚油酸但含量非常少。一般来说动物产品中所含有的共轭亚油酸较植物油中多 ;反刍动物组织中共轭亚油酸含量较非反刍动物高。1　生物学功能1 1　促进脂肪分解与改善体脂组成　饲喂试验表明 ,CLA能显著降低动物脂肪含量 ,蛋白质含量增加。其机理可能与CLA对动物体内几种与脂质代谢有关的酶活性的影响有关。研究表明 ,CLA可以提高脂肪组织及肌…     

影响反刍动物产品中共轭亚油酸富集因素的研究进展

共轭亚油酸(CLA)又被称为过瘤胃脂肪酸。近年来,随着CLA对人体健康的重要作用被陆续发现,通过饲养途径如何提高反刍动物产品中CLA含量成为当前动物营养研究领域的热点。本文在查阅国内外CLA最新研究进展的基础上,对影响反刍动物产品中CLA合成的因素加以综述。     

日粮脂肪对牛奶中CLA含量的影响

共轭亚油酸(Conjugated Linoleie Acid,CLA)是指含有共轭双键18碳脂肪酸的总称.近年的研究表明,共轭亚油酸对机体激素代谢和许多酶的活性起调控作用,具有降低心脏病和乳腺肿瘤发病率、抑制前列腺增生、延缓免疫功能衰退、提高新生儿脑和视力发育等特殊生物学功能及营养调节作用.奶产品是人们日常获取CLA的重要渠道.随着人们生活水平的提高和对牛奶营养认识的增加,牛奶的消费量越来越大,改善和提高牛奶中的CLA含量已成为当前的研究热点之一.影响奶牛乳中CLA合成的主要因素是日粮结构,本文对近年来日粮添加脂肪对牛奶中CLA含量影响的研究进展综述如下.     

奶牛瘤胃及内源合成共轭亚油酸

共轭亚油酸 ( CLA)对人体健康和机体组成有益 ,奶产品是丰富的天然 CLA来源 ,所以奶牛工作者在增加乳脂中 CLA含量方面做了很多工作。通过适当的饲养可增加乳脂 CLA含量 ( 5～1 0倍 ) ,但最近人们更多关注通过内源瘤胃生成的 1 1 -十八烯酸合成 CLA的途径 ,因为此途径提供了乳脂中 2 /3～ 3/4的 CLA。从 1 932年人们就开展了乳脂中共轭亚油酸( CLA)的研究 ,但直到 1 977年 Parodi才确定这类化合物为顺 - 9,反 - 1 1 - 1 8碳 2烯酸 ( Parodi,1 999) ,顺 - 9,反 - 1 1 - 1 8碳 2烯酸异构体是日粮亚油酸在瘤胃进行生物加氢作用的结果…     

共轭亚油酸在反刍动物中的生物合成与营养调控

共轭亚油酸(CLA)是一种主要从反刍动物脂肪和牛奶产品中发现的天然活性物质,是一类含有共轭双键的十八碳二烯酸(亚油酸)异构体混合物.亚油酸和亚麻酸在反刍动物瘤胃内通过异构化和生物脱氢反应形成CLA,反式脂肪酸在动物细胞内经△9-脱氢酶的脱氢作用也能形成CLA.饲料、瘤胃微生物、瘤胃pH值以及品种等都对CLA有着重要的影响.反刍动物来源的食品是共轭亚油酸最主要的天然来源.本文就CLA的生物合成及营养调控作了简要阐述.     

共轭亚油酸的降脂功能及其对生化参数的影响

本文简要阐述了共轭亚油酸(CLA)的来源、结构特点及提高动物产品中CLA含量的营养调控途径,并重点综述了共轭亚油酸降低动物及人体脂肪沉积的生理效应极其对有关生化参数的影响。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.