红色文化传承视角下的哈尔滨纪念性景观优化

从红色文化传承角度出发,以哈尔滨红色纪念性景观为研究对象,梳理国内外红色纪念性景观研究现状,总结哈尔滨红色文化的内涵与外延,分析哈尔滨红色纪念性景观的发展脉络与实例,指出现存的主要问题。深入融合宏观的城市文脉、生态修复、文化塑造、精神传承,以及微观的景观塑造,精细化创造“冬季友好”的寒地红色纪念性景观,从六个方面有针对性地提出了提升改造留住红色记忆、均衡发展丰富红色景观、丰富载体表达红色文化、“五感”体验感知红色文化、重塑寒地气候红色空间、数字化建设再深红色传承等景观优化策略。     

罗定江滨公园及市政广场景观设计

文章通过分析罗定江滨公园及市政广场的景观设计,探讨城市新区核心开放空间景观的地域认知与活动空间设计问题。罗定江滨公园及市政广场的景观设计在充分了解场地条件和可利用景观资源的基础上对市民广场、半岛酒店、休闲游憩地、儿童乐园、生态湿地等关键景观进行空间塑造。     

基于微气候调节的盆地城市公园空间营造策略

气候是影响自然环境和人类活动的一个重要因素,不同城市因地形差异产生独特的气候特征。城市公园作为良好的健康载体,分析了盆地地形影响下的景观空间特性及构成要素与微气候要素之间的关系,结合风景园林设计要素构建了基于盆地地形影响下的城市公园空间微气候营造策略:利用地形营造空间关系,合理组织水体的分布状态与形式,构建植物复层配置形式,通过营造城市通风廊道,优化景观空间促进公园内部气流循环,调节局地微气候。研究盆地地形影响下城市公园微气候因子与景观设计要素之间的相互作用肌理,营造景观空间适宜性小气候,对于促进区域发展、提升城市空间活力、发展健康园林城市具有现实意义。     

基于盘活城市存量空间的道路景观提升与实践研究

我国目前各城市已有一定的存量土地,利用有限的土地资源,实现集约化发展,盘活城市存量空间,对城市发展有重要意义。文章通过对城市道路景观存量空间的分析,提出相应的提升策略,探寻创新设计方法,以期实现以人为本的价值回归,达到提升空间品质,盘活城市存量空间的目的。最后以西安市道路存量空间景观提升设计为例进行实证研究。     

天河公园“拆围透绿”工程边界空间绿化模式研究

边界空间绿化是开放性城市公园的重要因素,是衔接公园与城市绿地系统的重要措施。以广州天河公园“拆围透绿”工程为例,分析边界空间绿化存在通透性不足、与城市融合度不高、地域文化缺失、绿地管理不到位等问题,采用“保留、清杂、复绿”景观策略,确定点状、带状、片状景观3种绿化模式,制定“护栏+绿化”、绿化组团、“微地形+绿化组团”3种空间分隔手法,并从复绿植物种类选择、通透植物空间结构、活化林下消极空间、柔化公园边界空间、强化城市地域文化、加强空间绿化管理6个方面进行绿化提升,优化了公园的生态环境和开放性。     

基于空间句法的广州珠江前航道滨水景观空间探讨

珠江是广州城市发展的母亲河,珠江滨水区对广州城市景观、生态、文化、社会经济等方面的建设有着重要作用。正确认识珠江滨水空间并优化珠江两岸景观,才能推进城市的可持续发展。文章基于空间句法的理论和方法,以量化的手段揭示前航道滨水景观空间与城市的结构关系和景观空间的建构问题,主要考察前航道滨水景观空间的分布特征和景观空间的渗透性,并在此基础上提出相应的优化建议。     

开放式公园边界空间景观设计初探

<正>近年来,随着城市现代化进程的不断加快,公园作为建成区的核心绿地空间受到了越来越多市民的青睐。为了进一步提升城市老旧公园的开放性,多采取“拆围透绿”的方式,将原有的围墙、围栏拆除,对公园的边界空间景观提升改造,使公园边界景观与城市街景相融合,实现了公园与城市公共空间、城市绿地系统的一体化。     

景观建设在提升城市综合竞争力方面的作用

文章通过阐述城市综合竞争力、城市景观,并从四个方面论述景观建设对城市竞争力的影响。总结出加强城市景观建设,提升城市竞争力的几点建议。     

浦东世纪大道栾树园景观提升的实践与探索

指出了道路景观的提升需要从城市文化和景观价值的营造、步行空间的优化、人与景观的互动等方面来进行,以世纪大道栾树园景观提升为例,通过提升活动场地功能,打造具有新时代特色、多功能复合、充满活力的城市景观大道,提出了城市道路景观建设中应建管并重,注重细节的一些好做法,为同行提供宝贵的借鉴意义。     

浅析共享经济理念下的共享景观模式

随着城市的发展,共享经济成为当代经济社会的一种主要经济形式。共享经济的核心理念是“盘活闲置资源,减少资源的浪费”。城市景观作为一种城市公共资源,在一定程度上也存在着资源的闲置问题。本文通过分析共享经济的本质和作用,针对城市景观的特点,提出城市景观应该在景观资源、空间与功能、文化与信息等方面进行共享,分析了共享景观营造策略,以期使现有的城市景观能够得到更高效、更充分的利用,为公众提供经济、实用、美观的城市景观环境。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.