长期咸水滴灌对灰漠土理化性质及棉花生长的影响

为揭示长期咸水滴灌对灰漠土物理化学特性及棉花生长的影响,研究了咸水灌溉11 a后土壤盐分、容重、水力特性、棉花耐盐生理特征及产量。试验设置3个灌溉水盐度水平:0.35 dS·m~(-1)(淡水)、4.61 dS·m~(-1)(微咸水)和8.04 dS·m~(-1)(咸水)。研究表明:与淡水灌溉相比,微咸水和咸水灌溉显著增加土壤容重、盐分、pH值和土壤含水量,显著降低土壤孔隙度、全氮和有机质含量;土壤饱和导水率在微咸水和咸水灌溉处理下分别较淡水处理降低45%和60%,体积含水率随着灌溉水盐度的增加而增大;与淡水灌溉相比,微咸水和咸水灌溉显著降低棉花叶面积、叶水势、气孔导度、叶绿素含量和干鲜质量比,其中叶水势分别较淡水处理下降43.34%和63.46%;微咸水和咸水灌溉显著增加棉花叶片相对电导率和丙二醛含量,同时SOD、POD和CAT活性也显著增加,脯氨酸含量分别较淡水灌溉增加69.52%和212%;棉花总生物量在微咸水和咸水灌溉处理下分别较淡水灌溉处理降低14.15%和32.88%;籽棉产量分别较淡水灌溉降低12.6%和25.7%。综上所述,长期的微咸水和咸水灌溉显著增加土壤盐分含量、降低土壤养分含量,土壤水分的可利用性也显著下降,导致棉花生物量和产量降低。     

Low soil temperature reducing the yield of drip irrigated rice in arid area by influencing anther development and pollination

Drip irrigation can produce high rice yields with significant water savings; therefore, it is widely used in arid area water-scarce northern China. However, high-frequency irrigation of drip irrigation with low temperature well water leads to low root zone temperature and significantly reduce the rice yield compared to normal temperature water irrigated rice, for example, reservoir water. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of low soil temperature on the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice in the spike differentiation stage. The experiment set the soil temperatures at 18°C, 24°C and 30°C under two irrigation methods(flood and drip irrigation), respectively. The results showed that, at the 30°C soil temperature, drip irrigation increased total root length by 53% but reduced root water conductivity by 9% compared with flood irrigation. Drip irrigation also increased leaf abscisic acid and proline concentrations by 13% and 5%, respectively. These results indicated that drip irrigated rice was under mild water stress. In the 18°C soil temperature, drip irrigation reduced hydraulic conductivity by 58%, leaf water potential by 40% and leaf net photosynthesis by 25% compared with flood irrigation. The starch concentration in male gametes was also 30% less in the drip irrigation treatment than in the flood irrigation treatment at soil temperature 18°C. Therefore, the main reason for the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice was that the low temperature aggravates the physiological drought of rice and leads to the decrease of starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate. Low temperature aggravates physiological water deficit in drip irrigated rice and leads to lower starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate, which is the main reason for the reduced yield of drip irrigated rice. Overall, the results indicated that the low soil temperatures aggravated the water stress that rice was under in the drip irrigated environment, causing declines both in the starch content of male gametes and in pollination rate. Low temperature will ultimately affect the rice yield under drip irrigation.     

膜下滴灌条件下不同水分处理对棉花产量和水分利用效率的影响

为探索新疆膜下滴灌棉田方便快捷的高效灌水模式,分别于2007年和2009年在乌鲁木齐采用大田小区试验,通过自制蒸发皿水面蒸发量控制灌水,研究了膜下滴灌条件下棉花生长和籽棉产量以及水分利用效率对不同水分处理的响应;两个生长季的试验结果表明,与全生育期充分灌水处理相比,蕾期和花铃期持续亏水处理均对棉花生长、产量和耗水过程产生不同程度的负面影响,但适时适度的水分亏缺对棉花籽棉产量的影响不明显,而且可节约22.78%~24.88%的灌水量,灌溉水利用效率提高了27.94%~34.85%。蕾期轻度亏水(灌水定额为70%水面蒸发量)、花铃后期重度亏水(灌水定额为50%水面蒸发量)、花铃前期充分供水(灌水定额为100%水面蒸发量)的调亏灌溉模式是一种方便快捷的优质高效灌溉模式,可作为膜下滴灌条件下新疆棉花生产的一种适宜灌水模式。     

苗期玉米对根区局部供水不同灌水下限的响应

对玉米苗期根系局部供水条件下生长、生理指标对不同灌水下限(占田间持水量60%、65%、70%、75%)的响应进行了研究。结果表明：占田间持水量65%的灌水下限（T₂）处理的株高、茎粗等生长指标明显优于其他处理,与全面灌溉(CK,占田间持水量60%)相比,T₂处理的生物积累总量提高了1.2%,而其他处理的生物积累总量降低;随着灌水下限的不断提高,苗期玉米叶片组织中脯氨酸、可溶性糖和植物组织相对含水量等生理指标不断降低,占田间持水量65%的灌水下限（T₂）处理的脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量与CK处理结果相近,差异不显著。     

不同覆盖方式对旱地棉田土壤环境及棉花产量的影响

分析普通地膜覆盖、小麦秸秆覆盖、地膜 秸秆覆盖3种覆盖物对旱地棉田土壤环境、棉花产量构成因素的影响,结果表明:覆盖栽培能改善土壤环境,降低土壤容重,提高土壤水分利用率,调节土壤温、湿度,协调水热资源利用的同步性;秸秆覆盖能增加土壤养分含量,特别是速效钾含量;在棉花生长后期,提高叶面积指数,延长叶片功能期,提高棉株的光合能力从而防止棉花早衰,增加铃重,提高棉花产量。     

分根灌溉对干旱区棉花生长干物质分配和产量的影响

本试验旨在观测分根灌溉(Partial Rootzone Irrigation,PRI)棉花能否在降低灌溉量的条件下维持一定的经济产量。田间实验的灌溉方式分为2种:交替隔沟灌溉(Alternative Furrow Irrigation,AFI)、固定隔沟灌溉(Fixed Furrow Irrigation,FFI)和常规灌溉(Conventional Furrow Irrigation,CFI)。结果表明,在降低30%灌溉量的条件下,棉花籽棉产量略有减少,AFI和FFI的籽棉总产量分别为CFI的92%和84%,但AFI比CFI的霜前花产量高出12%。PRI处理的棉花叶面积、株高及叶片、桃和茎的干物质量都低于CFI,但单株平均桃数与CFI没有显著差异。在降低灌溉量的条件下,由于霜前花价格比较高,AFI基本上能够维持棉花的经济产量不降低。     

鲁北平原咸水滴灌对土壤水盐分布和棉花产量的影响

鲁北平原是山东省重要的粮棉油生产基地,合理利用微咸水和咸水资源是亟待解决的问题。通过田间小区试验,以淡水滴灌处理为对照,设置不同矿化度咸水滴灌处理,研究全地膜覆盖条件下,咸水滴灌对棉花农田土壤水盐分布和产量的影响。结果表明,灌出苗水可以明显降低棉田主要根层土壤EC值,降低率在26．8％～29．0％之间。咸水滴灌减少了棉花对土壤水分的吸收,主要影响土层在40～100 cm,灌溉水矿化度越高,影响越大。与淡水滴灌相比,滴灌补灌矿化度6g·L-1以下的咸水对棉花产量没有明显的影响,而滴灌8g·L-1的咸水在降水偏少的年份能明显降低棉花产量。从土壤盐分的积累来看,利用滴灌补灌一次6g·L-1以下的咸水,通过黄河水和夏季降水淋洗土壤盐分,不会造成棉花根系分布层土壤盐分的积累。该研究结果可为鲁北平原区咸水利用提供科学依据。     

Effect of water deficiency on relationships between metabolism,physiology,biomass,and yield of upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Drought is a common abiotic stress that considerably limits crop production. The objective of this study is to explore the influence of water deficiency on the yield, physiologic and metabolomic attributes in upland cotton cultivars(Gossypium hirsutum L). Cotton cultivars, 'Ishonch' and 'Tashkent-6' were selected to study the relationships among their physiologic, metabolomic and yield attributes during water deficiency. Deficit irrigation was designed by modifying the traditional watering protocol to reduce water use. Results indicate that cotton cultivars respond differently to water deficit stress. Water deficit significantly influenced plant height, the number of internodes, and sympodial branches in both cultivars. However, yield components such as the number of bolls, boll seed, lint mass, and individual plant yield were significantly reduced only in 'Tashkent-6'. The leaf area decreased and the specific leaf weight increased in 'Ishonch' under deficit irrigation conditions. However, 'Tashkent-6' demonstrated significant water loss compared to 'Ishonch', and both cultivars showed reduced transpiration rates. Untargeted metabolite profiles of leaves showed clear separation in 'Ishonch', but not in 'Tashkent-6' under deficit irrigation compared to full irrigation. The individual metabolites such as proline and galactinol showed strong association with yield under water deficit stress. Moreover, this study indicates that leaf area and transpiration intensity influence yield during water deficiency. In summary, the correlation among morpho-physiologic, metabolic, and yield components significantly varied between the two cultivars under water deficiency. The flowering stage was sensitive to water stress for both cultivars. The direct relationship between physiology, metabolism, and yield may be a useful selection criterion for determining candidate parents for cotton drought tolerance breeding.     

微咸水造墒对不同种植方式棉花生长的影响

采用小区对比试验,研究了5 g/L微咸水造墒对基质育苗移栽覆膜(JZPM)、基质育苗移栽无覆膜(JZ)、沙培育苗移栽覆膜(SPPM)、沙培育苗移栽无覆膜(SP)、点播覆膜(DBPM)、点播无覆膜(DB)等6种种植方式棉花生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明:在相同种植方式下,覆膜处理棉花的成苗率、形态发育指标、生殖器官分配指数、籽棉产量及霜前花率明显高于无覆膜处理;不同栽培方式下,JZPM处理显著提高了棉花的成苗率,加快了棉花的生育进程,但后期出现严重的倒伏、早衰现象,DBPM处理呈现了最为稳定的生长动态。在补全苗的情况下,DBPM处理的籽棉产量最高,其产量比JZPM、SPPM、DB、SP、JZ等处理分别增加了10.08%、31.03%、28.88%、32.78%和39.16%,方差分析结果显示,JZPM和DBPM处理间的产量差异不显著,但显著高于其它各处理。DBPM和JZPM两种栽培方式在该区微咸水灌溉中具有广阔的应用前景。     

滴灌下秸秆覆盖与灌水量对华北冬小麦土壤水分的影响

试验于2014—2015年在北京市大兴区进行,以冬小麦为研究对象,以秸秆覆盖和灌水量为处理,对各小区棵间蒸发量(E)、土壤各层含水率(θ)、土壤表层温度(Tc)、叶面积指数及产量等指标进行实测与分析。结果表明:滴灌条件下湿润带E普遍高于干燥带,全观测期平均高出16.45 mm,较强降雨后干燥带E的波动更剧烈;秸秆覆盖可以有效减少各生育期E,低、中、高灌水量处理下秸秆覆盖比未覆盖处理分别减少20.45%、24.77%、19.14%,但在较强降雨后秸秆覆盖处理E波动更剧烈,不同灌水量对E影响不显著;低灌水量时,秸秆覆盖对灌溉水有明显的截留作用,中、高灌水量时则起到明显的保墒作用;整个观测期,E/ET先变小再变大,灌水量差异对E/ET影响显著,低、中、高灌水量下均值分别为29.71%、25.64%、21.38%;秸秆覆盖和未覆盖相比三种灌水处理E/ET分别减少8.93%、3.01%、0.44%。水分利用效率秸秆覆盖处理要普遍高于未覆盖处理,并与灌溉定额之间呈负相关。整体来看,中灌水量秸秆覆盖处理的产量和水分利用效率均较优,适合当地冬小麦滴灌种植。     

水分胁迫对覆膜滴灌棉花根系活力和叶片生理的影响

采用田间试验法,分析不同程度水分胁迫条件下棉花花铃期根尖根系活力、叶片叶绿素、脯氨酸和丙二醛含量变化,并对叶片脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和根系活力与土壤含水率进行相关性分析。试验以60 cm土层田间持水量的105%、100%、95%、90%、85%、80%为灌溉上限,共设6个灌水梯度,即5 400、4 950、4 500、3 750、2 850 m³/hm²和2 550 m³/hm²。结果表明：单株叶片干重及叶面积、地上部干生物量、株高、叶绿素含量随灌水量的减少而降低,根冠比随灌水量的减少而增加。脯氨酸及丙二醛含量随灌水量的降低而升高,且与土壤含水率呈负相关关系,相关系数（r）分别为-0.704和-0.667;根系活力随灌水量的降低而降低,与土壤含水率呈正相关关系,其相关系数为0.67。当灌水上限为95%,即灌水量为4 500 m³/hm²时,作物表现出轻微的水分胁迫,随灌溉量的继续降低,胁迫加重。植物体内脯氨酸、丙二醛含量及根系活力与土壤含水率的相关关系在一定程度上可以用来表征棉花受干旱程度,可为棉花的灌溉管理提供参考依据。     

保墒灌溉对夏玉米地土壤水分迁移转化的影响

设置地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和PAM化学保水剂3种保墒处理,研究不同保墒灌溉下夏玉米地土壤水分沿剖面变化规律与夏玉米整个生育期耗水规律的异同.试验结果表明:在灌溉或非灌溉条件下,各保墒处理的土壤含水量在0～150 cm均高于相同条件下的对照,且各保墒灌溉对土壤储水量的提高,随着灌溉水量的增加而增加.试验结果还表明:地膜覆盖、...     

“超纤渗灌”对摩尔多瓦葡萄生长与果实品质的影响研究

“超细纤维”渗灌是一种通过纤维毛细作用，将水分从超细纤维毛细芯传递到植物根部土壤的节水灌溉方式。试验在宁夏永宁县玉泉营农场的摩尔多瓦（Vitis vinifera L.cv. Moldova）葡萄园中进行，灌溉方式分为环状超细纤维表面渗灌（A*0）、埋深10 cm的环状超细纤维渗灌（A*10）和常规沟灌（CK），每株单次灌水量为30 L，灌水周期为1个月。结果表明，在相同的灌水量下，A*10和A*0的土壤含水量变化较CK更稳定，叶水势总体上高于CK，说明“超细纤维”渗灌能够维持较为稳定的水分状态，延缓了葡萄所遭受的水分胁迫。A*10和A*0的副梢生长量比CK分别提高了92%和57%；A*10的粒重比CK提高了8.1%，且A*10的产量比CK提高46.8%，说明“超细纤维”渗灌对葡萄的生长起到了促进作用。A*0和A*10的果粒可滴定酸和可溶性固形物水平与CK差异不大。成熟期A*0和A*10的果粒脯氨酸含量低于CK，是由于“超细纤维”渗灌能够缓解葡萄所受到的水分胁迫；A*0和A*10的花色苷含量高于CK，分别比CK提高了5.2%和14.3%，表明A*10供水均匀连续，有利于花色苷的累积。收获时，A*0和A*10的可溶性蛋白含量高于CK，其中A*10比CK高29%。，说明“超细纤维”渗灌有助于葡萄可溶性蛋白的合成。因此，“超细纤维”渗灌不仅比沟灌水分利用效率高，且能在一定程度上提高葡萄品质。     

Physiologic response of six plant species grown in two contrasting soils and irrigated with brackish groundwater and RO concentrate

With declining availability of fresh surface water, brackish groundwater is increasingly used for irrigation in the arid and semi-arid southwestern United States. Brackish water can be desalinated by reverse osmosis (RO) but RO results in a highly saline concentrate. Disposal of concentrate is a major problem hindering augmentation of inland desalination in arid areas. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of texture and saline water irrigation on the physiology of six species (Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt., Hordeum vulgare L., Lepidium alyssoides A. Gray, Distichlis stricta (L.) Greene, Panicum virgatum L., and ×Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus [Secale?×?Triticum]). All species were grown in two contrasting soils and irrigated with the same volume of control water (EC 0.9?dS/m), brackish groundwater (4.1?dS/m), RO concentrate (EC 8.0?dS/m). Several plant physiological measurements were made during the growing season including height, number of stem nodes, average internodal length, number of leaves, leaf length, photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance rates, transpiration rates, leaf temperatures, stem water potential, and osmotic potential. P. virgatum was the only species that showed significant decrease in plant height and growth with texture and irrigation water salinity. Except for A. canescens and L. alyssoides, number and length of leaves decreased with increasing salinity for all species. No significant differences were observed for photosynthetic, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates by soil texture or irrigation water salinity. Stem water potential and osmotic potential did show some significant influence by soil texture and irrigation water salinity. Based on the results, RO concentrate can be reused to grow all six species in sand; however, growth of all species showed some limitations in clay. Local reuse of RO concentrate along desert margins with regular soil and environmental quality monitoring can accelerate implementation of inland desalination for sustaining food security.     

不同覆双膜和揭膜方式对南疆棉花产量和品质的影响

以双膜覆盖栽培技术为研究基础，通过探索不同揭膜方式对棉花生长发育、产量及品质的影响，提出一种新型的地膜覆盖及揭膜方式，以期有效解决残膜污染问题。田间自然条件下，设置5个处理，即膜侧播种+双膜覆盖+苗后头水前揭膜(T₁)、膜侧播种+双膜覆盖+苗后揭上膜(T₂)、裸播(T₃)、膜下播种+单膜覆盖+苗后揭膜(T₄)、膜下播种+双膜覆盖+苗后揭上膜(CK),测定棉花农艺性状、生育期、成铃、产量及品质指标，进而分析处理间差异。结果表明：T₁处理对棉花株高影响不显著，T₂和T₄处理对株高影响较小，而T₃处理则导致株高显著降低，对棉花生长具有抑制作用；T₁、T₄和CK处理可以显著降低杂草数量，T₂和T₃处理对杂草数量的控制力度相对较弱；揭膜方式的变化对棉株生育期天数及产量形成的空间分布具有一定影响；T₃处理会显著降低棉...     

可降解地膜对新疆南疆棉花生长和产量的影响

以诱导期为30~120 d的15种可降解地膜为供试材料,无膜及普通聚乙烯膜(Polyethylene,PE膜)为对照,于2008—2009年在新疆南疆地区的阿拉尔市开展了可降解地膜覆盖棉花的田间试验,研究可降解地膜的降解及其对棉花生长及产量的影响。结果表明:可降解地膜比普通PE膜先表现出破裂降解的现象,其中,诱导期为90 d的北京1#可降解地膜在棉田覆盖45 d后最早出现破裂;扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察表明,与普通PE膜相比较,诱导期为80 d的北京1#可降解地膜在棉田覆盖145 d后,表面有明显的条状裂缝。覆盖可降解地膜的棉花在苗期、蕾期、开花期和花铃期的生长发育指标(株高、真叶数、单株铃数、果枝数、地上部干物质重)以及单株铃数和果枝数总体上要高于无膜处理,但是与普通PE膜处理无显著差异;覆盖可降解地膜对棉花的衣分和单铃重无显著影响;与无膜处理相比较,覆盖可降解地膜能显著增加籽棉产量,但覆盖可降解地膜与普通PE膜处理之间的籽棉产量无显著差异。     

水分和养分添加对内蒙古荒漠草原沙生针茅生长与生理特性及其敏感性的影响

为了探究荒漠草原优势植物对水分和养分输入的响应特征和适应规律,通过设置2个水分水平(自然降雨、水分添加)和3个养分水平(无养分添加、N添加、NPK添加),共6个处理,研究水分与养分添加对荒漠草原优势植物沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa)生长、生理及其敏感性的影响。双因素方差分析结果表明:水分主效应、养分主效应及水分和养分的交互作用对沙生针茅的生长生理特性具有显著影响(P<0.05)。水分添加显著增加了沙生针茅的叶片鲜重、干重、株高和相对电导率,降低了SOD酶活性;养分添加增加沙生针茅的叶面积,N添加增加了丙二醛含量,NPK添加降低了叶绿素a/b(Ca/Cb)和SOD酶活性;水分和养分的交互作用对叶面积、叶片厚度、叶绿素a(Ca)、脯氨酸、蛋白质含量和SOD酶活性具有显著影响。敏感性分析表明,叶面积和Ca含量对同时添加水分和NPK处理较为敏感,而Ca/Cb对水分添加处理更为敏感。综上所述,沙生针茅可以通过改变特定的生长生理特性适应水分和养分的变化,这对于揭示荒漠草原植物对全球变化的响应机制具有重要意义。     

根系分区灌水对苹果水分状况及生长的影响

以2年生分根盆栽皇家嘎拉(RoyalGala)苹果为试材,通过全部根系、3/4、2/4、1/4根系体积灌水、全部根系不灌水5种处理研究了根系分区灌水对苹果叶水势、气孔阻力以及枝叶生长变化的影响。结果表明,3/4、2/4、1/4根系体积灌水在植株叶水势变化不明显时气孔阻力增大,新梢和叶片生长同时受到抑制,并且根系干旱的体积愈大,抑制作用愈强。     

不同灌水量对日光温室黄瓜耗水规律及水分利用效率的影响

在宁夏干旱区日光温室膜下滴灌条件下,研究了不同灌水量对日光温室黄瓜耗水规律和土壤水分利用效率的影响,试验结果表明:耗水强度整体随着生育期的延后逐渐增大,在结果盛期达到最大,随后逐渐下降,在各个生育期各处理日耗水强度随灌水量的增加而增加,而土壤水分的消耗则随着灌水量的增加而明显减少.灌水量达到563 mm时,完全能满足黄...     

微咸水简易渗灌对温室番茄生长及生理特性的影响

通过温室栽培试验,研究了两种灌溉方式(地面沟灌、简易渗灌)和两个灌溉水盐分浓度(淡水、5 g/L微咸水)共4个处理(1.沟灌+淡水,简称沟淡处理;2.沟灌+微咸水,简称沟咸处理;3.简易渗灌+淡水,简称渗淡处理;4.简易渗灌+微咸水,简称渗咸处理)下的番茄生长、产量、品质、叶水势、光合特性及土壤盐分积累的变化。结果表明:(1)两种灌溉方式比较,淡水灌溉时,简易渗灌的植株干物质量显著低于沟灌,但微咸水灌溉时的这种差异不明显;沟灌条件下,微咸水灌溉比淡水灌溉植株干物质量降低7.06%,而简易渗灌下的这种下降不明显;(2)两种灌溉方式下,微咸水灌溉均使番茄产量降低,但未达到显著水平;简易渗灌与沟灌相比,果实产量提高约3.3%,且渗咸处理的果实品质优于沟咸处理;(3)淡水灌溉时,两种灌溉方式间的叶片水势、叶绿素含量没有显著差异,但微咸水灌溉时,叶片水势降低0.07~0.15MPa、叶绿素含量降低1.65%~21.8%,简易渗灌下下降幅度显著低于沟灌;(4)沟灌条件下,微咸水灌溉与淡水灌溉相比,叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率与气孔导度分别降低14.29%、19.74%和33.46%,均达显著水平,但简易渗灌下的这种变化不明显,且蒸腾效率显著升高;(5)渗咸处理的0~40cm土层土壤积盐程度轻于沟咸处理。初步结论:温室番茄实行微咸水简易渗灌,使根层土壤积盐较轻、植株叶片水分状态较好、叶片光合等生理活动维持在较高的水平、蒸腾效率提高,从而使果实产量提高、品质较优。