PCR扩增妊娠奶牛牙釉蛋白基因进行胚胎性别鉴定的研究

牙釉蛋白（amelogenin,简写为AML）基因是牙齿发育过程中丰富表达的多拷贝基因,AML基因的同源基因分别定位在XY染色体上。本试验利用x—Y同源的牙釉蛋白基因序列设计一对特异性引物（牛AML基因序列的扩增片段长度：雌性为只有467bp的特异性扩增片段：雄性为同时具有341bp和467bp的两条特异性扩增片段）,应用PCR技术同时扩增X和Y染色体上的特异性片段,扩增产物用PAGE电泳分离技术,经硝酸银溶液染色及扫描分析进行妊娠奶牛早期胚胎的性别鉴定。结果显示,从X染色体上扩增出467bp的片段．从Y染色体上扩增出341bp的特异性片段。由此可知,PCR扩增妊娠奶牛牙釉蛋白基因可以进行胚胎的性别鉴定。     

鹈鹕性别鉴定的分子标记方法

鹈鹕是一种雌雄同态鸟类,外观上难以区分。从鹈鹕血液中提取基因组DNA,参照近缘鸟类性染色体上的CHD基因和EE0.6序列,筛选了3对引物进行特异性扩增,其中2对引物组合成1个组(A/B)进行双重PCR扩增。结果表明,2组引物在雄性个体中均扩增出1条片段,在雌性中扩增出2条片段;待测群体中雄性个体2只,雌性个体8只。本试验首次确立了利用PCR技术对鹈鹕性别进行鉴定的分子标记方法。     

牛早期胚胎性别鉴定PCR反应体系的优化研究

根据牛SRY基因序列设计合成2对巢式PCR引物作为性别鉴定引物，根据牛酪蛋白基因序列设计了一对引物作为内标引物建立了牛胚胎性别鉴定的PCR反应体系。同时对常规PCR和巢式PCR在牛早期胚胎性别鉴定中的实用性进行比较。15头公牛、13头母牛的DNA样品检测结果表明：使用巢式PCR公牛可以扩增出205bp的SRY基因片段和403bp的酪蛋白基因片段，母牛只能扩增出403bp的酪蛋白基因片段；而使用常规PCR时公牛扩增出255bp的SRY基因片段和403bp的酪蛋白基因片段，母牛只能扩增出403bp的酪蛋白基因片段，其性别鉴定结果和实际完全一致。由于巢式PCR只需10个细胞就可以在紫外透射分析仪下看到扩增结果，而常规PCR则需要20～30个细胞，所以胚胎性别鉴定时使用巢式PCR效果更好。试验采用巢式PCR鉴定了10个奶牛胚胎的性别，同时还对血清是否会对试验结果产生影响进行了研究。     

等位基因特异性PCR技术在绵羊基因SNP分型中的建立

为了在绵羊核基因和线粒体基因中建立简便、快速、准确的SNP分型技术,选择骨形态发生蛋白受体1B基因(BMPR1B)(核基因)A746G突变位点和线粒体基因16S rRNA基因(T1112C)、tRNA-His基因(C11606T)突变位点,对BMPR1B A746G采用三引物等位基因特异性PCR,结果每个样品使用2次扩增即可判定基因型,减少了限制性内切酶的使用。T1112C和C11606T采用四引物等位基因特异性PCR进行分型,T1112C位点检测中,所有样品均能扩增出569 bp最长片段的外引物产物,扩增出349 bp片段的样品为TT野生型,扩增出263 bp片段的样品为CC突变型,没有异质性。C11606T位点检测中,所有样品均能扩增出572 bp最长片段的外引物产物,扩增出408 bp的片段为CC野生型,扩增出213 bp的片段为TT野生型,没有异质性。结果表明四引物等位基因特异性PCR技术可以用于线粒体基因组SNP分型。     

中国麦洼牦牛、美国荷斯坦奶牛的性别鉴定

根据中国黑白花奶牛的ZFX、ZFY基因序列设计引物ZFY1、ZFX2、ZFY3，对中国麦洼牦牛、美国荷斯坦奶牛ZFX、ZFY基因片段进行PCR体外扩增和性别鉴定。结果显示：ZFY1、ZFX2引物对ZFX、ZFY都能扩增出一条652bp片段；ZFY基因特异性引物ZFX2、ZFY3只能对雄性扩增出一条359bp的片段；特异性引物ZFX2、ZFY3能对中国麦洼牦牛、美国荷斯坦奶牛进行性别鉴定。     

中国麦洼牦牛、美国荷斯坦奶牛的性别鉴定

根据中国黑白花奶牛的ZFX、ZFY基因序列设计引物ZFY1、ZFX2、ZFY3,对中国麦洼牦牛、美国荷斯坦奶牛ZFX、ZFY基因片段进行PCR体外扩增和性别鉴定.结果显示ZFY1、ZFX2引物对ZFX、ZFY都能扩增出一条652bp片段;ZFY基因特异性引物ZFX2、ZFY3只能对雄性扩增出一条359bp的片段;特异性引物ZFX2、ZFY3能对中国麦洼牦牛、美国荷斯坦奶牛进行性别鉴定.     

利用多重PCR技术快速鉴定牛性别的研究

为了建立一套简单、快速鉴定性别的方法,试验根据牛的Beta基因及SRY基因,设计2对引物(β-1,2和SRY-1,2),对牛96个牛肉DNA样本进行PCR性别鉴定。结果表明:雄性样品扩增出了300 bp和429 bp 2条片段,而雌性样品只能扩增出300 bp 1条片段。40个牛血液DNA样本鉴定结果与实际性别对比,雄性、雌性准确率均为100%。     

PCR扩增牙釉基因X和Y染色体不同序列鉴定牛早期胚胎性别

本实验利用牛牙釉基因特异性引物扩增牛血液、成纤维细胞和胚胎DNA,旨在优化牛早期胚胎性别鉴定的方法。结果表明:实验利用两温度PCR扩增母牛DNA样品获得1条来自X染色体458 bp产物,PCR扩增公牛DNA样品获得2条产物,其中395 bp扩增产物来自Y染色体,458 bp扩增产物来自X染色体,60头已知性别牛样品鉴定的准确率为100%。实验优化了一种两温度PCR快速鉴别奶牛及其早期胚胎性别的方法。     

火烈鸟性别鉴定的分子标记方法

由于火烈鸟在外观上雌雄极为相似,很难用常规方法对其性别进行鉴定。本试验首次确立了利用PCR技术对火烈鸟性别进行鉴定的分子标记方法。从火烈鸟血液中提取总基因组DNA,针对性染色体上的CHD基因和EE0.6序列,筛选了4对引物进行特异性扩增,其中3对引物组合成2个组(A/B和B/C)进行多重PCR。结果表明,3组引物都在雄性个体中扩增出1条片段,在雌性中扩增出2条片段;待测群体中雄性个体11只,雌性个体6只。经检验,利用3组引物都能准确鉴定火烈鸟性别,为该物种在分子水平上的性别鉴定奠定了基础。     

应用半嵌套PCR扩增鹿源狂犬病野毒核蛋白基因

应用一对外引物 (RNP1 ,RNP2 )和一个套式引物 (RNP3) ,对鹿源狂犬病野毒 82 0 2株核蛋白基因 (约135 0bp)进行 2次PCR扩增。第 1次仅扩增出一条约 75 0bp的片段 ,第 2次扩增时 ,将第一次扩增产物进行10 3倍稀释后能较好地扩增出目的片段。结果表明 ,半套式PCR引物的非特异性对目的片段的干扰 ,具有较高的敏感性。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.