野葛花乙醇提取物对植物病原真菌的抑制作用研究

以黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)、柑橘青霉菌(Penicillium digitatum)、番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、梨黑星病菌(Venturia nashicola)5种植物病原真菌为供试菌种,采用牛津杯法,研究了野葛花乙醇提取物的抑菌活性及其对植物病原真菌的抑菌效果.结果表明:野葛花的乙醇提取物对这5种植物病原真菌均有不同程度的抑制作用;随着提取物浓度的增大,其对植物病原真菌的抑菌效果逐渐增强,当达到某一值后,抑制效果又随其浓度的增加逐渐减弱.另外,黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)、柑橘青霉菌(Penicillium digitatum)、番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、梨黑星病菌(Venturia nashicola)的最适野葛花乙醇提取物抑菌质量浓度分别为0.1250、0.2500、0.2500、0.2500、0.5000 g/mL,其中番茄灰霉病菌的最低抑菌质量浓度应大于0.0625g/mL.因此,野葛花的乙醇提取物在抑制植物真菌性病害方面具有广阔的开发利用前景,可作为新型植物源生物农药的良好剂型.     

狼毒大戟根提取物抑菌活性及其提取方法初探

以连续回流提取法从狼毒大戟根中提取得到抑菌活性物质,采用生长速率法进行离体抑菌试验确定其对多种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。狼毒大戟根提取物对黄瓜枯萎病菌、菜豆炭疽病菌、甜瓜枯萎病菌等9种供试病原真菌菌丝生长均有一定的抑制作用。通过单因素试验和正交试验确定最优提取工艺为:以90%乙醇作为溶剂,料液比1︰20,在提取温度为65℃和提取溶剂pH为10.0条件下提取90min,提取次数为2次。     

4种植物源复配杀菌剂对瓜类枯萎病菌的抑制效果

利用超声波辅助提取法从木香、丁香、肉桂、大黄 4 种药用植物中提取活性物质,以黄瓜枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporium f.?sp.?cucumerinum）和西瓜枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum f.?sp.?Niveum）为供试真菌,采用生长速率法对4 种药用植物提取物及其复配剂进行离体活性测定。结果表明：木香、丁香、肉桂和大黄等4种植物提取物对黄瓜枯萎病菌和西瓜枯萎病菌的菌丝生长均具有明显的抑制作用,且随着植物提取物浓度的增加,菌丝生长抑制率明显提高。4种植物提取物按适当比例混合复配可明显降低最低抑菌浓度,增强抑菌效果,抑菌作用较强的为3∶1的木香∶肉桂复配剂、1∶2的肉桂∶丁香复配剂和2∶1的木香∶大黄复配剂。     

植物提取物对瓜类枯萎病菌的抑菌活性

以黄瓜枯萎病菌、西瓜枯萎病菌和甜瓜枯萎病菌为供试病原菌，对27种植物的乙醇提取物进行了离体抑菌活性筛选，并采用盆栽活体试验测定了狼毒大戟、藿香、肉桂、黄檗等提取物对黄瓜枯萎病菌的生物活性。离体抑菌活性测定结果表明：27种供试植物提取物对3种病原菌的菌丝生长均具有一定的抑制作用，其中狼毒大戟、白屈菜、藿香、肉桂、黄檗、龙葵等提取物对3种病原菌的抑制率均可达70%以上。盆栽活体试验结果表明：狼毒大戟提取物对黄瓜幼苗抗枯萎病菌的预防效果和治疗效果均较好，分别达70.54%和57.89%|肉桂提取物对黄瓜幼苗抗枯萎病菌的预防效果、诱导抗病效果、治疗效果均可达50%以上|藿香提取物的诱导抗病效果最高达75.60%，而预防效果和治疗效果不明显|黄檗提取物的预防效果可高达83.33%，诱导抗病效果亦达55.55%，但治疗效果不明显。     

纳米Cu2O悬浮液对5种植物病原真菌的抑菌效果比较

研究了不同浓度纳米Cu2O悬浮液对5种植物病原真菌——番茄早疫病菌、辣椒疫霉菌、西瓜枯萎病菌、黄瓜炭疽病菌和油菜菌核病菌的抑菌效果。试验结果表明,纳米Cu2O悬浮液对5种植物病原真菌有非常明显的抑制作用,抑菌效果与纳米Cu2O质量浓度呈正相关,纳米Cu2O悬浮液对辣椒疫霉菌的抑菌效果明显优于对其他4种植物病原真菌的抑菌效果;纳米Cu2O质量浓度为100 mg/kg时,对辣椒疫霉菌的抑制率高达95%以上;纳米Cu2O质量浓度为400 mg/kg时,对番茄早疫病菌、西瓜枯萎病菌、黄瓜炭疽病菌和油菜菌核病菌的抑制率均达到80%以上。     

28种药用植物提取液对6种植物病原真菌抑菌活性的测定

以瓜果腐霉（Pythium aphanidermatum）、辣椒疫霉（Phytophthora capsici）、尖镰孢菌（Fusarium oxysporium）、茄镰孢菌（Fusarium solani）、灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea）、禾谷镰孢菌（Fusarium graminearum）等6种植物病原真菌为供试菌株,采用菌丝生长法对28种药用植物提取液的抑菌活性进行了测定。结果表明：丁香（Eugenia caryophyllata）对6种植物病原真菌的抑制率均达100%,乌梅（Armeniaca mume）、百部（Stemona sessilifolia）和木香（Aucklandia lappa）对5种植物病原真菌的抑制率均在70%以上。采用孢子萌发法对抑菌效果较好的5种药用植物进行进一步研究,结果表明：这5种药用植物对灰葡萄孢孢子萌发抑制率均在90%以上。     

47种植物提取物对3种柑桔常见贮藏病害病原菌活性抑制作用研究

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了白附子等47种植物提取物对柑桔青霉菌Penicillium italicum、柑桔绿霉菌P.digitatum和柑桔酸腐病菌Oospora citri-aurantii等3种柑桔常见贮藏期病原真菌的离体抑菌活性。结果表明,以10mg/mL处理3天时,对柑桔青霉菌抑制作用较强的是川芎(又名川芎藁木)Ligusticumchuanxiong、侧柏Platycladus orientalis、苍耳Xanthium sibiricum和五加皮(又名五加)Acanthopanax gracilistylus的提取物,抑菌率均在97%以上;对柑桔绿霉菌抑制作用较强的是五加皮和侧柏的提取物,抑菌率分别为99.66%和98.33%;对柑桔酸腐病菌抑制作用较强的是独活(又名毛当归)Angelica pubescens、羌活Notopterygiumincisum和川芎的提取物,抑菌率分别为95.24%、94.38%和77.41%。其中,独活、川芎和五加皮的提取物对柑桔青霉病菌、柑桔绿霉病菌和柑桔酸腐病菌的抑菌活性显著高于其他植物的提取物,作用明显,且提取物气味芬芳。植物提取物抑菌活性的发现为植物源保鲜剂的研发奠定了基础。     

六种蒿属植物提取物抑菌效果的比较研究

以黄花蒿、艾蒿、茵陈蒿、大籽蒿、蒙古蒿、林地蒿6种菊科蒿属植物的乙醇提取物为试材,采用滤纸片扩散法和液体悬浮培养法,研究6种植物乙醇提取物对引起植物细菌性病害的丁香假单胞菌、根癌土壤杆菌、马铃薯环腐病菌的抑菌效果的影响和最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果表明:6种蒿属植物的乙醇提取物均表现为对供试细菌有一定的抑菌作用,其中艾蒿、黄花蒿的抑菌作用最强。不同植物的乙醇提取物对不同细菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)则表现较大差异。     

赣南脐橙成熟采收期果实病害调查

2013—2015年果实成熟采收期,先后从江西赣州18个县(市、区)115个乡镇随机采集883份脐橙果实样品进行病原菌的分离和鉴定。结果表明,发现有柑桔青霉病菌Penicillium italicum、柑桔绿霉病菌P.digitatum、柑桔扩展青霉病菌P.expansum、柑桔炭疽病菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides、柑桔干腐病菌Fusarium moniliforme、柑桔疫霉病菌Phytophthora citrophthora、柑桔黑腐病菌Alternaria citri、柑桔黑斑病菌Phoma citricarpa等8种病原真菌,以及柑桔溃疡病菌Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri、柑桔黄龙病菌亚洲种Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus等2种病原细菌。其中,柑桔青霉病菌+柑桔绿霉病菌的检出率分别为40.7%,柑桔炭疽病菌的检出率为23.2%,柑桔溃疡病菌的检出率分别为7.0%,其余病原菌的检出率在0.1%~1.6%之间。赣南脐橙贮藏期,柑桔青霉病与绿霉病是重点防治对象,且要加强柑桔炭疽病的防治。     

羊耳蒜内生真菌的分离鉴定与抑菌活性筛选

以兰科野生植物羊耳蒜为试材,采用常规无菌培养技术分离其根部的内生真菌,同时采用平板对峙的方法,研究了所获得的内生真菌菌株对常见植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果表明:从羊耳蒜的根中共分离获得43株内生真菌,经形态学鉴定分属于7个属,其中丝核菌属占优势。筛选得到4株具有较强抑菌活性的菌株,占分离菌株总数的9.3%,抑菌活性集中在油菜菌核病菌。结合分子生物学鉴定发现,这4株菌株分别为腐皮镰孢菌Fusarium solani、柱孢霉属菌株Cylindrocarponsp.、轮枝菌属菌株Lecanicilliumsp.和胶膜菌属菌株Tulasnella sp.。     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Effect of puerarin on pulmonary arterioles wall collagen metabolism of chronic hypoxia hypercapnia rats

AIM:To investigate the effect of puerarin on pulmonary vessel collagen metabolism in pulmonary hypertension rats induced by chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia.METHODS:Collagen Ⅰ, Ⅲ and their mRNA were observed in pulmonary arterioles by the technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.RESULTS:① Light microscopy showed media thickness of pulmonary arterioles was much higher in HH(hypoxic-hypercapnia) group than that of NC(normal control) group, and, vessel cavity turned more straiter in HH group than that of NC group.However, the damage of pulmonary arterioles in HP(hypoxic-pueratin) group was much slighter than that of HH group. ② The levels of plasma ET-1 and lung homogenates Hyr were much higher in HH group than those of NC group(P＜0.01), and lower in HP group than HH groups(P＜0.01).Plasma NO content in group HH was lower than that of group NC(P＜0.01), it was higher in group HP than that of group HH(P＜0.01).③Expression of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅰ mRNA in pulmonary arterioles were significantly higher in HH groups than those of NC group (P＜0.01), and they were lower in HP group than those of HH group (P＜0.01).Expression of collagen Ⅲ and collagen Ⅲ mRNA showed no difference among three groups(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Puerarin inhibited the deposition of collagen and improved pulmonary vessel remodeling.     

Mixed-severity fire regime in a high-elevation forest of Grand Canyon,Arizona, USA

Fire regime characteristics of high-elevation forests on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, were reconstructed from fire scar analysis, remote sensing, tree age, and forest structure measurements, a first attempt at detailed reconstruction of the transition from surface to stand-replacing fire patterns in the Southwest. Tree densities and fire-/non-fire-initiated groups were highly mixed over the landscape, so distinct fire-created stands could not be delineated from satellite imagery or the oldest available aerial photos. Surface fires were common from 1700 to 1879 in the 4,400 ha site, especially on S and W aspects. Fire dates frequently coincided with fire dates measured at study sites at lower elevation, suggesting that pre-1880 fire sizes may have been very large. Large fires, those scarring 25% or more of the sample trees, were relatively infrequent, averaging 31 years between burns. Four of the five major regional fire years occurred in the 1700s, followed by a 94-year gap until 1879. Fires typically occurred in significantly dry years (Palmer Drought Stress Index), with severe drought in major regional fire years. Currently the forest is predominantly spruce-fir, mixed conifer, and aspen. In contrast, dendroecological reconstruction of past forest structure showed that the forest in 1880 was very open, corresponding closely with historical (1910) accounts of severe fires leaving partially denuded landscapes. Age structure and species composition were used to classify sampling points into fire-initiated and non-fire-initiated groups. Tree groups on nearly 60% of the plots were fire-initiated; the oldest such groups appeared to have originated after severe fires in 1782 or 1785. In 1880, all fire-initiated groups were less than 100 years old and nearly 25% of the groups were less than 20 years old. Non-fire-initiated groups were significantly older (oldest 262 years in 1880), dominated by ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, or white fir, and occurred preferentially on S and W slopes. The mixed-severity fire regime, transitioning from lower-elevation surface fires to mixed surface and stand-replacing fire at higher elevations, appeared not to have been stable over the temporal and spatial scales of this study. Information about historical fire regime and forest structure is valuable for managers but the information is probably less specific and stable for high-elevation forests than for low-elevation ponderosa pine forests.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

瓜叶绿素降解关键酶基因PPH和PAO cDNA片段的克隆与表达初步分析

 以西双版纳黄瓜和‘华黄5号’黄瓜叶片为试验材料,研究了衰老过程中两种黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量变化及脱镁叶绿素脱镁叶绿酸水解酶基因PPH和脱镁叶绿酸a加氧酶基因PAO的表达。结果表明：随着叶片衰老,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著降低,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值在0.5左右,推测叶绿素b的含量可能对黄瓜叶片保绿起到重要作用。荧光定量RT-PCR分析结果显示：PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片生长35 d时表达量最高,分别为5.50和1.86;PPH在‘华黄5号’叶片35 d时表达量最高,为7.14,而PAO在35和45 d表达量都很高,分别为3.90和3.91;PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片中的表达量低于在‘华黄5号’中。