短时极端高温对亚洲玉米螟卵、初孵幼虫和成虫的影响

为探明短时极端高温对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)的影响,采用耐热能力测定方法,研究了亚洲玉米螟经6 h高温处理后的半数致死温度(LT50)、存活率以及不同高温下的半数致死时间(Lt50)。结果表明,经6 h高温处理后,亚洲玉米螟卵、初孵幼虫和成虫的LT50分别为40.24~40.44、38.59和42.84~44.54℃;当卵、初孵幼虫、1日龄和3日龄成虫分别在37、35、41和37℃时,其存活率与对照均无显著差异,而分别在39、37、43和39℃时,其存活率显著低于对照,卵、初孵幼虫、1日龄和3日龄成虫的短时高温阈值分别为37~39、35~37、41~43和37~39℃;当温度高于高温阈值时,卵、初孵幼虫和成虫的Lt50分别为0.38~6.31、0.22~8.35和3.80~24.15h,且雄成虫的Lt50小于雌成虫。研究表明,短时极端高温对亚洲玉米螟的存活率具有显著影响。     

不同温度锻炼对高温胁迫下Q型烟粉虱存活及生殖的影响

［目的］ 明确不同温度锻炼对高温胁迫下Q型烟粉虱存活及生殖的影响。［方法］ 将Q型烟粉虱成虫在45 ℃下暴露1 h直接进行高温胁迫,及温度锻炼后再胁迫,即在不同温度(10、33、39 ℃)下暴露0.5 h,再45 ℃处理1 h,然后在26 ℃条件下饲养,观察其存活率、寿命及产卵量。 ［结果］ 在产卵量无明显变化时,低温锻炼后雌雄虫寿命缩短,以存活率升高的方式维持其种群。高温锻炼后存活率降低,以延长雌虫寿命的方式,使其种群数量维持在一定水平。［结论］ 不同温度锻炼后,Q型烟粉虱的种群动态与存活率、寿命、产卵量的变化之间存在着权衡。     

周期性高温对丽蚜小蜂田间应用效果的影响

为了探究高温逆境条件下丽蚜小蜂在田间的释放效果及高温对丽蚜小蜂生长发育、生殖及存活的影响,设计了田间及室内验证试验。在夏季高温季节监测棚内温度,并释放丽蚜小蜂,测定其对粉虱的防治效果。在室内周期性重复高温(26、30、35、40、45℃),测定高温对丽蚜小蜂羽化率、寿命及产卵量的影响。结果表明,夏季高温季节释放丽蚜小蜂,其对粉虱的控制效果较差,并且在田间寄生率较低。温度升高,丽蚜小蜂蛹羽化率、寿命及产卵量均随之降低。26～45℃丽蚜小蜂羽化率从93.45%降至0;寿命从13.55 d下降至1 d;产卵量从92.05头下降至0头。繁育丽蚜小蜂的温度最好控制在30℃以下;在田间应用过程中棚内温度不要长时间保持在35℃以上,否则严重影响丽蚜小蜂的应用效果。     

低温贮存被寄生的烟粉虱伪蛹对丽蚜小蜂种群品质的影响

研究了低温贮存被丽蚜小蜂寄生的B型烟粉虱褐色伪蛹对丽蚜小蜂种群品质的影响。1～6日龄褐蛹于11℃贮存10d的结果表明,3日龄褐蛹中羽化的成蜂寿命、产卵量和刺吸量均优于其他日龄;在11℃下贮存10、20、30d后,上述生物学指标和种群参数均随贮存天数增加而明显降低,其中以10d的净生殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率较未贮存的差异小。     

热胁迫与持续时间对小菜蛾成虫寿命与生殖的影响

模拟了热胁迫(日高温30、35℃)与持续时间(持续时间0、2、4 h)对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)寿命与生殖的影响。试验结果表明,小菜蛾经历不同温度热胁迫与持续时间处理后逐日产卵略有不同。高温30℃胁迫处理后,短时间热胁迫对小菜蛾成虫寿命、产卵日、总生殖量无显著影响。但是35℃下成虫第1天生殖量随持续时间延长而显著降低。结果还显示短时间热胁迫对成虫产卵的时间分布产生显著影响,且引起生殖补偿现象。     

温度对蠋蝽Arma chinensis及其子代生物学特性的影响

通过室内试验,设置了低温0℃处理蠋蝽(Arma chinensis)成虫12 h后于25℃饲养、3龄若虫至成虫分别于18、25℃及35℃条件下饲养等试验,以研究温度对蠋蝽生物学特性的影响。结果表明:(1)成虫短暂低温(0℃,12 h)处理后,其子代3龄至5龄若虫的发育历期为27.6 d,略高于持续低温18℃处理后子代3龄至5龄若虫的发育历期(22.0 d),但35℃的高温处理则显著缩短了子代3龄至5龄若虫的发育历期(11.0 d)。(2)成虫经短暂低温后处理后,蠋蝽成虫的寿命显著延长,雌性寿命略短于雄性(雌性66.9 d,雄性69.7 d);高温(35℃)处理则显著缩短了子代成虫寿命,雄性寿命显著长于雌性(雌性22.7 d,雄性32.7 d)。(3)蠋蝽成虫经短暂低温(0℃,12 h)处理后,蠋蝽成虫的性比为雌性∶雄性=0.48∶0.52。(4)蠋蝽成虫在18℃(43粒)与35℃(32粒)温度饲养条件下的产卵量显著低于短暂低温(0℃,12 h)后成虫(约264粒)及25℃(约218粒)饲养条件下的成虫产卵量,但在几种温度处理条件下,卵的长或宽之间无显著差异。18℃低温及35℃高温处理均会显著降低卵孵化率,35℃高温条件下,蠋蝽卵的孵化率为0。     

温度对丽蚜小蜂寄生烟粉虱生物学特性的影响

研究了25℃下丽蚜小蜂寄生烟粉虱各龄若虫的选择性;不同温度对寄生蜂的发育历期、存活率、成虫寿命和生育力的影响。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂对三龄和伪蛹初期的烟粉虱寄生率最高,小蜂发育速度也最快。丽蚜小蜂的发育历期和雌蜂寿命随温度的升高而缩短,其存活率以25℃中最高、15℃最低,但不同温度下丽蚜小蜂的生育力无显著差异。     

温度对大蜡螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

为预测大蜡螟Galleria mellonella的发生期并为其田间有效防控提供参考依据,采用室内人工恒温饲养方法,测定27、29、31、33、35℃五个温度下大蜡螟幼虫龄期、各虫态存活率和发育历期及成虫寿命和繁殖力,对其发育速率与温度进行回归分析,计算各虫态发育起点温度和有效积温。结果显示,27～35℃范围内,大蜡螟能正常发育,但低温会使幼虫龄期减少,29～35℃下大蜡螟有7～10龄幼虫,而27℃下,大蜡螟仅有6～8龄幼虫。温度显著影响各虫态存活率,低龄尤其1龄幼虫受温度的影响较大,27～33℃下其存活率低于26.06%,当温度为35℃时其存活率高达87.27%。世代及各虫态的发育历期均与温度呈负相关,卵期、幼虫期、蛹期及世代发育历期均在35℃降至最小值,分别为5.00、25.90、7.05和37.95 d。各虫态发育速率与温度符合二次回归模型。由直接最优法计算得到大蜡螟卵、幼虫、蛹及世代的发育起点温度分别为13.11、13.69、19.83和13.19℃,有效积温依次为100.32、514.09、95.13和789.87日·度。雌雄成虫的寿命和雌成虫产卵历期均随温度升高而缩短,温度...     

高、低温处理对斜纹夜蛾生长发育、存活及耐寒性的影响

为探究短期高、低温对斜纹夜蛾的影响,将其3龄幼虫于35 ℃高温和13 ℃低温分别处理8、16、24、32 h后观察生长发育和存活情况,并比较其于-5 ℃胁迫下的耐寒性变化。结果表明,与对照温度相比,高温处理8 h的斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫,其4～6龄各龄发育历期显著延长;处理24 h和32 h的幼虫其3、4、6龄发育历期缩短;各处理的预蛹期均缩短,3～5龄幼虫存活率显著降低。低温处理后3～6龄各龄发育历期显著延长,存活率显著降低。高、低温处理后幼虫化蛹率均降低,蛹重减小,且低温的伤害作用大于高温。高、低温处理8 h的3龄幼虫-5 ℃胁迫后耐寒性显著提高,存活率分别为对照的1.15和1.29倍;处理24 h和32 h的幼虫耐寒性及存活率均较对照显著下降。表明短期高、低温处理对斜纹夜蛾的生长发育和存活会产生不利影响,但一定程度上可提高其耐寒性。     

短时高温胁迫对褐飞虱存活及其热激蛋白基因hsp70表达的影响

为探讨短时高温胁迫对褐飞虱成虫存活的影响及热激蛋白基因hsp70在此过程中的作用,通过室内试验观察羽化24 h内的褐飞虱成虫经过不同高温(31~40℃)暴露和不同恢复时间(1~72 h)后的存活及其体内hsp70表达情况,并构建了褐飞虱hsp70实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测体系。结果表明,褐飞虱在31~39℃下暴露2 h对其成虫存活无显著影响,39.5℃下其存活率显著降低,为44.4%,40℃下无成虫存活;在37℃下暴露2 h后,在12 h的恢复时间内褐飞虱的存活率与对照组无显著差异,但随着恢复时间延长存活率迅速下降。缓和高温(31℃和33℃)对褐飞虱成虫hsp70表达具有诱导作用,其表达量分别为对照组的3.8和6.7倍;在35℃和37℃时达到最高峰,为对照组的291.2和232.5倍;当温度达到39℃和39.5℃时hsp70表达量呈下降趋势,但仍为对照组的46.7和26.2倍。褐飞虱37℃处理2 h后,随着恢复时间的延长,hsp70基因表达水平迅速下降,恢复48、72 h时,仅为对照组的0.4和0.7倍。推测该基因的表达在褐飞虱抵抗短时高温胁迫过程中具有重要作用。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.