杨树纸浆林生长预测及主伐年龄

探讨了辽宁西部地区杨树纸浆试验林的生长预测和密度、主伐年龄等问题。研究结果表明，杨树纸浆林林分的生长规律和生长量可用Richards 方程进行拟合和预测；选择早期速生的美洲黑杨和欧美杨等造林品种，栽培密度适宜控制在1666－1111株／hm^2，主伐年龄确定在6－7a。     

尾叶桉造林密度与配置试验

对4年7个月生三种密度(1666/株hm~2、2222株/hm~2和3333株/hm~2)两种配置(1666株/hm~2,株行距分别为2m×3m、1m×6m)尾叶桉试验林的分析结果是:密度越大的林分,,其冠幅、胸径、树高、单株材积、蓄积量就越小。方差分析表明,密度间除保存率、林分蓄积量差异不显著外,其余性状的生长量均有显著的差异,每公顷3333株的林分生长量明显低于其它两种密度。在每公顷同时是1666株的情况下,株行距2m×3m的配置明显优于1m×6m的配置。本试验结果以每公顷1666株,株行距2m×3m的密度配置最好,4年7个月生每公顷林分蓄积量达107.024m~3。     

湿地松、火炬松工业用材林间伐制度研究

在 6～ 18年生湿地松、火炬松用材林中布置了 10片间伐强度试验林 ,对不同间伐处理的林分测树因子和间伐作业经济效益进行了分析 ,最后确定了两个树种工业用材林密度调控方案。正常情况下 ,2 0 0 0株· hm-2以下密度林分 8年生后间伐即有收益 ,而首次间伐龄应在 12年生之前方能使保留木生长速率获得提高。通过间伐可使立木规格材出材率略有提高 ,但伐后 4～ 6 a间 ,立木蓄积量、规格材出材量、林分总收获量基本上随间伐强度加大而减少 ,两次间伐的间隔期至少应在6 a以上。综合考虑立地条件、生长效应和经营目的 ,认为两个树种工业用材林营建应选择立地指数14～ 18林地 ,培育纸浆材林分 ,初植密度 2 0 0 0～ 16 6 7株· hm-2 ,或 15年生主伐 ,或 8～ 10年生作中强度间伐至 12 0 0株· hm-2左右 ,18～ 2 0年生主伐 ;培育建筑材 ,初植密度 16 6 7～ 1111株·hm-2 ,10～ 12年生第 1次间伐至 110 0～ 80 0株· hm-2 ,16～ 18年生第 2次间伐至 80 0～ 50 0株·hm-2 ,2 0～ 2 5年生时主伐     

小黑杨短周期纸浆林采伐期的确定

对小黑杨不同密度试验林进行了分析,就短周期纸浆林的造林密度、采伐年龄进行了材积测算和投入、产出的效益分析,确定小黑杨短周期纸浆林的最佳密度和采伐年龄：2222株·hm-2为12a;1111株·hm-2为10a。     

杨树花枝嫁接杂交技术初报

杨树杂交育种是获得杨树新优良品种的重要途径之一,对培育纸浆材、胶合板材以及抗性品种都有着重要的意义。由于美洲黑杨结果时间长,单靠常规水培切枝做杂交育种,存在果穗易脱落、干枯、种子不饱满等缺点。2003年春焦作林科所采用嫁接花枝的方法进行了美洲黑杨间和美洲黑杨×欧美杨共12个组合的有性杂交试验,取得了良好的效果。1　试验材料1 1　砧木2002年秋树叶落完后,将地径2cm左右的美洲黑杨一年生苗移入50cm×50cm花盆中,留杆80cm,以上截去,浇透水一次,置于无加温设备的室内。嫁接前两周移入温室。1 2　采花枝由于美洲黑杨果实生长…     

杨树造纸林栽培密度及轮伐期的研究

该试验采用密度、品种、土壤培肥方法３因素裂区设计,对试验因素各生长指标进行统计和分析,同时进行蓄积量、出材率、出材量的计算和经济效益的分析。９年研究结果表明,辽宁省选择早期速生的美洲黑杨和欧美杨造纸林品种,栽培密度确定在１６６７～１１１１株／ｈｍ２,即株行距为２ｍ×３ｍ～３ｍ×３ｍ;轮伐期确定在６～８年。     

杨树纸浆林经济效益分析及评价

通过对辽宁杨、荷兰3930杨3种不同密度纸浆林的成本及流向、经济效益的静态和动态分析及效益评价，总结出短轮伐期杨树纸浆林的最适栽培密度为1111－1666株／hm^2，轮伐期6－7a；每公顷利税达到38983.00元，年均纯利润为3754．93元；税后内部收益率超过57％；纸浆材的产量和价格是影响经济效益的敏感因素。     

长江中上游防护林体系工程林生物量及生产力计量评价

通过对长防林 (川江部分 )一期工程林所涉及的六个流域不同工程林类型的定位测定 ,结合林地生物量及生长监测资料 ,较为全面地对一期工程林生物量及生产力进行了计量评价研究。结果表明 :一期工程所造 2 4 4.6× 1 0 4hm2 森林 ,单位面积生物量为 1 7.38t/hm2～ 2 2 .91 t/hm2 ,平均值为 2 0 .4 3t/hm2 ,净生产力为 2 .0 5t/hm2· a～ 2 .34 t/hm2·a,平均值为 2 .2 2 t/hm2 · a。其中 ,针叶林、阔叶林、小灌木林、草地单位面积生物量分别为 2 2 .0 0 0 t/hm2、2 5.370 t/hm2、7.677t/hm2、9.1 30 t/hm2 ,平均净生产力分别为 2 .390 t/hm2· a、2 .756t/hm2 · a、1 .535t/hm2 · a、9.1 30 t/hm2 · a。一期工程林总生物量已达 4 1 1 9.9× 1 0 4t,其中长江上干流、沱江、涪江、嘉陵江、渠江、金沙江分别为 886.76× 1 0 4t、4 36.62× 1 0 4t、661 .70×1 0 4t、81 9.66× 1 0 4t、799.86× 1 0 4t、51 5.32× 1 0 4t     

中金系列杨树新品种特性及效益分析

1　中金系列杨树概述中金系列杨树是中国林科院黄东升教授等用速生性的美洲黑杨与抗性、干形优良的欧洲黑杨、青杨进行杂交后 ,在省杨树林局铺设试验林 ,从 30 0 0多个杂交单株中选育出来的。中金 2号杨由美洲黑杨× (美×黑 )杂交 ,中金 3号、中金 8号由 I- 69×青杨杂交 ,中金 7号由美洲黑杨×箭黑杂交 ,中金 10号由美黑×青杨杂交。这些杨树品种已于 1999年 12月 1日通过山西省科学技术委员会鉴定 ,并颁发了“科学技术成果鉴定证书”(晋科鉴定〔1999〕第 2 31号 )。鉴定委员会一致认为 :“该项研究在杨树多样性选育和选育方法上具有显著…     

四个意大利杨树新品种区域试验小结

<正> 1972年我国出席七届世界林业会议代表团从意大利带回两个美洲黑杨(69,63),两个欧美杨新无性系(72,45),由原中国农林科学院引种组分别在本院和南京林产工业学院繁殖,其中南京林产工业学院在江苏泗阳县试种初步成功。为了确定这四个新无性系在我国推广范围,1978年我们采用江苏省泗阳县林苗圃繁殖的种条,在40个试验点进行统一测试。1980年秋林业部造林司在湖北、河南、安徽等省的50个县扩大区域造林试验。一、试验材料来源及遗传性状分析 1.鲁克斯杨(Populus deltoides Bartr.CL.‘LUX’I-69/55)是意大利杨树研究所1952年由美国伊里诺斯州的马萨克引入的美洲黑杨种子中选育出来的。 2.圣·马丁诺杨[P.×euramericana(Dode)Guinier.CL.‘SAN MARTINO’I-72/58]是意大利杨树研究所从成年杂种欧美杨自然授粉种子中选出。 3.哈佛杨(P. deltoides Bartr. CL.‘HA-     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.