嘧菌酯对番茄早疫病菌的抑制作用

采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法分别测定了嘧菌酯对番茄早疫病菌Alternaria solani菌丝生长的抑制作用及其对分生孢子萌发的影响,同时测定了其对菌丝呼吸速率的影响。结果表明,嘧菌酯抑制番茄早疫病菌分生孢子萌发的作用强于对菌丝生长的抑制作用。抑制菌丝生长的剂量-反应曲线与抑制菌丝呼吸的剂量-反应曲线趋势相似,但菌丝在经嘧菌酯处理5~7 h后呼吸速率恢复到对照水平,相比之下,嘧菌酯却能一直抑制菌丝的生长。因此,采用孢子萌发法测定番茄早疫病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性比用菌丝生长速率法测定更为适宜。水杨肟酸与嘧菌酯在抑制番茄早疫病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发方面有协同作用,对菌丝生长的平均协同系数为7.24。随处理时间延长,药剂对菌丝耗氧的抑制作用下降,但仍抑制菌丝生长。研究表明:呼吸作用对药剂的敏感性随着处理的延长而下降的机理不是因为旁路氧化途径增强, 也不是因为基质中药剂效力的下降,而是存在其它机制。     

旁路氧化作用对嘧菌酯抑制辣椒炭疽菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响

 研究表明,旁路氧化作用能够降低辣椒炭疽菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性。离体培养条件下,旁路氧化在辣椒炭疽菌野生菌株的孢子萌发中提供大于95倍生理功能的补偿作用;在菌丝生长中提供20~35倍的补偿作用。但在接种前用嘧菌酯处理辣椒,旁路氧化作用并不明显,嘧菌酯对辣椒炭疽病有良好的保护、治疗、铲除和抗产孢作用。用嘧菌酯处理过的病斑产生的分生孢子萌发活力和致病力下降。炭疽菌离体下的菌丝耗氧率测定表明,10μg/mL嘧菌酯处理1 h对菌丝呼吸耗氧有良好的抑制作用,其抑制效果随药剂浓度提高而略有增加。随处理时间延长,药剂对菌丝耗氧的抑制作用下降,但仍然抑制菌丝生长。研究证明:延长处理时间,呼吸作用对药剂的敏感性下降的机理不是因为旁路氧化途径增强,也不是因为基质中药剂效力的下降,而是存在其它机制。     

水杨肟酸对致病疫霉生长及其对嘧菌酯敏感性的影响

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了离体条件下水杨肟酸对致病疫霉菌丝生长的影响,同时测定了添加水杨肟酸对致病疫霉在不同生长阶段对嘧菌酯敏感性的影响。结果表明:水杨肟酸在低浓度时对致病疫霉菌丝生长有一定的促进作用,但随其浓度升高,对病原菌的抑制作用逐渐增强,10μg/m L时,水杨肟酸对致病疫霉菌丝生长的抑制率小于10%,50μg/m L时,其平均抑制率大于70%。与单用嘧菌酯的处理相比,嘧菌酯中添加10μg/m L的水杨肟酸时,致病疫霉对嘧菌酯的敏感性不受水杨肟酸的影响,其抑制菌丝生长的平均EC50值分别为0.08和0.10μg/m L,抑制孢子囊萌发的平均EC50值分别为0.65和0.67μg/m L;同时,添加10μg/m L的水杨肟酸对孢子囊产量、游动孢子释放以及休止孢萌发均无显著影响;但嘧菌酯中添加50μg/m L的水杨肟酸时,除对致病疫霉菌丝生长无显著影响外,对其他各生长阶段均有显著影响。因此,在离体条件下测定致病疫霉对嘧菌酯的敏感性时,可不必添加水杨肟酸。     

六种杀菌剂对烟草赤星病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的抑制作用

采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定了烟草赤星病菌Alternaria alternata对6种杀菌剂(氟硅唑、异菌脲、菌核净、嘧菌酯、醚菌酯及多菌灵)的敏感性。结果表明:6种杀菌剂对烟草赤星病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发均表现出了不同程度的抑制活性。其中,对菌丝生长抑制活性最强的是氟硅唑,EC50平均值为(0.34±0.11)mg/L,其次为菌核净[(1.13±0.68)mg/L]和异菌脲[(2.08±0.24)mg/L];对分生孢子萌发抑制活性最强的是嘧菌酯协同100 mg/L水杨肟酸,EC50平均值为(0.28±0.09)mg/L,其次分别为单独处理的嘧菌酯[(5.79±2.76)mg/L]、醚菌酯[(11.93±3.93)mg/L]、菌核净[(19.95±15.94)mg/L]和异菌脲[(23.33±11.33)mg/L]。多菌灵对烟草赤星病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的抑制活性均最差,不宜用于烟草赤星病的防治,而异菌脲、氟硅唑、嘧菌酯和醚菌酯均有必要进一步针对烟草赤星病进行田间防效试验。     

不同药剂对蓝莓枝干溃疡病病菌抑制作用初报

采用菌丝生长速率法比较6种杀菌剂对蓝莓枝干溃疡病病菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)的抑制作用。综合各药剂不同稀释倍数处理的抑菌表现,药剂抑制菌丝生长作用由高到低为吡唑嘧菌酯苯甲·丙环唑咯菌腈腈苯唑氟啶胺嘧菌酯;抑制中浓度以吡唑嘧菌酯最低,为0.008 1 mg/L。     

邻烯丙基苯酚对番茄灰霉病菌全细胞呼吸的影响

 利用Oxygraphy液相氧电极研究了植物源杀菌剂邻烯丙基苯酚对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)全细胞呼吸的影响。结果显示,邻烯丙基苯酚处理浓度为5、10 mg/L,菌丝细胞的呼吸速率较对照分别增加了19.58%和24.56%;处理浓度为150 mg/L,可显著抑制菌丝细胞的呼吸,抑制率达到77.49%,表明邻烯丙基苯酚具有低浓度刺激而高浓度抑制灰霉病菌细胞呼吸的双重影响。用药剂处理萌芽期、非萌芽期的分生孢子,测定呼吸的结果表明,药剂对孢子的呼吸作用效果与对菌丝的相似,但以萌芽期分生孢子最为敏感。以0.01 mol/L琥珀酸钠作为病菌细胞呼吸底物时,10 mg/L邻烯丙基苯酚对病菌细胞的呼吸速率具有抑制作用,而添加0.1 mol/L葡萄糖和0.01 mol/L丙酮酸钠两种底物时却表现出刺激病菌细胞呼吸的作用,表明邻烯丙基苯酚对细胞呼吸的影响和氧化底物密切相关。反应液中单独添加呼吸电子传递链特异性位点抑制剂鱼藤酮20μmol/L、嘧菌酯10 mg/L和叠氮化钠0.01 mol/L后,病菌菌丝细胞呼吸均受到显著抑制,抑制率分别为48.94%、33.08%和39.18%。随后再添加10 mg/L邻烯丙基苯酚,不改变这种抑制效果。单独添加旁路氧化酶抑制剂水杨肟酸2 mM不影响病菌菌丝的呼吸,随后再添加10 mg/L邻烯丙基苯酚后,两者协同作用则可显著抑制菌丝的呼吸。     

嘧菌酯对石榴干腐病菌的生物学活性

为探究石榴干腐病的病原菌种类及嘧菌酯对石榴干腐病菌的生物学活性,采用单孢分离法对石榴病果中的病原菌进行分离纯化,然后进行分子鉴定和致病性测定,并通过室内生测法测定了嘧菌酯对其菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响,且连续2年开展了大田防治试验。经形态学、分子生物学鉴定及致病性测定结果表明,石榴干腐病的病原菌为石榴壳座月孢Pilidiella granati。嘧菌酯在水杨肟酸(SHAM)的协同作用下,对石榴干腐病菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发具有强烈的抑制作用,对其菌丝生长和孢子萌发的平均EC50分别为0.202μg/m L和0.007μg/m L(含100μg/m L SHAM);在大田防治试验中,嘧菌酯对石榴干腐病具有良好的防效,其中1 000倍25%嘧菌酯SC稀释液在2013和2014年的防效分别可达90.85%和81.91%,显著高于其它处理。表明嘧菌酯可作为防治石榴干腐病的候选药剂。     

雷帕霉素对4种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性

采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌、油菜菌核病菌、水稻纹枯病菌和棉花枯萎病菌的抑菌活性,比较了嘧菌酯、丙烷脒及雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌效果,并通过电子显微镜观察了雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长的影响。结果表明:雷帕霉素对供试4种植物病原真菌菌丝均表现出了极强的抑制活性,其中对油菜菌核病菌的抑制作用最强,EC50值为2.23×10-4μg/mL,对番茄灰霉病菌、水稻纹枯病菌和棉花枯萎病菌的EC50值分别为1.32×10-3、4.05×10-3及3.82×10-3μg/mL;雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝的抑制活性显著高于嘧菌酯(EC50值为3.24μg/mL)和丙烷脒(EC50值为3.81μg/mL)。电镜观察发现,经雷帕霉素处理后,番茄灰霉病菌菌丝表现出提前衰老等症状。研究结果可为深入探讨雷帕霉素对植物病原真菌的作用机制奠定基础。     

苹果轮纹病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性及Cytb基因序列分析

为了明确苹果轮纹病菌Botryosphaeria dothidea对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性和吡唑醚菌酯的靶标基因序列, 采用菌丝生长速率法测定了水杨肟酸对B. dothidea 菌丝生长的作用, 探讨了添加或不添加水杨肟酸的情况下病原菌对吡唑醚菌酯敏感性的变化; 并测定了不同产区的80株B. dothidea 对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性以及440株B. dothidea 对吡唑醚菌酯的抗性; 然后, 扩增并分析了具有不同敏感性的菌株的细胞色素b基因 (Cytb) 序列?结果表明:不同浓度水杨肟酸对菌丝生长的抑制作用不同?添加40 μg/mL水杨肟酸不影响吡唑醚菌酯的EC50?菌株的敏感性频率符合近似正态分布, 各产区菌株对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性没有显著差异, 吡唑醚菌酯平均EC50为(2.95±2.11) μg/mL, 没有检测到抗性菌株?靶标基因序列分析表明, Cytb基因在F129?G137和G143位密码子上没有产生点突变, 首次发现在143位密码子后有内含子插入?     

旁路氧化与设施蔬菜灰葡萄孢霉菌菌丝生长 对嘧菌酯敏感性的关系

首次研究分析了灰葡萄孢霉菌群体中旁路氧化与菌丝生长对嘧菌酯敏感性之间的关系。结果表明,旁路氧化酶的专化性抑制剂水杨肟酸(SHAM)对不同菌株菌丝生长的影响不同:50 μg /mL SHAM对采自浙江、江苏、山东三地的142株灰葡萄孢霉菌菌丝生长的抑制率在-29.03% ~48.33%之间,平均为10.49%。SHAM处理对嘧菌酯抑制菌丝生长的活性表现出明 显的协同增效作用:无SHAM时,嘧菌酯对上述群体菌丝生长的EC50(EC50Q)值在0.20~51.48 μg /mL 之间,平均为6.56 μg /mL;当SHAM浓度为50 μg /mL时,EC50 值在0.04~5.25 μg /mL 之间,平均为2.21 μg /mL。旁路氧化的相对贡献值F 最低为0.17,最高为24.40,平均为3.19。另外,少数在没有SHAM存在时对嘧菌酯表现"耐药性"的菌株在SHAM存在下对嘧菌酯也很敏感。     

In vitro inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by mixtures of azoxystrobin, SHAM, and thiram

The necrotrophic fungal phytopathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary has a broad host range and frequently causes destructive diseases. The extensive use of common fungicides to control these diseases has selected for resistance in populations of S. sclerotiorum. In this study, 105 isolates of S. sclerotiorum from different geographical regions in Jiangsu Province of China were characterized for baseline sensitivity to azoxystrobin, and the average EC₅₀ value was 0.2932 μg/mL for mycelial growth. Of the mixtures of the fungicides thiram and azoxystrobin that were tested using an in vitro mycelial growth assay, the 1:4 ratio provided the greatest inhibition of S. sclerotiorum. When tested against nine isolates, the 1:4 mixture resulted in a mean synergy ratio of 2.31, indicating synergistic inhibition. Mycelial respiration was inhibited for about 2 h by azoxystrobin alone but for 48 h by the mixture of thiram and azoxystrobin. Salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM, a known inhibitor of alternative respiration) also increased the inhibition of mycelial growth and respiration caused by azoxystrobin. These results suggest the need for further study of effects of combinations of azoxystrobin with thiram or SHAM in planta to evaluate their potential for management of diseases caused by S. sclerotiorum.     

草莓炭疽病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性及旁路氧化在胶孢炭疽菌对QoIs敏感性中的作用

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了草莓炭疽病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性,并分析了旁路氧化与胶孢炭疽菌对Qo Is类杀菌剂敏感性的关系。结果表明:无旁路氧化酶(alternative oxidase,AOX)专化性抑制剂水杨肟酸(SHAM)作用时,吡唑醚菌酯对采自浙江临安、建德、诸暨3地的65株草莓炭疽病菌菌丝生长的EC50(EC50Q)值在0.09~24.26μg/m L之间,平均为6.65μg/m L;当有50μg/m L的SHAM存在时,其EC50[EC50(Q+S)]值在0.06~48.98μg/m L之间,平均为10.58μg/m L。旁路氧化的相对贡献值F[F=EC50Q/EC50(Q+S)]最低为0.02,最高为11.17,平均为0.96,其中78.46%的菌株的F值1。进一步采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,分析了不同敏感性的草莓和葡萄炭疽病菌在吡唑醚菌酯处理下其AOX基因表达的时间动态。结果显示:吡唑醚菌酯处理能诱导AOX基因的表达,在处理后6~12 h内,各菌株AOX基因的表达水平均显著增强,但表达量的差异与菌株对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性之间无显著相关性。本研究表明,旁路氧化在不同病原菌中的情况是非常复杂的。     

葡萄炭疽病菌对甲基硫菌灵、戊唑醇和醚菌酯的敏感性检测

采用菌丝生长法检测了78株采自浙江省杭州、嵊州和嘉兴 3地的葡萄炭疽病菌 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 对甲基硫菌灵、戊唑醇和醚菌酯的敏感性。结果表明:供试病菌已对甲基硫菌灵产生了严重的抗药性,抗性频率为51.3%,且均为高水平抗药性菌株;78个供试菌株对戊唑醇的EC50值在0.04～21.56 μg/mL之间,平均为1.63 μg/mL,其中L-58菌株的敏感性最低,EC50值为21.6 μg/mL。旁路氧化酶抑制剂水杨肟酸(SHAM)处理对醚菌酯抑制葡萄炭疽病菌菌丝生长的活性表现出明显的增效作用:无SHAM存在时,醚菌酯抑制菌丝生长的EC50(EC50Q)值在0.03～436.55 μg/mL之间,平均为27.77 μg/mL;当SHAM的处理质量浓度为50 μg/mL时,EC50(EC50Q+S)值在0.01～15.20 μg/mL 之间,平均为4.40 μg/mL。旁路氧化的相对贡献值 F 最低为0,最高为155.47,平均为20.09。     

Impact of alternative respiration and target-site mutations on responses of germinating conidia of Magnaporthe grisea to Qo-inhibiting fungicides

Qo-inhibiting fungicides act as respiration inhibitors by binding to the Qo center of cytochrome b. Sensitivities of fungi to Qo inhibitors can be influenced by the induction of alternative respiration or by mutational changes of the cytochrome b target site. Previous studies on both mechanisms in Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr were focused on the mycelial stage of the pathogen. The present study describes the expression and impact of both resistance mechanisms during the stage of conidia germination. In the absence of a host, alternative respiration provided a >500-fold rescue from azoxystrobin during the germination of conidia derived from four wild-type isolates of M. grisea. This rescue potential during conidia gemination was substantially more pronounced than for mycelial growth. However, the pronounced effectiveness of alternative respiration during conidia germination was not apparent when barley leaves were protected with azoxystrobin prior to inoculation with conidia. In a comparison of a wild-type strain and an alternative respiration-deficient mutant, azoxystrobin efficacies in suppressing symptom development differed by a factor of two, with full disease control achieved for both genotypes at 1 microg ml(-1) azoxystrobin. In contrast, conidia derived from two QoI-resistant target site mutants were highly resistant to azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin and fully capable of infecting leaf surfaces protected with 10 microg ml(-1) of azoxystrobin. Both target-site mutants had emerged spontaneously in the presence of high azoxystrobin doses when residual mycelial growth was supported by alternative respiration. The effective silencing of alternative respiration in protective applications of Qo-inhibiting fungicides might constitute a strategy of slowing the emergence of highly resistant target site mutants.     

Inhibitory effect of bionic fungicide 2‐allylphenol on Botrytis cinerea (Pers. ex Fr.) in vitro

BACKGROUND: 2‐Allylphenol is a registered fungicide in China to control fungal diseases on tomato, strawberry and apple. It is synthetic and structurally resembles the active ingredient ginkgol isolated from Ginkgo biloba L. bark. 2‐Allylphenol has been used in China for 10 years. However, its biochemical mode of action remains unclear. An in vitro study was conducted on the biochemical mechanism of 2‐allyphenol inhibiting Botrytis cinerea (Pers. ex Fr.). RESULTS: The inhibition was approximately 3 times stronger when the fungus was grown on non‐fermentable source, glycerol, than that on a fermentable carbon source, glucose. Inhibition of B. cinerea and Magnaporthe oryzae (Hebert) Barr mycelial growth was markedly potentiated in the presence of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM), an inhibitor of mitochondrial alternative oxidase. Furthermore, at 3 h after treatment with 2‐allylphenol, oxygen consumption had recovered, but respiration was resistant to potassium cyanide and sensitive to SHAM, indicating that 2‐allylphenol had the ability to induce cyanide‐resistant respiration. The mycelium inhibited in the presence of 2‐allylphenol grew vigorously after being transferred to a fungicide‐free medium, indicating that 2‐allylphenol is a fungistatic compound. Adenine nucleotide assay showed that 2‐allylphenol depleted ATP content and decreased the energy charge values, which confirmed that 2‐allylphenol is involved in the impairment of the ATP energy generation system. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that 2‐allylphenol induces cyanide‐resistant respiration and causes ATP decrease, and inhibits respiration by an unidentified mechanism. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

辣椒炭疽病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性测定

 从江苏和海南省随机采集分离获得45个辣椒炭疽病菌单孢菌株,根据孢子形态鉴定其病原菌为Colletotrichum gloeosporioides和C.capsici,其中C.gloeosporioides占总菌株数的64.4%.筛选出甘油琼脂(AEA)培养基和水琼脂(WA)培养基,分别作为产孢法和孢子萌发法测定辣椒炭疽病菌对嘧菌酯敏感性的适宜培养基.通过孢子萌发法测定2种病原菌45个菌株对嘧菌酯的敏感性范围在0.009~0.091μg/mL之间,平均EC₅₀为(0.047±0.040)μg/mL.其中29个C.gloeosporioides菌株和16个C.capsici菌株的平均EC₅₀值分别为(0.051±0.047)μg/mL和(0.041±0.024)μg/mL.研究发现旁路氧化酶抑制剂水杨肟酸(SHAM)对嘧菌酯抑制分生孢子萌发有协同增效作用,且嘧菌酯抑制辣椒炭疽病菌菌丝生长的能力较弱.