浙江中部红壤施用石灰对土壤交换性钙、镁及土壤酸度的影响

为了确定红壤施用石灰后钙、镁移动和土壤酸化速率,监测了耕层（10～20ｃｍ）和底土（20～60ｃｍ）的ｐＨ和交换性Ca2+、Mg2+、Al2+的长期变化。结果表明,耕层交换性Ca2+在施用石灰后的一年半时间达到最高值,此后随着时间的推移而急剧减少;而底土的交换性Ca2+随石灰用量的增加和施用石灰后时间的推移而增加。镁在土壤剖面中的移动比钙快;施用石灰后耕层和底土酸度的降低与交换性Ca2+的增加基本同步。在本试验条件下,不论施用石灰与否都存在着复酸化过程,但施用石灰后复酸化作用更强。     

猪粪对红壤铝毒的缓解效应

利用盆栽实验研究了施用猪粪和石灰对红壤铝毒的缓解效应。结果表明 ,在对照土壤 (pH 4.2)上生长的小麦遭受铝毒害明显 ,出苗后 36d全部枯死 ,施用石灰和猪粪能不同程度地缓解铝毒害。施用猪粪和石灰都可以提高土壤pH ,降低交换性铝含量。与单施石灰相比 ,石灰猪粪混施可以提高土壤 pH ,降低交换性铝含量 ,增加小麦叶绿素含量、光合速率和地上部干物重。与单施猪粪相比 ,石灰猪粪混施使小麦地上部K、Mg和P含量减少。     

生物质电厂灰等材料对红壤酸度和养分的改良效应

通过土培试验研究电厂灰的不同用量及电厂灰分别与石灰和磷灰石的不同配比对江西酸性红壤的改良作用。结果表明,随着电厂灰用量增加,土壤p H值升高,土壤交换性Al3+和交换性H+含量降低;土壤中有效养分含量增加,尤其是速效钾和交换性K+增加显著,最大增幅可达26.9%和66.7%,电厂灰最佳用量4500 kg hm-2。生物质电厂灰/磷灰石的配比中,综合效果以3/1为最佳,平均提高土壤p H值0.12个单位,降低土壤交换性Al3+和交换性H+的含量分别为0.68和0.10cmol(+)kg-1,对土壤中盐基离子(K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+)和速效养分含量都有显著提高,其中土壤交换性Ca2+和交换性Mg2+增加最显著,增幅达58.1%和34.6%。而电厂灰/石灰的配比以1/1为最优,平均提高土壤0.2个p H单位,降低土壤交换性Al3+和交换性H+的含量分别为1.19和0.20 cmol(+)kg-1,养分方面以提高土壤速效磷含量最为突出,增幅为5.6%。因此,生物质电厂灰与石灰和磷灰石按照一定的比例组合才能达到理想的土壤改良效果。     

果园土壤酸化及铝毒矫治的研究

模拟酸雨使得土壤pH下降,土壤酸化加重,土壤pH值分别比CK下降了0.23、0.54、1.22、1.79,活性Al含量分别比CK增加了0.22%、14.33%、41.41%、66.38%,交换性K含量下降了0.01~0.08cmol/kg,交换性Na含量下降了0~0.08cmol/kg、交换性Ca含量下降了0.14~0.31cmol/kg、交换性Mg含量下降了0~0.10cmol/kg,盐基总量下降了6.1%~23.1%。MgSO4、CaCl2、KH2PO4、柠檬酸处理减少了土壤活性Al的溶出和盐基离子的流失,也明显抑制了龙眼幼苗对Al的吸收,当Al胁迫浓度为0.185mmol/L时,2mmol/L.Mg2 、Ca2 、PO43-和柠檬酸根处理下,根、茎、叶的含Al量下降了13.9%~39.2%、16.9%~39.7%、30.1%~41.0%;当Al胁迫浓度为1.850mmol/L时,根、茎、叶的含Al量下降了29.3%~51.3%、15.3%~39.7%、16.5%~42.5%。     

大棚栽培番茄不同施肥条件下土壤养分和盐分组成与含量的变化

试验选择具有3年棚龄的大棚和砂壤质地的旱耕人为土,进行不同施肥条件下,土壤养分与盐分变化的冬春两茬西红柿栽培小区试验,对施肥引起的土壤养分与水溶性盐分含量及盐基离子组成的变化进行了系统的定量分析。试验结果表明,在整个生育期采用地膜覆盖的条件下,施用尿素可以快速增加土壤速效N素的含量和水溶性铵盐的含量水平。羊圈厩肥的P、K、Ca和Mg等元素含量较高,其施用会很快增加土壤速效态P、K的含量和土壤水溶性K 、Ca2 、Mg2 等盐基离子的含量。回归分析显示,施用1kg尿素N或1t羊圈厩肥引起土壤电导率增加量分别为6.45×10-4mS/cm和5.45×10-3mS/cm。土壤盐基离子含量的增加,主要由于水溶性NH4 、K 、Ca2 、Mg2 含量的增加而引起。施用尿素不但增加土壤水溶性NH4 的含量,而且通过NH4 的交换作用增加了土壤K 、Ca2 和Mg2 的含量水平。     

长期施用猪粪对红壤酸度的改良效应

土壤酸化严重限制了我国南方红壤区土壤的农业利用。本研究应用江西鹰潭红壤生态实验站长期猪粪养分淋失试验,分析了不同施肥处理（对照处理：N 0 kg/hm2;低量有机肥：N 150 kg/hm2;高量有机肥：N 600 kg/hm2;高量有机肥+石灰处理：有机肥N 600 kg/hm2 ＋石灰3 000 kg/(hm2·3a)）长期施用对红壤酸度的改良效应。研究结果表明,9年高量有机肥施用中土壤pH值平均每年上升0.085个单位,而低量有机肥施用对土壤pH没有显著影响。有机肥长期施用增加了土壤盐基离子浓度,其中Ca、Mg增加幅度较大,使得长期施肥后土壤盐基以Ca为主,其次是Mg,而K、Na比例较低。长期有机肥施用有效降低了红壤旱地表层土壤交换性酸含量,尤其是对交换性铝含量的降低程度较大,且随施肥量的增加而增大,在施肥4年后可基本消除铝毒。高量施肥基础上的石灰添加进一步提高了土壤pH值,加快了土壤酸度改良。红壤旱地猪粪施用显著提高了玉米产量,达到酸度改良效果的最低猪粪用量为Ca 162 kg/hm2。在施肥初期添加一次石灰,将土壤pH值迅速提高,然后通过有机肥对pH的稳定作用保持和逐步提高土壤pH,可在最短时间、用最少投入消除土壤酸害。     

灌水、石灰和镁肥水平对玉米干物质积累和镁素利用的影响

研究了2种灌水水平、3种石灰水平和3种镁肥水平对玉米干物质积累及镁(Mg)素利用的影响。结果表明,灌水能提高玉米干物质积累和玉米对Mg的吸收;施用石灰不明显影响玉米干物质积累,但降低玉米对Mg的吸收,增加土壤对Mg的固定,对Mg肥表观有效率的影响因施用量不同而有所不同。施用Mg肥在一定程度上提高玉米干物质积累,明显增加Mg的吸收和土壤交换性Mg含量。因此玉米对Mg的吸收利用不仅受到土壤Mg供应水平的制约,而且也受到灌水、施用石灰等因素的影响。     

氮、磷营养过量对土壤养分及黄瓜营养吸收的影响初探

采用土壤培养试验研究土壤氮、磷单个养分分别过量的条件下,土壤养分状况的改变以及黄瓜植株养分吸收的变化。结果表明,土壤氮素过剩使土壤交换性K、Ca、Mg含量增加6%左右,水溶性K、Ca、Mg含量成倍增加,易于形成土壤盐类障碍。土壤磷素过剩反而导致土壤交换性K、Ca含量下降,尤其是以交换性Ca下降为多,水溶性K、Ca、Mg含量减少50%左右。土壤氮素过剩抑制了黄瓜磷的吸收;相反,土壤磷素过剩时,氮吸收受抑。土壤氮、磷营养过剩在高量下均对黄瓜植株K、Ca、Mg的吸收表现出抑制作用。     

植茶年限对土壤团聚体中交换性盐基离子分布的影响

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,就植茶年限对土壤团聚体中交换性盐基离子分布的影响进行了研究。结果表明：（1）土壤团聚体交换性K 含量随粒径的减小先升高后降低;交换性Mg2 含量在各粒径中分布较均匀;而交换性Na 、Ca2 含量和交换性盐基总量（TEB）随粒径的减小而升高。各粒径团聚体交换性盐基离子平均含量表现为Ca2 > Mg2 > K > Na ;（2）随着植茶年限的增加,各粒径团聚体交换性K 、Na 含量逐渐降低;交换性Ca2 、Mg2 含量和TEB先升高后降低,且均在植茶23 a和31 a含量较高。其中,0～20 cm土层比20～40 cm土层的变化幅度更明显;（3）土壤团聚体（K Na ）/（Ca2 Mg2 ）含量比值随粒径的减小先升高后降低;而团聚体含量随粒径的减小则先降低再升高最后降低。随着植茶年限的增加,各粒径团聚体（K Na ）/（Ca2 Mg2 ）含量比值先降低后升高,植茶23 a和31 a含量比值较低,这与>5 mm团聚体含量的变化规律相反,0～20 cm土层表现更明显。不同粒径团聚体对交换性盐基离子的保持和供应能力存在明显差异,各粒径团聚体交换性K 、Na 含量逐年降低,交换性Ca2 、Mg2 含量在植茶23 a和31 a较高,其后有所降低。因此,在茶园管理中需平衡施用氮、钾肥,植茶23 a后应增施有机肥料,加强水土保持,防止土壤严重酸化以减少Ca2 、Mg2 淋失。     

森林生态景观土壤酸化及修复技术研究

2010年在鼎湖山自然保护区,通过野外原位模拟酸雨控制实验和施用石灰、污水污泥和联合施用石灰＋污水污泥3种土壤酸化改良剂,研究了保护区内三种森林土壤在受到酸沉降影响后,土壤pH值和交换性Al3＋、H＋浓度的动态变化以及投加修复剂后混交林土壤酸度的变化情况。结果表明：三种森林土壤酸化严重（pH〈4.5）,pH值随处理酸度降低而下降;土壤交换性酸（H＋、Al3＋）含量随处理酸度降低而增加。酸沉降中H＋的输入,导致土壤铝被活化。三种改良剂的施用均可以缓解土壤酸化,降低土壤交换性酸（H＋、Al3＋）含量,从而降低植被铝中毒风险。三种修复技术中,联合施用石灰＋污水污泥修复技术效果最好。     

有机肥替代化学氮肥提升红壤抗酸化能力

  【目的】  长期过量施用化学氮肥加剧了红壤区农田土壤酸化,严重制约着该区域农业的可持续发展。施用石灰和有机肥是防治红壤酸化的主要措施,我们研究了有机无机肥配合提高红壤抗酸化能力的作用与机理。  【方法】  本研究基于2009年在湖南祁阳中国农业科学院红壤站开展的有机肥替代化学氮肥长期定位试验,其中4个处理分别为单施化肥(由于酸化严重,于2018年底添加石灰改良)、有机肥替代化肥氮20%、40%和60%,供试有机肥为猪粪。采集2018和2020年的土壤样品,分析各施肥处理红壤pH、交换性酸铝、阳离子交换量、有机质、酸缓冲能力等指标的变化及相互关系。  【结果】  至2018年,单施化肥处理较试验之初土壤pH降低了0.48个单位,交换性酸、铝分别增加了2.74和1.06 cmol/kg;添加石灰改良后,土壤pH升高了0.58个单位,交换性酸、铝分别降低了2.62和1.45 cmol/kg。有机肥替代化肥氮40%和60%处理均可有效防治红壤酸化,其中以替代60%处理效果最佳;至2020年60%有机替代处理土壤pH较初始值提高了0.78个单位,交换性酸和交换性铝分别降低了1.10和1.25 cmol/kg。有机肥替代化肥氮40%和60%处理较单施化肥处理显著提高了土壤阳离子交换量,而石灰改良前后土壤阳离子交换量无显著变化。土壤酸缓冲曲线表明,土壤交换性铝含量随着pH的降低而显著升高,单施化肥、有机肥替代化肥氮20%、40%和60%处理的斜率分别为2.71、2.42、1.93和0.16;土壤交换性铝对pH响应斜率与土壤pH、交换性镁、阳离子交换量、交换性钾、有机质含量呈极显著或显著负相关关系。  【结论】  有机肥替代40%以上化学氮肥既能防治红壤酸化,又能提升红壤抗酸化能力。土壤阳离子交换量和有机质可能是导致土壤交换性铝对pH响应差异的主要因素,即阳离子交换量和有机质含量高的土壤pH降低1个单位时,交换性铝增幅较小,但其作用机理还有待进一步研究。     

Increases in pH and soluble salts influence the effect that additions of organic residues have on concentrations of exchangeable and soil solution aluminium

It has been suggested that additions of organic residues to acid soils can ameliorate Al toxicity. For this reason the effects of additions of four organic residues to an acid soil on pH and exchangeable and soil solution Al were investigated. The residues were grass, household compost, filter cake (a waste product from sugar mills) and poultry manure, and they were added at rates equivalent to 10 and 20 t ha^?1. Additions of residues increased soil pH measured in KCl (pH_(KCl)) and decreased exchangeable Al³⁺ in the order poultry manure > filter cake > household compost > grass. The mechanism responsible for the increase in pH differed for the different residues. Poultry manure treatment resulted in lower soil pH measured in water (pH_(water)) and larger concentrations of total (Al_T) and monomeric (Al_mono) Al in soil solution than did filter cake. This was attributed to a soluble salt effect, originating from the large cation content of poultry manure, displacing exchangeable Al³⁺ and H⁺ back into soil solution. The considerably larger concentrations of soluble C in soil solution originating from the poultry manure may also have maintained greater concentrations of Al in soluble complexed form. There was a significant negative correlation (r = ?0.94) between pH_(KCl) and exchangeable Al. Concentrations of Al_T and Al_mono in soil solution were not closely related with pH or exchangeable Al. The results suggest that although additions of organic residues can increase soil pH and decrease Al solubility, increases in soluble salt and soluble C concentrations in soil solution can substantially modify these effects.     

Forms of Al in soil and soil solution in a long‐term fertilizer application experiment

Under the conditions of a long‐term fertilizer experiment, this study aimed to determine the contents of total and exchangeable aluminium in soil as well as the Al concentration in the soil solution. Additionally, Al speciation was evaluated with the use of the MINTEQA2 software. The results obtained indicated that under the conditions of long‐term application of different mineral fertilizers or farmyard manure, the soil reaction changed to a great extent (pH 3.58–6.78). At the same time, the content of total Al in soil fluctuated from 18.85 to 22.13 g/kg and that of exchangeable Al ranged from 1.42 to 102.66 mg/kg. The concentration of Al in the soil solution was highly differentiated (5.19–124.07 μmol/L) as well as that of free aluminium ions (Al³⁺) (0–16.9 μmol/L). In acidic soils, aluminium complexes with organic matter are the predominant forms of Al in the soil solution. In soils with neutral soil reaction, there were no free aluminium ions. Soil liming and addition of organic amendment were the treatments that restricted the presence of toxic aluminium forms in soil.     

改良剂对反酸田土壤性质与水稻产量的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同改良剂在反酸田土壤上的应用效果。结果表明,土壤pH在3.47~4.90范围内,pH与交换性H+和交换性Al3+呈极显著线性负相关关系,而与土壤有效铁和有效硫含量呈显著正相关。不同改良处理在提高作物产量和改良土壤性质方面较对照处理与NPK处理效果明显,且钙镁磷肥、自研改良剂、石灰及碱渣等无机改良剂改良效果显著高于添加腐植酸、精制有机肥、碱性有机肥处理。其改良效果主要体现在提高土壤pH,显著降低土壤交换性H+和交换性Al3+含量,明显增加土壤有效钙和有效镁的含量,改善根系生长环境,增加水稻地上部养分吸收和水稻籽粒产量。综上,初步认为酸害(包括活性酸和潜在酸)是反酸田土壤最主要的限制因子,钙镁磷肥、自研改良剂和石灰等偏碱性且富含有效钙或磷的无机矿物质是农业生产中改良反酸田的适宜改良剂。     

湘南红壤作物苗期铝中毒的研究

利用盆栽试验对湘南地区旱地上种植的几种主要的作物（小麦、玉米、大豆、花生、油菜）进行了铝毒害的研究。结果表明,各种作物苗期对铝的耐受能力不同。铝毒害临界指标为:小麦4.0cmol/kg,玉米4.8cmol/kg,油菜4.0cmol/kg,大豆5.2cmol/kg,花生4.4cmol/kg。铝毒害首先对作物根系生长产生危害,根系中积累大量的铝对根系细胞造成损害,严重阻碍作物吸收、运输养分和水分,继而影响到地上部生长,铝毒严重时使作物濒临死亡     

Characterization of physical and chemical properties of Varzea soils of Goias State of Brazil

Abstract

Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados.     

Effects of Cement Dust on Soil Chemical Properties in the Calabar Environment,Southeastern Nigeria

Abstract

Some chemical properties of soils around the Calabar Cement Company operational area were studied from three profile pits sited at the crest, upper slope, and middle slope topographic positions. The results showed that the soil pH was moderately to slightly acid (mean 5.8), organic‐matter content was moderate (mean 2.54%), total N (N) content was low (mean 0.04%), and available phosphorus (P) was high (mean 87.43 mg/kg). Exchangeable calcium (Ca) content was moderate to high (3.02 to 7.44 cmol/kg) in the surface soil; most samples had low magnesium (Mg) content (mean 0.25 cmol/kg), medium concentration of exchangeable potassium (K) (mean 0.10 cmol/kg), and medium to high exchangeable sodium (Na) (0.27 to 1.38 cmol/kg). The exchange acidity was low (mean 1.58 cmol/kg), and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) had low to medium (2.50 to 15.17 cmol/kg) values. The percentage of base saturation was high with most soils having values greater than 50% (mean 70.8%). The moderate to high content of Ca and the favorable pH in the soils of the study area are uncommon in the coastal plain soils of southern Nigeria; these, therefore, were readily attributable to the continuous deposition of cement dusts on the surface and leaching into deeper horizons.     

Effects of biomass ash,bone meal,and alkaline slag applied alone and combined on soil acidity and wheat growth

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of combined application of biomass ash (BA), bone meal (BM), and alkaline slag (AS) on soil acidity, nutrient contents, uptake of the nutrients by wheat, and wheat growth.

Materials and methods

A pot experiment with an Ultisol collected from Anhui province, China, was conducted to compare the effects of BA, BM, and AS applied alone and combined on soil acidity; soil nutrient contents; uptake of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg by wheat, and wheat growth.

Results and discussion

Application of BA, BM, and AS alone and combined increased soil pH and decreased soil exchangeable Al³⁺. BA + BM + AS showed the greatest ameliorating effect on soil acidity, and soil pH of the treatment increased by 1.24 units compared with control. Application of BA + BM + AS reduced soil exchangeable Al³⁺ and increased soil exchangeable calcium and magnesium to a greater extent than BA + BM and single application of the amendments. The BM-containing amendments substantially increased soil available phosphorous by 66–93% compared with control. Application of the amendments alone and combined enhanced the uptake of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg by wheat and thus promoted wheat growth and increased yield of wheat grains. Application of BA + BM + AS and BA + BM showed greater effects on nutrient uptake and wheat growth than single application of the amendments. Wheat straw weights of the two treatments were 11.1 and 10.1 times greater than that of control. The data were 2.7, 4.8, and 5.6 times for the treatments of BA, AS, and BM. The contents of Cd, Cr, Zn, and Cu in wheat grains were lower than standard limits, except for the single BA treatment.

Conclusions

BA + BM + AS is the best choice for amelioration of acid soils and promotion of crop production.

     

Potassium status of some selected soils under different land‐use systems in the subhumid zone of Nigeria

Abstract

Twenty surface soils (0 to 15 cm), selected to represent a wide range of available potassium (K) status and three different land‐use systems (fodder bank, continuously fertilized cropped land and fallow land) across the subhumid zone of Nigeria, were used for the investigation. Laboratory and greenhouse studies were carried out to assess their K status. Available, non‐exchangeable, and total K were determined. The supplying power of the soils was assessed by exhaustive cropping in the greenhouse using Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano as the indicator plant. While 75% of fodder banks sampled had available K less than 0.20 cmol/kg, only 50% and 13% of continuously fertilized cropped and fallow lands, respectively, had available K less than 0.20 cmol/kg. Potassium weathering coefficient was highest at the lowest exchangeable K and highest [calcium (Ca) + magnesium (Mg)]/K ratio. Total K ranged from 2.30 to 47.06 cmol/kg, with available K forming 1.47% of the total K. The amount of non‐exchangeable K released and taken up by stylo plant accounted for 23.3 to 83.6% of the total K uptake.