广东南雄小流坑—青嶂山省级自然保护区蝙蝠资源

2016 年 7 月,在广东南雄小流坑—青嶂山省级自然保护区使用栖息地和网捕法对当地蝙蝠进 行实地调查,共调查到 3 科 8 属 13 种,其中,菊头蝠科 1 属 4 种,占比 30.8%,蹄蝠科 2 属 2 种,占比 15.4%,蝙蝠科 5 属 7 种,占比 53.8%; 13 种蝙蝠的区系组成以东洋型为主（7 种）,其次分别为南中国型 （3 种）、季风型（2 种）和地中海型（1 种）。小流坑—青嶂山保护区蝙蝠资源较为丰富,但是由于保护区 内蝙蝠的栖息地相对较少,且人为干扰较大,需要对其进行重点保护;且有必要增加调查强度、使用竖 琴网等方法深入调查保护区的蝙蝠多样性。     

海南五指山洞穴蝙蝠对夏季栖息地的选择

为探讨五指山地区洞穴型蝙蝠夏季栖息地的特点和资源状况,于2007年7-8月在五指山地区对13个洞穴进行调查。共采集到蝙蝠14种,其中褐扁颅蝠Tvlonvcteris robustula为海南蝙蝠新纪录,犬蝠Cynopterus sphinx等7种为五指山地区蝙蝠新纪录,洞穴型蝙蝠10种,占海南岛已知洞穴型蝙蝠18种的55.56%。主成分分析的结果提示：多数洞穴型蝙蝠分布于低海拔（0-400 m）区域,倾向于高温高湿度的洞穴作为夏季栖息场所,物种分布型的热带性随海拔升高而降低,不同种类的蝙蝠多度和频度差异较大。最后,根据蝙蝠的栖息地特点和濒危状况提出了相应的保护建议。     

海南石灰岩生态系统的蝙蝠

报道自2001年至2005年于海南省石灰岩地区进行的一系列简单调查所发现的17种蝙蝠,包括了海南省的一个新记录管鼻蝠属一种(Murina sp.).限于某些属的分类地位存在争议,我们未能确定海南岛的蝙蝠物种总数,但全省共有翼手目约33种.海南岛的蝙蝠大多数都与洞穴有着极为密切的联系,而石灰岩地区就是它们极为重要的栖息地.由于各种不同的威胁因素,包括被捕捉作食用、采矿和旅游带来的洞穴破坏,海南岛的大部分蝙蝠种类都受 到了威胁,其中有三分之一的种类属于中国动物红皮书所划分的易危种类.假如海南要保持本岛的哺乳类动物组成,那么对海南岛的蝙蝠及其栖息地采取严格保护措施,以及对它们开展综合性的研究都是迫切需要的.     

红角鸮种群数量及繁殖生态的调查研究

红角鸮在山西省内分布广泛,笔者于2008年至2010年在阳圪台林场对红角鸮的迁徙、种群数量、繁殖特性、栖息地和食物组成等进行了生态调查,结果表明,红角鸮在山西省的迁徙特点是每年最早迁入的日期差异为2 d~4 d,最晚迁离的日期差异为1 d~4 d,居留期为162 d~167 d,间隔期为198 d~204 d;红角鸮繁殖季前的种群数量为0.75只/km2,繁殖季后为1.08只/km2;鼠类、两爬类、昆虫类等为其主要食物。     

五大连池德都机场冬季鸟类资源调查

为了对五大连池德都机场冬季留鸟资源信息进行评估,对机场内冬季鸟类的种类和数量进行调查,共记录到鸟类27种,隶属于7目15科23属。其中雀形目鸟类13种,占48%,隼形目和鸮形目鸟类各有3种,均占11%。鸽形目、鸡形目、鹃形目和?形目鸟类各有2种,均占7%。留鸟为19种,占70%;旅鸟和冬候鸟为8种,占30%。优势种为喜鹊、灰喜鹊、乌鸦和麻雀共4种鸟类,猛禽有红隼、红脚隼、毛脚鵟、长耳鸮、短耳鸮、鸺鹠等6种。     

栎窄吉丁黄胸亚种生物学特性观测研究初报

在吉林天佛指山国家级自然保护区天然蒙古栎林受害虫为害林分中进行受害状况和害虫生物学特性调查与研究,结果表明:危害虫种为栎窄吉丁黄胸亚种(Agrilus cyaneoniger melanopterus Solsky),属吉林省新记录种;在吉林天佛指山2年1代,跨3个年度,发育历期相对整齐,以2龄幼虫和老龄幼虫分别越冬。     

落叶松人工林重要害虫天敌——大腹圆蛛生物学特性及其对害虫控制作用的研究

大腹圆蛛(Araneus ventricosus)在吉林省2年完成1代,跨3个年度,以1-2龄和6-7龄若蛛越冬。该蛛除卵期及1、2龄蛛外,其它龄态的若、成蛛均张网捕食生活。该蛛喜居有光的栖境,在林缘、林窗处、路旁处结圆形垂直网,昼伏夜出,在小雨条件下可以正常活动。大腹圆蛛对小型猎物可直接取食,对中、大型猎物,需缠绕成束的捕获丝缚住再取食。在林间大腹圆蛛可取食多种蛾和叶蜂成虫,包括兴安落叶松鞘蛾、落叶松毛虫、黄褐幕枯叶蛾、舞毒蛾、栎毒蛾、松皮小卷蛾、松廮小卷蛾、伊藤厚丝叶蜂和落叶松叶蜂等多种落叶松害虫,是一种有效的害虫天敌。     

文冠果基因种质资源收集圃营建及幼树生长量评价

本文阐述建立文冠果优良基因收集圃过程和步骤,并对圃内三类群体26个家系(混系)2 a生生长量进行评价,结果表明:造林后,优树群体无论是当年成活率还是第2 a保存率都明显优于高海拔群体和普通群体。在树高生长量方面,优树群体超过普通群体98.3%、超过高海拔群体39.4%;在地径生长量方面,优树群体超过普通群体35.6%、超过高海拔群体17.0%。三类群体在树高和地径生长量上优劣顺序为优树群体高海拔群体普通群体。在树高和地径生长量上表现最好3个家系为Y6、Y4和Y5。     

象头山常绿阔叶林群落演替特征研究

本研究在广东象头山国家级自然保护区常绿阔叶林设立2个样地，分别选取该区域木荷、红楠2个典型群系，基于连续调查数据，分析研究其物种组成、多样性特征、群落动态等。结果表明：象头山1号样地共计有木本植物48科85属134种，2号样地共计有39科64属101种，样地间优势物种差异明显；1号样地物种多样性高于2号样地；样地在2014—2020年间，植物株数、样地总蓄积量均有明显增加，且1号样地优势植物为木荷，2号样地由红楠转变为华润楠。     

转抗虫基因三倍体毛白杨成年树木节肢动物及抗虫稳定性调查

对田间生长的8 a生转抗虫基因（Bt cry1A和API）三倍体毛白杨进行分子生物学检测,证明外源基因在杨树基因组中稳定存在。对试验林进行节肢动物调查表明,林内节肢动物共有11个目、26个科,已明确为害虫的有11种,占整个群落的42%;天敌（包括捕食性与寄生性）8种,占群落的31%;中性昆虫7种,占群落的27%,其中主要害虫为美国白蛾。秋季对试验林叶面积损失调查表明,不同转基因系号的抗虫性有明显差异,有4个株系没有被美国白蛾啃食,10个株系的食叶面积小于10%,6个株系的食叶面积在10%~15%之间。     

Composition,structure and diversity of phyllostomid bat assemblages in different successional stages of a tropical dry forest

Studies on successional dynamics in tropical systems have mostly focused on plant communities and mainly have been conducted in tropical humid areas. Here, we document changes in the structure of bat assemblages among secondary successional stages of a neotropical dry forest. We specifically focused on the speciose phyllostomid bat family, comprising most of the foraging guilds found among neotropical bats, including nectarivores and frugivores that play important roles in processes of plant reproduction and forest regeneration. To investigate bat species richness, diversity and abundance during successionnal processes, we mist-netted bat assemblages in 12 sites belonging to 4 different successional stages, namely pastures (0 yrs), early (3–5 yrs), intermediate (8–12 yrs) and late successional stage (>50 yrs). A capture effort of 142 nights using five mist-nets per night yielded 606 phyllostomid bats belonging to 16 species. Late stage was the most speciose sustaining all species found in the study (16 species against 9 for early and intermediate stages and 4 in pastures), and was the only environment where rare species occurred. Species found within any one successional stage were a combination of species found at the previous stage plus additional ones. This additive pattern appeared to be driven by the natural abundance of species, as the abundant species were found across more succesisonal stages than rarer species. Bats were significantly less speciose and less abundant in pastures, regardless of the foraging guild. Bat diversity and abundance did not differ significantly among early, intermediate and late stages. However, nectarivores were more abundant in early compared to late stage, probably as a consequence of differences in patterns of food availability. We conclude that areas of forest, recognized as late stage in our study, are the most important reservoirs of species richness. Secondary vegetation also contains diverse bat assemblages, while pastures only harbour a few abundant and vagile species occasionally crossing this habitat. We suggest that land-use regulations in this region focus on maintaining connectivity of a mosaic of areas of secondary and mature vegetation to insure the conservation of bat diversity as well as their important ecological interactions.     

Effects of treefall gaps created by windthrow on bat assemblages in a temperate forest

Determining the way in which spatial distribution and diversity of forest-dwelling mammals varies with natural disturbance is essential to understanding the spatial dynamics of mammal assemblages in forests. Bats are the only forest-dwelling mammals capable of true flight. At a local scale, bat flight ability, which may be related to ecomorphological traits, is an important factor influencing spatial distribution. We tested two postulates: (1) the spatial distribution of bats is affected by sizes of forest gaps created by natural disturbances and (2) species-specific responses can be predicted from bat ecomorphological traits (aspect ratio (AR) and wingtip shape index (WT)) that influence bat flight ability. We found that sizes of forest gaps affected the occurrence of each bat species and species richness of bats at local scales; species-specific responses were related to the ecomorphological traits of individual species. Bat species with high AR and low WT were not affected by variation in canopy gap size. In contrast, bat species with low AR and high WT responded negatively to gap size, and those with intermediate AR and WT responded positively to canopy gap size at sites with small-sized gaps but responded negatively to large-sized gaps. Overall bat species richness responded negatively to gap size. Thus, ecomorphological traits may be important determinants of bat spatial distributions and species diversity at local scales in disturbed habitats. In this study, forest edges might have been undersampled due to the location of bat detectors. However, this potential undersampling should not have affected the interpretation of occurrence patterns of bat species responding to gap size. Our results imply that bat conservation efforts in forest lands should take into consideration specific responses related to ecomorphological traits of species inhabiting an area. The results also suggest that quantifying the effects of natural disturbances on bat assemblages may provide a knowledge base for forest management to minimize the impacts of unavoidable anthropogenic disturbances on bat species diversity. Rare or infrequent natural disturbances can provide models for forest management aimed at maintaining bat species diversity.     

Site-occupancy of bats in relation to forested corridors

Although use of corridors by some wildlife species has been extensively examined, use by bats is poorly understood. From 1 June to 31 August (2004–2005), we used Anabat II detectors to examine bat activity and species occupancy relative to forested corridors on an intensively managed forest landscape in southern South Carolina, USA. We compared bat activity among corridor interiors, corridor edges, and stands adjacent to corridors. We also compared models relating occupancy of bat species to site-level characteristics using an information theoretic approach. We identified 16,235 call sequences of 8 species and detected bat presence at 89% (n = 320) of sites sampled. Our results indicate higher occupancy rates for bats along corridor edges compared to interior corridor or adjacent stands. Although we found few differences among species with respect to site-level characteristics, occupancy of all bat species was positively associated with corridor overstory height and negatively associated with adjacent stand age. The presence of roads adjacent to corridors positively influenced occupancy of Eptesicus fuscus, Lasiurus seminolus, and Perimyotis subflavus. Our results suggest management practices designed to create and enhance corridors may represent an ecologically sound method for maintaining important bat habitat features (i.e., edge) across managed forest landscapes.     

Selection of roosting habitat by forest bats in a diverse forested landscape

Many studies of roost selection by forest-dwelling bats have concentrated on microhabitat surrounding roosts without providing forest stand-level preferences of bats; thus, those studies have provided only part of the information needed by managers. We evaluated diurnal summer roost selection by the bat community at the forest-stand level in a diversely forested landscape in the Ouachita Mountains of central Arkansas. Over a 6-year period, we evaluated 428 roost locations for 162 individual bats of 6 species. Using Euclidean distance analysis and individual bat as the experimental unit, all 6 species were selective (P < 0.05) in their choice of roosting habitat. Five of six species preferred (P < 0.05) to roost in or near mature (≥50 years old), mixed pine-hardwood forest that had undergone recent partial harvest, midstory removal, and burning; 41.3% of roosts were located in that habitat but it comprised an average of only 22.8% of available habitat. Five of six species also preferred older (≥100 years old), relatively unmanaged, mixed pine-hardwood forest. Although 19.9% of roosts from all species were located in 50- to 99-year-old, second-growth forests of mixed pine-hardwood (average of 21.0% of available habitat), that habitat was preferred by no species of bat. In partially harvested stands, unharvested buffer strips (greenbelts) surrounding ephemeral streams were used at differing levels by each species; most (90%) eastern pipistrelle (Pipistrellus subflavus) roosts were in greenbelts whereas few (2.7%) Seminole bat (Lasiurus seminolus) roosts were in greenbelts. Older forests, thinned mature forests with reduced midstories, and greenbelts retained in harvested areas were all important roosting habitats for the bat community in the Ouachita Mountains. Our results demonstrate the importance of open forest conditions and a diversity of stand types to bat communities of the southeastern U.S.     

Response of bat species to sylvo-pastoral abandonment

We assessed the effect of abandonment of sylvo-pastoral practices in chestnut orchards (Castanea sativa) on bats in southern Switzerland to determine practical recommendations for bat conservation. We compared bat species richness and foraging activities between traditionally managed and unmanaged chestnut orchards, testing the hypothesis that managed orchards provide better foraging opportunities and harbour more bat species. Echolocation calls of foraging bats were sampled simultaneously at paired sites of managed and unmanaged orchards using custom made recorders. Vegetation structure and aerial insect availability were sampled at the recording sites and used as explanatory variables in the model. In a paired sampling design, we found twice the number of bat species (12) and five times higher total foraging activity in the managed chestnut orchards compared to the unmanaged ones. Bat species with low flight manoeuvrability were 14 times more common in managed orchards, whereas bats with medium to high manoeuvrability were only 5 times more common than in abandoned orchards. The vegetation structure was less dense in managed orchards. However, management did not affect relative insect abundance. Bats primarily visited the most open orchards, free of undergrowth. As a result of restricted access into the overgrown forests, the abandonment of chestnut orchards leads to a decline in bat species richness and foraging activities. Continued management of chestnut orchards to maintain an open structure is important for the conservation of endangered bat species in the southern Swiss Alps.     

Aspen Populus tremula is a key habitat for tree-dwelling bats in boreonemoral and south boreal woodlands in Norway

This study aims to identify which tree species bats use as maternity roosts in woodland in southern Norway and, to assess the effectiveness of bat boxes as potential mitigating measures if roosts are lost to forestry or other factors. Radio telemetry was used to find roosts in summer during late pregnancy and through the lactation period by tagging two common species; Daubenton's bats Myotis daubentonii (Kuhl 1817) and soprano pipistrelles Pipistrellus pygmaeus (Leach 1825). In addition, tree roosts were searched using ultrasound detectors at three sites. A total of 35 roosts in natural crevices were found using radio telemetry and through searches with ultrasound detectors and 31 of these roosts were in hollow trees, the majority in aspens Populus tremula L. (n?=?30). Some tree roosts were even used by the northern bat Eptesicus nilssonii (Keyserling &; Blasius 1839) which is considered a house-dwelling species in Norway. Aspens have some qualities preferred by bats and were both warmer and safer than other hollow tree species in this study area. Bat boxes are used as maternity roosts mainly by soprano pipistrelles at these latitudes, thus at present, there is no suitable alternative to hollow trees that would satisfy all tree-dwelling bat species.     

Zur Ansiedlung von Singvögeln und Fledermäusen in Kunsthöhlen in Kiefernwäldern,unter besonderer Berücksichtigung früherer und neuer Kontrollergebnisse im Geisenfelder Forst,Oberbayern

Studies on the contents of breeding boxes made in the pine forests of Geisenfeld in former times as well in 1982 showed a high per cent (62.5%) of singing bird settlement within boxes having an oval hole of entrance (Tab. 1). Three species of titmice (Coal-, Great- and Crested Tit) strongly predominated. They showed only small change in density between 1976 and 1982 whereas the Nuthatch (Sitta europaea) and the Tree Creeper (Certhia familiaris) doubled their density in this time due to the enlargement of breeding room in the boxes (Sitta) resp. to the introduction of a new type of boxes (Certhia, “Korridorkasten”, Abb. 3, 4). The boxes with a little round hole showed poor results and seem to be unnessary. In the bird and bat boxes five species of bats were found, the Long-eared Bat beeing the most frequent of them, followed by Bechstein's Bat, Natterer's Bat, Great Bat and Large Mouse-eared Bat (Tab. 2). The so called Issel bat boxes (Abb. 1) did'nt contain more bats than the bird boxes (ca. 5%). The so called Schwegler bat boxes (Abb. 2) were without any bats. Both, Issel's and Schwegler's bat boxes were strongly occupied by wasps (Tab. 1). Best results showed the new “Korridorkasten”, 11.6% of them containing bats and further 23.2% containing bat excrements. The new type of boxes seems to be an interesting combination of Tree Creeper- and bat-box thus favouring two sensitive members of the wood ecosystem together. The studies including a further new type of bat boxes (Abb. 5) are continued in summer of 1983.     

Effects of historic wildfire and prescribed fire on site occupancy of bats in Shenandoah National Park,Virginia,USA

Given the likelihood of regional extirpation of several once-common bat species in eastern North America from white-nose syndrome,it is critical that the impacts of forest management activities,such as prescribed fire,are known in order to minimize potentially additive negative effects on bat populations.Historic wildfires may offer a suitable surrogate to assess long-term burn impacts on bats for planning,implementing and assessing burn programs.To examine the effects of historic fire on bats,we sampled bat activities at 24 transect locations in burned and unburned forest stands in the central Appalachian Mountains of Shenandoah National Park(SNP),Virginia,USA.There was limited evidence of positive fire effects over time on hoary bats(Lasiurus cinereus Beauvois) and big brown bats(Eptesicus fuscus Beauvois) occupancy.Overall,there were few or mostly equivocal relationships of bat occupancy relative to burn conditions or time since fire in SNP across species using a false-positive occupancy approach.Our results suggest that fire does not strongly affect bat site occupancy short-or long-term in the central Appalachians.