竹束单板层积材预压密实化工艺及性能研究

初步探索了热压法和冷压法两种竹束单板层积材预压密实化制备工艺,研究了密实化温度、时间和组坯方式对板材力学性能和尺寸稳定性能的影响.结果表明:随着密实化温度的增加,用新工艺制备的BLVL的静曲强度、弹性模量、剪切强度和尺寸稳定均呈下降趋势,自密实化温度120℃开始对新工艺制备的BLVL的力学性能和尺寸稳定性能影响较大;10min密实化板材的各项性能较15min要高;冷压法密实化板材各项性能较热压法要略低,但冷压法操作相对简便易行、生产效率高、能耗小;采用热压法工艺90℃、10min下制备的BLVL各项性能指标最优.     

竹编胶合板组合方式及热压工艺的研究

本文对竹编胶合板的组合方式及热压工艺进行了研究。研究结果表明:1.采用竹篾拼接式组合,不但改善了竹编胶合板的胶合性能,而且简化了竹编胶合板的热压工艺,消除了编织式结构对竹编胶合板物理力学性能带来的不利影响;2.竹篾经过预处理以后,其胶合性能得到改善。     

竹木复合厚芯竹帘胶合板试验研究

对两种不同结构的竹木复合厚芯竹帘胶合板进行了热压试验并检测了其性能 ,试验结果表明 :结构Ⅱ竹木复合厚芯竹帘胶合板的主要物理力学性能优于结构Ⅰ ,且达到或超过竹胶合板模板JG/T30 2 6 - 1995标准一等品质量要求     

竹木复合厚芯生帘胶合板试验研究

对两种不同结构的竹木复合厚芯竹帘胶合板进行了热压试验并检测了其性能，试验结果表明：结构Ⅱ竹木复合厚芯竹帘胶合板的主要物理力学性能优于结构Ⅰ，且达到或超过竹胶合板模板JG/T3026-1995标准一等品质量要求。     

环氧树脂-水性聚酰胺改性豆粕胶黏剂压制胶合板的研究

本文采用环氧树脂和水性聚酰胺对豆粕进行复合改性制备无醛胶黏剂,对豆粕胶黏剂的性能指标和胶合板的胶合强度进行了研究.通过正交试验得出以下最佳工艺参数:当热压温度为120℃、环氧树脂与水性聚酰胺改性豆粕溶液的质量比为20:80、热压时间600 s时胶合板的胶合强度最高,为0.7628 MPa,达到国家标准GB/T 9846-2015中Ⅱ类胶合板使用要求.     

覆膜厚帘竹胶合板模板的研制

研究了以3 mm以上厚度的竹篾片编织竹帘生产厚帘竹胶合板模板的工艺条件,讨论了热压时间、热压压力、热压温度及浸胶的胶液浓度对覆膜厚帘竹胶合板模板物理力学性能的影响,总结确定出最佳的可供生产应用的热压工艺条件.结果表明,在热压压力1.4 MPa、热压时间60 s/mm板厚、热压温度135 ℃、浸胶胶液浓度26%的条件下生产出的产品各项力学性能指标均达到或超出竹胶合板模板国家标准.     

基于洋麻纤维/聚丙烯/橡胶板的复合板材制备工艺研究

以洋麻纤维和聚丙烯纤维针刺毛毡、橡胶板为原料,以PE(聚乙烯)胶膜为胶黏剂,利用热压成型工艺制备洋麻纤维/聚丙烯/橡胶板复合材料。首先通过热压因子单因素和正交试验制备洋麻纤维/聚丙烯复合板,测试其物理力学性能,选出较优热压工艺参数。然后加入橡胶板,通过优化热压因子,采用二次成型制备洋麻纤维/聚丙烯/橡胶板复合板材,与一次成型工艺制备的洋麻纤维/聚丙烯/橡胶板复合板材物理力学性能作对比。探究制备洋麻纤维/聚丙烯/橡胶板复合板材时,不同热压温度、时间和压力对复合材料物理力学性能的影响,并分析得出较优热压工艺。     

低密度聚乙烯膜胶合板制备工艺研究

以杨木单板为基材,低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)薄膜为胶黏剂制备木塑复合胶合板,探讨了单位面积上LDPE的质量、改性剂种类及热压工艺对木塑复合胶合板胶合强度的影响。结果表明:经过表面改性的杨木单板制备的胶合板胶合强度优于未改性单板制备的胶合板胶合强度;以KH-550为杨木单板表面改性剂(用量2%),采用121 g/m~2 LDPE薄膜,在温度160℃、时间8 min、压力2.0～2.2 MPa热压工艺条件下,制备的木塑复合胶合板胶合强度符合GB/T 9846—2015中Ⅱ类胶合板要求;表面改性单板表面接触角的检测结果表明,经硅烷偶联剂KH-550处理的木材表面接触角最小,其渗透性较好。     

MN—10脲醛预压胶的研制

在胶合板生产过程中,板坯在热压前先经短时间的冷压,在树脂不固化的情况下,使板坯牢固粘住,然后再进行热压,这种称之为预压的新工艺是胶合板发展史上新的突破,板坯预压的效果如何,关键在于胶粘剂.     

封闭异氰酸酯改性脲醛树脂制备胶合板

采用亚硫酸氢钠封闭异氰酸酯改性UF树脂制备胶合板,研究了制板用混合胶液的比例、热压时间、热压温度等热压工艺对胶合板性能的影响,结果表明,在UF/PAPI=100/10、热压温度为110℃、热压时间为4min时,所制备胶合板的甲醛释放量达到国家标准,并且具有较高的胶合性能.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。