生物除草剂剂型研究进展

生物除草剂由于受到生物因素、环境因素和技术因素的影响,使其开发受到一定限制。生物除草剂固体剂型与液体剂型在一定程度上克服了对湿度的依赖性,使其保证了生物活性,使用时在目标植物上能保持湿润,在田间适宜条件下发挥其优良效果;由于若干新型添加剂和先进技术的应用,使其液体剂型得到进一步开发。本文介绍了生物除草剂一些新的固体和液体剂型的研究进展。     

几种不同剂型草甘膦的药效比较试验

草甘膦作为较理想的除草剂应用广泛,与此同时,以草甘膦为主要成分的多种剂型、剂量的除草剂应运而生。为了有效指导农民进行杂草防治,对草甘膦3种常规剂型的5种剂量进行了比较试验,现将结果报道如下。     

除草剂防效计算方法的讨论

除草剂防效计算方法的讨论吕斑王学江（安徽省滁州市植保站２３９０００）我国正处于除草剂稳定发展阶段,化学除草剂新品种、新剂型不断涌现,进行试验示范是除草剂新品种、新剂型推广应用的重要一环,关于除草剂防治杂草的株防效和鲜重防效计算方法较多,也存在问题,通...     

除草剂剂型的今后方向

本文指出了今后除草剂剂型加工须考虑的原则,讨论了今后几种有发展前途的除草剂剂型的作用原理、使用方法并比较了各自的优缺点     

玉米田化学除草剂的发展及其在我国的应用

最近20余年,除草剂品种的不断发展带动了玉米田化学除草技术的不断完善,但传统除草剂品种仍是玉米田除草剂使用的主体.在以原嘌呤原氧化酶(Protox)和对羟苯基丙酮酸二氧化酶(HPPD)为靶标逐渐成为新除草剂开发热点的同时,转基因耐除草剂玉米的发展将促进灭生性除草剂的使用.目前,我国玉米田除草剂品种仅有莠去津、甲草嗪、甲草胺、乙草胺、异丙甲草胺、异丙草胺、噻吩磺隆、烟嘧磺隆、氟乐灵、2,4-D等10余种,其中长残效除草剂莠去津用量过大,存在着巨大的隐患.我国玉米田除草剂急需发展短残效品种和茎叶处理剂,提高玉米田除草的灵活性和选择性,在适当引进新除草剂品种的基础上,着重开发用于玉米田的除草剂混合制剂及提高使用技术,研制和应用与之相适应的环境友好型的除草剂增效剂和安全剂,改进除草剂剂型.     

我国非农用除草剂产品登记现状概述

本文对我国非农用除草剂产品登记的基本情况、有效成分、登记剂型和登记企业等现状作了概述,探讨了产品登记和使用中存在的产品"同质化"、剂型缺乏多元化、杂草抗药性和环境污染等主要问题,介绍了我国非农用除草剂市场登记的一些新产品,并展望了非农用除草剂的发展前景。     

水稻生产农药使用现状调查

通过对宁波市6个水稻主产区的农药使用情况进行调查,明确了宁波市水稻生产中所用农药的种类、剂型及普遍使用的农药。调查结果显示,宁波市水稻生产中使用的农药共63种,且以除草剂和杀虫剂为主,生物农药使用率低,使用的剂型仍以乳油等传统剂型为主。普遍使用的农药15种,其中除草剂4种、杀虫剂8种、杀菌剂3种。     

水田除草剂新剂型—大粒剂（JUMBO）种类和特点

省力化是我国和世界农业发展的主流方向之一。除草剂使用技术以前由于其要求高,一直是影响除草剂推广使用的障碍之一。开发研究简便易行的除草剂新剂型和新的使用方法是国内外除草剂生产、科研和推广部门的主攻方向。日本植物调节剂研究协会从８０年代后期开始进行主要针...     

苯嗪草酮700g/L水悬浮剂的配方研究

苯嗪草酮属选择性芽前三嗪酮类,低残留、低毒高效农药除草剂品种。药剂通过植物根部吸收,逐渐输送到叶子内,通过光合作用抑制而起到杀草作用。随着农药剂型向环保式发展的趋势,高含量、环境友好型制剂的开发应用,成为当今农药制剂产品发展的重要方向[5]。趋于该药剂在土壤上的使用要求,及药效的作用原理,加工和施用过程对环境的影响,故对该除草剂品种的剂型进行了选择,以达到高环保低残留农药制剂。笔者根据苯嗪草酮的理化性质,对其水悬浮剂的配方进行了设计研究,通过对多种高性能润湿分散剂、增稠剂、防冻剂以及水等助剂的筛选,优化了助剂组合,获得了性能稳定、药效好、质量可靠的高含量高悬浮率的水性化产品。     

微生物除草剂与生物安全

随着人类环境意识的提高和农业可持续发展的需要,高效、环保微生物除草剂的研究越来越显示其重要的社会意义和经济价值。本文概述了微生物除草剂的种类、剂型及特点,介绍了利用微生物及其天然产物防治杂草的潜在优势和目前国内外的研究进展,尤其是对微生物除草剂的生物安全性进行了评价。     

Historical review of rice herbicides in Japan

A historical review on rice herbicides in Japan was conducted. Rice cropping patterns (transplantation and flooded or dry‐direct seedings) are described, followed by a comparison of the economics of hand weeding and herbicide use. Changes of herbicide chemicals, formulations and application methods are also described. Weeds resistant even to herbicides designed for use with rice agriculture were found. Mode of action and selectivity mechanism of these herbicides are discussed from the standpoint of fish toxicity, which is especially important in rice culture. Finally, a view for the future is presented.     

转基因耐除草剂作物的全球开发与利用及在我国的发展前景和策略

农田杂草防治是农作物稳产高产的一个重要环节。化学除草剂以其高效、简便、经济的优势,一跃而成为我国现代农业中杂草治理的重要手段,但与此同时也带来了药害（对作物不安全）和抗药性问题。转基因技术的发展为培育耐除草剂作物品种提供了有力的手段。至今,全世界已培育出大量转基因耐除草剂作物品种。转基因耐除草剂作物的利用为拓宽除草剂的使用范围、减少作物药害带来了新的希望。本文在对国际上转基因耐除草剂作物的研发和商业化应用情况进行概述和分析的基础上,结合我国农作物生产的实际情况和小农户、多种作物混合种植的模式,提出转基因耐除草剂植物在我国开发利用的前景和相应的发展策略,以期为转基因耐除草剂作物的研究、开发和推广管理提供科学依据。     

The toxicity of herbicides to non-target aquatic plants and algae: assessment of predictive factors and hazard

Widely used herbicides sometimes inadvertently contaminate surface waters. In this study we evaluate the toxicity of herbicides to aquatic plants and algae and relate it to environmental herbicide concentrations and exposure scenarios, herbicide formulation and mode of action. This was done experimentally for ten herbicides, using the aquatic macrophyte Lemna minor L. and the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Korshikov) Hindak, supplemented with a database study comprising algae toxicity data for 146 herbicides. The laboratory study showed that herbicide formulations in general did not enhance herbicide efficacy in the aquatic environment. The Roundup formulation of glyphosate proved to be the only exception, decreasing the EC(50) of the technical product for both L. minor and P. subcapitata approximately fourfold. Comparison of the sensitivity of L. minor and P. subcapitata revealed up to 1000-fold higher sensitivity of L. minor for the herbicides categorized as weak acids (pK(a) < 5), emphasizing the importance of higher plants in hazard assessment. Database analyses showed that no herbicide group, categorized by site of action, was significantly more toxic than another. Synthetic auxins were the exception as they are virtually non-toxic to unicellular algae. There was no strong correlation between toxicity to algae and K(ow) of the herbicides, not even within groups having the same site of action. Evaluating all data, few herbicides were toxic at concentrations below 1 microg l(-1), which is the 99.9th percentile of the herbicide concentrations measured in the Danish surveillance programme. Joint action of several herbicides cannot however be excluded.     

Release of atrazine and alachlor from clay-oxamide controlled-release formulations

Controlled-release herbicide formulations have been shown to decrease the leaching potential of several herbicides under laboratory and field conditions. The utility and efficacy of these formulations may be improved by combining several herbicides and a fertilizer source in a single formulation. The objective of these studies was to develop granular alginate formulations that were composed of a combination of the herbicides atrazine and alachlor with the slow-release nitrogen source oxamide (ethanediamide). Controlled release of the herbicides was obtained by addition of selected minerals, including calcium bentonite, fine-grind bentonite, montmorillonite K10, kaolinite and iron (III) oxide. A formulation without clay was used as a comparison. The formulations tested had herbicide active ingredient contents ranging from ∽0·02 to 0·54% and a nitrogen content of 21%. Release of the herbicides was studied by equilibrating the formulations with deionized water on a rotary shaker at 200 rev min^-1 and sampling at regular time intervals up to 104 hours. The minerals used in the different formulations influenced the herbicide active ingredient composition, as well as the release properties of the individual formulations. The atrazine content of the formulations decreased in the order calcium bentonite>fine-grind bentonite>kaolinite>montmorillonite=iron oxide>no clay. For alachlor the content decreased in the order of calcium bentonite>fine-grind bentonite>montmorillonite>iron oxide>kaolinite>no clay. Controlled release of atrazine (i.e. reduction in release rate) varied in the order calcium bentonite>iron oxide>montmorillonite>fine-grind bentonite= kaolinite>no clay, and for alachlor fine-grind bentonite>calcium bentonite>montmorillonite>no clay=kaolinite=iron oxide. A certain percentage of the applied active ingredient of both alachlor and atrazine was not recovered. From 5 to 27% of the active ingredient was not released, with the greatest retention by the bentonite formulations. Release of nitrogen was not strongly influenced by mineral type, although a trend indicated greater release with formulations containing kaolinite. © 1998 SCI     

4种混配除草剂防除大蒜田杂草效果研究

本文对4种混配除草剂防除大蒜田杂草的试验情况进行了总结,并介绍了试验田杂草发生的基本情况,以期对大蒜田化学除草剂的推广和应用有所帮助。     

A perspective on the role of quantitative structure-activity and structure-property relationships in herbicide discovery

BACKGROUND: For the last 15 years the agrochemical industry has focused on using genetic modification to put genes that confer resistance to existing commercial herbicides into crop plants rather than on discovering new herbicides with novel modes of action. The widespread appearance of weeds resistant to those herbicides is now causing the industry to revive their herbicide discovery programs. RESULTS: Elucidation of quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) played a major role in the discovery and development of existing commercial herbicides, but the advent of genetically modified crops has caused published work (at least) in the area to drift from the industrial arena into academic studies. The focus has also turned inward, to refining models for established herbicide targets instead of elucidating new ones. CONCLUSION: This perspective highlights the importance of QSARs and quantitative structure–property relationships (QSPRs) to herbicide discovery in an historical context and provides some guidance as to how they might profitably be applied going forward. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

吡啶甲酸类除草剂应用研究进展

吡啶甲酸类除草剂属合成激素类, 目前登记使用的有效成分包括氨氯吡啶酸、二氯吡啶酸和氯氨吡啶酸, 分别于1963年、1977年和2005年上市, 主要用于阔叶杂草和灌木的茎叶处理防控, 其中氯氨吡啶酸具有土壤封闭活性。吡啶甲酸类除草剂的作用靶标仍未明确, 有可能来自生长素结合蛋白家族。全世界报道的抗吡啶甲酸类除草剂杂草共涉及7种8个生物型。目前, 我国登记的除草剂品种中共有13个复配剂含氨氯吡啶酸和二氯吡啶酸, 1个含氨氯吡啶酸、氯氨吡啶酸和二氯吡啶酸;国外登记的吡啶甲酸类除草剂复配剂主要为与其他激素型除草剂、ALS(乙酰乳酸合酶)抑制剂、ACCase(乙酰辅酶A羧化酶)抑制剂的组合。该类除草剂仍然具有较好的应用前景, 在主要应用场景下常见杂草对氨氯吡啶酸、二氯吡啶酸、氯氨吡啶酸的敏感性仍需系统研究, 该类除草剂主要靶标杂草种群的抗药性水平也亟须检测。     

喷雾助剂对茎叶处理除草剂的增效机制及应用研究进展

农田草害的发生严重影响了农业生产和发展，使用除草剂进行化学防治是目前最省时省力和防除效果最好的除草方法。其中，茎叶处理除草剂因其具有不受土壤环境影响、按草施药、灵活和选择性高等优点，应用范围更广。然而，茎叶处理除草剂在喷雾施药过程中由于受到杂草叶片界面特性的影响，常出现药液迸溅、滚落、难以渗透等现象，导致除草剂用量增大，杂草产生抗性，并出现药害和环境残留等诸多问题。使用合适的喷雾助剂是解决以上问题的重要策略。考虑到除草剂的使用需要结合杂草性质，并与喷雾助剂一起使用，了解各自的作用方式对指导草害的防治具有重要意义。本文在介绍除草剂作用方式和应用现状的基础上，总结了禾本科、阔叶类和莎草科杂草的形态学和叶片界面特性及其对除草剂选择的影响，并详细阐述了常用喷雾助剂对茎叶处理除草剂的增效机制及其剂量传递过程的影响。在此基础上，分别归纳了喷雾助剂对触杀型和内吸传导型除草剂在防除禾本科、阔叶类、莎草科杂草方面的应用及增效规律。此外，文章还对除草剂喷雾助剂的未来发展方向进行了展望，以期为除草剂领域喷雾助剂的研发和使用提供参考，并最终实现农药的“减施增效”。     

Addition of a monovalent cationic pesticide to improve efficacy of bipyridyl herbicides in Hulah Valley soils

Bipyridyl herbicides are widely used in agriculture and gardening for non-selective weed control. Since they are toxic and relatively expensive, it is ecologically and economically desirable to reduce the amounts applied. A decrease in efficacy of these herbicides is caused by dust accumulated on leaves of weeds. This inactivation arises from the adsorption of the herbicides on dust particles, mainly made of clay minerals, lime and soil organic matter. In order to improve the efficacy and so lower the amounts applied, formulations were developed which include cationic pesticides approved for agricultural use, such as mepiquat or difenzoquat. Such addition restored the efficacy of the bipyridyl herbicides by reducing their binding to dust particles. The proposed formulations, which were tested on a number of different dust-covered plants, allowed the amounts of herbicide applied to be reduced to 50% of the minimum recommended rate. Neither mepiquat or difenzoquat had any herbicidal activity when sprayed alone at the added rates. The results suggest a procedure that may lower the required rates of contact herbicides, reducing costs and toxicity. This procedure, which can be applied immediately, may have broad implications in farming and gardening.     

抗药性杂草与治理

抗药性杂草对农田杂草治理和农业生产构成严重威胁,成为备受全球关注的严重问题。随着长期、大量使用相对有限的化学除草剂,全球抗药性杂草发展迅猛,目前已有217种杂草对化学除草剂产生了抗药性,我国抗药性杂草发展也十分迅猛。本文在介绍杂草抗药性基本概念、抗药性杂草发展过程、抗药性杂草现状的基础上,重点描述了抗药性杂草治理策略,以期为我国抗药性杂草研究和治理提供参考。