喷雾助剂对茎叶处理除草剂的增效机制及应用研究进展

农田草害的发生严重影响了农业生产和发展，使用除草剂进行化学防治是目前最省时省力和防除效果最好的除草方法。其中，茎叶处理除草剂因其具有不受土壤环境影响、按草施药、灵活和选择性高等优点，应用范围更广。然而，茎叶处理除草剂在喷雾施药过程中由于受到杂草叶片界面特性的影响，常出现药液迸溅、滚落、难以渗透等现象，导致除草剂用量增大，杂草产生抗性，并出现药害和环境残留等诸多问题。使用合适的喷雾助剂是解决以上问题的重要策略。考虑到除草剂的使用需要结合杂草性质，并与喷雾助剂一起使用，了解各自的作用方式对指导草害的防治具有重要意义。本文在介绍除草剂作用方式和应用现状的基础上，总结了禾本科、阔叶类和莎草科杂草的形态学和叶片界面特性及其对除草剂选择的影响，并详细阐述了常用喷雾助剂对茎叶处理除草剂的增效机制及其剂量传递过程的影响。在此基础上，分别归纳了喷雾助剂对触杀型和内吸传导型除草剂在防除禾本科、阔叶类、莎草科杂草方面的应用及增效规律。此外，文章还对除草剂喷雾助剂的未来发展方向进行了展望，以期为除草剂领域喷雾助剂的研发和使用提供参考，并最终实现农药的“减施增效”。

Research progress on the synergistic regularity and application of spray adjuvants on the foliage-applied herbicides

Weeds affect the agricultural production and development seriously. Chemical control with herbicide is the most time-saving, labor-saving and high-efficiency weed control method at present. Among them, foliage-applied herbicides are widely used because they are hardly affected by soil environment and applied according to weeds, which exhibits high flexibility and selectivity. However, herbicides droplets often splash, roll off, and penetrate difficultly as a result of the unique interfacial characteristics of weed leaf during the spraying process, causing overuse of herbicides, herbicide resistance, phytotoxicity and environmental residue, etc. Adding appropriate spray adjuvants is an effective strategy to solve the above problems. Considering that the application of herbicides should be combined with the weeds and spray adjuvants, it is of great significance to understand their respective action modes for guiding weeds control. This review first introduces the mode of action and application of herbicides, then summarizes the morphological and foliar interfacial characteristics of gramineous weeds, broadleaf weeds and cyperaceous weeds and their influences on herbicide selection. Moreover, the synergistic mechanism of commonly used spray adjuvants on folliage-applied herbicides and the influence of adjuvants on dose transfer process are also elucidated in detail. On this basis, the mechanism and application of spray adjuvants on contact herbicides and translocated herbicides for controlling gramineous weeds, broadleaf weeds and cyperaceous weeds are summarized. In addition, the future development of herbicide spray adjuvants is also prospected, aiming to provide references for the development and application of spray adjuvants in the field of herbicides, and finally achieving the goal of "reducing dosage and increasing efficiency".