肌肽锌对低钙性骨质疏松笼养蛋鸡AKP、BGP及E_2的影响

选用250只24周龄健康海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为5组,每组50只。对照组饲喂基础日粮(含钙3.55%),低钙组饲喂低钙日粮(含钙1.95%),试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别于低钙日粮中添加10、30、50mg/kg肌肽锌,试验期60d,定期采集血样,观察肌肽锌对低钙性骨质疏松笼养蛋鸡碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、骨钙素(BGP)及雌二醇(E2)的影响。结果显示,AKP和BGP随肌肽锌添加剂量的增加而降低,20d和40d时,试验Ⅰ组血清中AKP和BGP显著低于低钙组(P0.05),试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清中AKP和BGP均极显著低于低钙组(P0.01),试验Ⅲ组血清中AKP和BGP均极显著低于试验Ⅰ组(P0.01)、显著低于试验Ⅱ组(P0.05);60d时,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清中AKP和BGP均极显著低于低钙组(P0.01),试验Ⅲ组血清中AKP和BGP均极显著低于试验Ⅰ组(P0.01),试验Ⅲ组血清中BGP显著低于试验Ⅱ组(P0.05);各组E2随日龄的增长而降低,整个试验期,低钙组血清中E2均显著低于对照组(P0.05),其余各组无显著差异(P0.05)。结果表明,在低钙日粮中添加50mg/kg肌肽锌能更好地改善低钙性骨质疏松笼养蛋鸡血清中骨代谢重要标志物和相关激素的水平,明显降低骨吸收,缓解笼养蛋鸡骨质疏松的程度。     

骨营养不良奶牛治疗前后血浆中Ca、P、AKP的变化

选择17头患有骨营养不良的荷斯坦泌乳奶牛,测定它们血浆中钙(Ca)、磷(P)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)的含量,然后调整日粮,将日粮中添加的磷酸氢钙改换为石灰粉饲喂1个月后,再对其血浆中的Ca、P、AKP进行测定,对比前后测定记录,分析数据.试验结果表明,治疗前与治疗后血浆中Ca含量差异极显著(P＜0.01);血浆中P水平差异显著(P＜0.05),碱性磷酸酶浓度差异不显、著(P＞0.05).治疗前后血浆中P、AKP的水平均处于正常范围,治疗前血浆Ca含量低于正常范围,血浆钙磷比严重失衡,在1.5～2:1以下.结论:日粮中钙含量降低,致使钙磷比失调是引起奶牛骨营养不良的主要原因.     

低磷日粮对蛋鸡产蛋性能和血清钙磷的影响

选择1296只49周龄健康褐壳蛋鸡,随机分为6个处理组:A、B、C、D、E和F,每处理2个重复,每重复108只鸡。A为对照组,日粮含0.2%有效磷(AP)和0.9‰植酸酶;B、C、D、E和F组日粮分别含AP0.16%、0.12%、0.2%、0.16%和0.12%,其中B组和C组添加0.9‰植酸酶;4周末测定血清钙和磷含量。试验期28d。结果表明:试验14～28d,F组产蛋率最低。试验全期0～28d,F组产蛋率分别较A、B、C、D和E组降低4.4%、3.31%、8.34%(P0.01)、5.55%和4.75%,均差异显著;B、C、D、E和F组蛋质量分别较A组降低0.84%(P0.05)、0.64%(P0.05)、1.29%(P0.05)、0.62%(P0.05)和1.87%(P0.05)。试验各期,各处理组蛋鸡平均采食量、平均料蛋比和血清钙水平均无显著差异。A组血清磷水平含量最高,C、E和F组蛋鸡血清磷水平较A组分别降低23.76%(P0.05)、34.16%(P0.01)和29.21%(P0.01)。表明低磷日粮对蛋鸡产蛋率和蛋质量有不同程度的影响,血清磷水平能更灵敏的反应缺乏蛋鸡磷。     

依普黄酮对笼养蛋鸡骨质疏松症相关激素的影响

本试验选用200只24周龄健康海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为4组:对照组(基础日粮中含钙3.55%)、低钙组(日粮含钙1.27%)、试验Ⅰ组(8 mg依普黄酮/kg+低钙日粮)和试验Ⅱ组(20 mg依普黄酮/kg+低钙日粮),观察依普黄酮对笼养蛋鸡骨质疏松症相关激素的影响。结果显示,各组血清中甲状旁腺激素(PTH)水平均呈上升趋势,60 d时,与低钙组相比,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组血清中PTH水平分别降低了6.12%(P＜0.01)和7.05%(P＜0.01);试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组血清中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)水平分别降低了23.72%(P＜0.01)和25.08%(P＜0.01);各组血清中降钙素(CT)水平在15~30 d时均呈上升趋势,在30~60 d时均呈下降趋势。整个试验期,试验组和低钙组血钙水平比对照组有所降低,但差异不显著;各组雌激素(E₂)水平无显著差异。试验结果表明,在低钙日粮中添加依普黄酮能够显著调节蛋鸡体内钙代谢相关激素的浓度,促进钙离子向骨骼沉积,减少骨组织脱钙,缓解蛋鸡骨质疏松的程度。     

玉米-杂粕型日粮中添加不同植酸酶对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质及钙磷代谢的影响

选取720只24周龄海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为8个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。8个处理分别为正对照组(PC)饲喂有效磷为0.36%的正常基础日粮,负对照组(NC)饲喂有效磷为0.16%的低磷日粮,其余试验组是在NC组日粮基础上分别添加两种植酸酶A或B各125、250、500 U/kg。其中植酸酶A是从大肠杆菌中提取,植酸酶B是从里氏木霉中提取。试验期为12周。结果表明:与PC组比较,NC和B500组产蛋率、平均蛋重和日采食量显著降低(P0.05),其他各添加植酸酶组恢复到PC组水平,各添加植酸酶组料蛋比和蛋品质无显著变化(P0.05);与PC组相比,NC组胫骨灰分、胫骨磷和血浆磷含量显著降低(P0.05),添加2种植酸酶组(除B500组外)恢复到PC组水平,B500组血浆磷含量显著低于PC组(P0.05),各试验组胫骨钙含量和血浆钙含量与PC组无显著差异(P0.05)。结果提示,低磷玉米-杂粕型日粮中添加2种植酸酶都能够缓解低磷引起的负效应,但2种植酸酶的最佳添加量不同,本试验条件下日粮中添加125 U/kg的植酸酶B或250 U/kg的植酸酶A都能满足蛋鸡对无机磷的需求。     

凝结芽孢杆菌对感染沙门氏菌蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和血浆生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究凝结芽孢杆菌对感染沙门氏菌前后蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质的影响,并探究其对感染沙门氏菌蛋鸡血浆生化指标的影响。将400只沙门氏菌阴性、体况健康的京红商品代蛋鸡根据产蛋率无显著差异(P0.05)原则随机分成4组(A组、B组、C组和D组),每组5个重复,每个重复20只鸡。对照组(A组和C组)饲喂基础饲粮,凝结芽孢杆菌组(B组和D组)在基础饲粮中添加2.5×1010CFU/kg凝结芽孢杆菌;饲喂1周后,C组和D组连续2 d定量口服肠炎沙门氏菌悬浮液(1×108CFU/mL),A组和B组口服等量无菌磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS),继续饲养3周。结果表明:1)感染沙门氏菌前,凝结芽孢杆菌对蛋鸡生产性能无显著影响(P0.05)。感染沙门氏菌后,沙门氏菌显著降低了蛋鸡平均日采食量(P0.05);凝结芽孢杆菌极显著降低了蛋鸡料蛋比(P0.01),显著降低了平均日采食量(P0.05)。2)感染沙门氏菌前,凝结芽孢杆菌极显著增加了蛋鸡蛋壳重/蛋重(P0.01)。感染沙门氏菌后,沙门氏菌和凝结芽孢杆菌对蛋鸡蛋品质指标均无显著影响(P0.05)。3)感染沙门氏菌后,凝结芽孢杆菌显著降低了血浆总胆固醇和甘油三酯含量(P0.05);沙门氏菌显著降低了血浆总胆固醇、甘油三酯和钙含量,显著提高了血浆谷草转氨酶活性(P0.05),极显著提高了血浆碱性磷酸酶活性(P0.01);凝结芽孢杆菌与沙门氏菌对血浆总蛋白含量、钙/磷及谷草转氨酶活性有显著交互作用(P0.05)。综上,凝结芽孢杆菌可改善蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质,在蛋白质代谢、脂质代谢、肝功能和钙磷吸收上都具有一定程度的改善作用。     

饲粮不同磷水平对三黄鸡钙磷代谢和养分消化率的影响

试验选择60日龄体重约1.5kg的三黄肉鸡40只,随机分为4个组,每组5个重复,每个重复2只鸡(一个代谢笼)。日粮磷水平分别为:A组TP=0.4%,B组TP=0.6%,C组TP=0.8%,D组TP=1.0%(钙:有效磷均为2:1),其中B组为对照组。试验结果表明:血清AKP活性和钙的消化率不随日粮磷水平变化而差异变化(P0.05),但日粮磷水平在0.8%时,血清AKP活性显著降低而钙的消化率达到最高。血清磷随日粮磷增加而增加,血清钙随日粮磷增加而下降(P0.01)。磷的消化率随日粮磷水平的改变发生显著变化。     

低磷日粮对育成鸡生产性能及脏器磷含量的影响

本试验选择48羽健康的罗曼商品蛋鸡,随机分成4个组,分别饲喂含0.1%、0.2%、0.3%和0.4%有效磷的日粮.试验60d.结果表明低磷日粮显著降低增重(P＜0.05);对耗料量、蛋重、蛋壳厚度均无明显的影响;低磷日粮使开产时间早,初产期产蛋率高(P＜0.05).但更换成产蛋鸡日粮后,常磷组产蛋率显著高于低磷组(P＜0.05);蛋壳质量明显好转,日粮钙水平是影响蛋壳质量的主要因素.低磷日粮(0.1%)可导致育成鸡呈现磷缺乏症,以胸骨弯曲和胸部囊肿为早期的临床指征;X线检查可见骨质密度降低、骨皮质变薄.低磷日粮对血浆ALP和ACP无显著的影响(P＜0.05).低磷日粮显著降低血浆、全血、羽毛、胫骨和肾脏磷含量(P＜0.05),上述脏器组织磷含量可作为育成鸡磷缺乏症的实验室诊断指标.     

日粮不同有效磷水平对蛋雏鸡生长及组织钙磷含量的影响

选择 96只 1日龄健康的罗曼商品蛋鸡 ,随机分成 4个组 ,分别饲喂含有效磷为 0 1 1 %、0 2 %、0 4 %和 0 6 %的日粮。试验 30天。结果表明 ,低磷、高磷日粮显著降低增重和耗料量 (P <0 0 5) ;低磷日粮 ( 0 1 1 % )可导致雏鸡磷缺乏症及高死亡率 ,以生长迟缓、胸骨弯曲为早期的临床指征 ;试验至 1 0天 ,2、3组ACP活性显著高于 1、4组 (P <0 0 5)。试验至 30天 ,低磷日粮显著降低血浆磷含量(P <0 0 5)。试验至 1 0、2 0天 ,低磷日粮显著降低胫骨磷含量 (P <0 0 5)。血浆、胫骨磷水平可作为雏鸡磷缺乏症的早期实验室诊断指标。低磷日粮显著降低肾脏和胫骨钙含量 (P <0 0 5) ,表明低磷日粮对钙的代谢有不利的影响     

依普黄酮对骨质疏松症笼养蛋鸡OPG和RANKL表达的影响

选用200只24周龄健康海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为4组:对照组(基础日粮中含钙3.55％)、低钙组(日粮合钙1.27％)、试验Ⅰ组(依普黄酮8 mg/kg,低钙日粮)和试验Ⅱ组(依普黄酮20 mg/kg,低钙日粮),观察依普黄酮对骨质疏松症笼养蛋鸡血清及骨骼骨保护素(Osteo protegerin,OPG)/核因子-相受体活化因子配体(Receptor activatorof NF-κB ligand,RANKL)表达的影响.结果显示:与低钙组相比,30 d时,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组血清OPG分别显著升高33.12％和60.19％(P＜0.05)；60 d时,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组血清OPG分别显著升高35.89％和61.59％ (P＜0.05)；30 d时,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组血清RANKL分别极显著降低63.85％和70.87％(P＜0.01)；60 d时,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组血清RANKL分别极显著降低69.98％和72.85％ (P＜0.01).与低钙组相比,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组骨组织OPG平均光密度分别显著(P＜0.05)和极显著(P＜0.01)升高,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组蛋鸡骨组织RANKL平均光密度极显著低于低钙组蛋鸡(P＜o.01).试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组OPG/RANKL值高于低钙组.结果表明,低钙日粮中添加依普黄酮对蛋鸡骨质疏松症可起到一定改善作用,这可能与OPG上调,RANKL下调,影响RANKL信号通路,使其骨量增加,骨结构改善密切相关.     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.     

The effects of antibiotic,probiotic, organic acid,vitamin C,and Echinacea purpurea extract on performance,carcass characteristics,blood chemistry,microbiota, and immunity of broiler chickens

The present context investigated the comparative study on the supplementation of antibiotic, probiotic, organic acid, vitamin C, and herbal extract after vaccination into drinking water and their effects on performance, carcass quality, blood biochemical parameters, immune system, and intestinal flora in broiler chicks for 42 days. A total of 420 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned into 7 treatments with 3 replicates (pens) per treatment and 20 male chicks for each replicate (pen). The experimental treatments consisted of drinking water (control, without additive); drinking water + antibiotic sulfamet; drinking water + C-Vet-50; drinking water + antibiotic sulfamet + C-Vet-50; drinking water + probiotic Primalac; drinking water + butyric acid; and drinking water + extract of Echinacea purpurea Moench (coneflower). There were no differences observed among the treatments for feed intake, but during the whole experimental period, the highest body weight gain was found in the chicks fed with drinking water + antibiotic sulfamet + 50 cc vitamin C (P < 0.05). There were no differences (P > 0.05) observed among the treatments for feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05). Moreover, there were no differences reported among treatments for carcass characteristics at the end of the experiment. Among the treatments, drinking water + 50 cc vitamin C, and drinking water + extract of E. purpurea reduced (P < 0.05) the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins. Drinking water + 50 cc vitamin C, drinking water + Primalac, and drinking water + extract of E. purpurea increased (P < 0.05) the lymphocytes count and decreased the heterophils count and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio. The highest Escherichia coli count and lowest Lactobacillus count in ileal content of the broilers were observed in the control group (P < 0.05). The additives used in this study may be incorporated in the drinking water of broiler chickens as growth promoters and for improved performance. A further, wider supplementation study is required to understand the performance, immune system, variation in the intestinal microbial counts, and any other possible alteration in the intestinal biota of the broilers.     

Department of Clinical Veterinary Practices, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4

Circular excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog were studied. A similar sequence of events took place in the two regions although differences did occur due to the different reactions of the tissues which surrounded the wounds. None of the wound cavities became filled with exudate during the early stages of healing. In the thoracic wounds the cavities were largely filled by the swelling and inward movement of adipose tissue. Epithelium first grew on the wound surface in the sector of the wound that was situated in the direction of hair flow. The average time to complete epithelization was similar in both sets of wounds. A zone of alopecia developed around the wounds.