条锈病侵染对小麦抗氰呼吸和活性氧代谢的影响

 以不同抗病性的小麦为材料,观察了条锈病菌侵染小麦幼苗叶片时活性氧代谢和抗氰呼吸发生、运行的变化。讨论了二者在长期病程下的平衡关系。实验显示:接种8d后,感病小麦中H₂O₂含量开始高于抗病小麦,O₂^-·含量变化差异不明显。SOD、CAT和POD活性整体上表现为接种后的前4d有所上升,接种4d之后呈下降的趋势;感病小麦中3种抗氧化酶的活性均高于抗病小麦。条锈菌侵染下小麦幼苗抗氰呼吸容量和运行活性的变化在两类小麦中与H₂O₂的变化一致,在侵染初期上升缓慢,以后迅速上升;aoxl的mRNA水平仅在侵染后4d的幼苗叶片中略有上升,在以后的侵染过程中没有发生显著的变化。我们推测,活性氧可以在多种水平上参与条锈病菌侵染下抗氰呼吸的诱导,而抗氰呼吸也在某种程度上参与小麦在条锈病菌侵染下活性氧的清除与机体的生理保护机制。     

空气湿度对灰霉菌侵染番茄叶片组织结构分析及抗氧化系统的影响

 空气湿度对番茄灰霉病的发生有显著性影响。为了探明空气湿度对灰霉菌侵染番茄叶片的过程与机理,本研究以‘金棚14-6’番茄为材料,观察分析了高空气相对湿度(80%~95%)和低空气相对湿度(65%~80%)对灰霉菌侵染番茄叶片表型变化、细胞学差异、形态结构变化、活性氧含量和抗氧化酶的影响。结果表明:高湿接种60 h大量芽管伸长出现在叶片下表皮细胞并分化菌丝,叶肉细胞间隙分布了大量的菌丝并伴随病斑出现,灰霉菌在60 h完成侵染;低湿接种108 h芽管伸长出现在叶片下表皮并分化菌丝,叶肉细胞间隙有少量菌丝分布,没有明显病斑出现。随着灰霉菌的侵染,低湿与高湿相比栅栏组织和海绵组织结构从整齐紧密变为排列疏松的时间滞后;高湿和低湿处理的叶片厚度、栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度均呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,侵染后期低湿处理的叶片组织结构厚度显著高于高湿。随着接菌时间延长,高湿和低湿的活性氧含量和抗氧化酶活性处于相对活跃的调整、适应的变化过程,大致呈先上升后下降趋势,而对照和接菌相比无显著差异,变化趋势维持在基本的振幅上。研究显示灰霉菌发生的环境条件:湿度80%~95%和侵染完成时间60 h,即控制高空气湿度的持续时间在60 h内。这为设施内番茄灰霉病的湿度调控防治提供了理论基础。     

栗疫病菌侵染板栗枝条的显微观察

栗疫病是一种严重危害栗属植物的病害。为了明确栗疫病菌侵染板栗枝条的过程及侵染的关键时间点,本研究利用病理组织切片技术、显微镜和扫描电镜技术对栗疫病菌侵染板栗枝条的过程进行了观察。结果表明:接种栗疫病菌后0～5 h,菌丝先降解枝条表皮,进行横向营养生长的同时沿着伤口纵向侵染,为进入皮层做准备;接种后6 h病菌开始在表皮定殖,并侵入皮层;接种后9 h在皮层可观察到侵染性菌丝沿着细胞间隙向相邻细胞延伸;接种后12 h栗疫病菌侵入韧皮部,在皮层的侵染面积扩大。随着侵染程度加深,皮层、韧皮部等处细胞被菌丝降解,最终在形成层附近聚集。接菌后9 h为栗疫病菌侵染板栗枝条的关键时间点。     

梨锈病侵染特征及防治适期研究

通过对"锦丰"梨园梨锈病发生情况调查、梨锈病侵染过程中生态因子影响的研究、梨锈病发生、发展和侵染特征的观察及不同药剂和施药时期对梨锈病防治效果的影响试验,了解了梨锈病侵染全过程和各时期侵染特征;3～10d叶龄的梨叶锈病侵染最重;降水量和空气相对湿度是影响梨锈病发生的关键因子;有效成分为三唑酮、氟硅唑和苯醚甲环唑的杀菌药剂可作为治疗梨锈病的首选药剂,并以病斑出现后1～5 d为治疗梨锈病的最佳时期.     

土壤杆菌K1026对樱桃冠瘿病病原菌的抑制作用及田间防治效果

由致病性根癌土壤杆菌Agrobacteriumspp.侵染引起的根癌病对樱桃等果树生产造成严重的影响。利用双层平板、胡萝卜圆盘法和接种指示植物番茄等方法验证了澳洲生防菌株K1026对2种不同原生物型樱桃冠瘿病病原菌的抑制作用;检测了不同接种时间对病原菌侵染产生瘤状组织的影响,结果显示提前或者在病原菌接种后20h内接种K1026可抑制胡萝卜产生瘤状组织;研究了K1026对大樱桃根癌病的作用机制是产生土壤杆菌素和竞争附着位点;田间试验表明K1026蘸根处理,对‘中国樱桃’株系冠瘿病的防治效果达81.61%,使发病率降低至18.13%。     

吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂对麦无网长管蚜实验种群的影响

利用吡虫啉种子包衣技术防治麦蚜是我国小麦主产区一项重要的防控措施,目前对麦蚜的防控效果评价主要集中在自然混合种群上,对室内种群尤其是麦无网长管蚜的研究报道较少。为了明确吡虫啉种衣剂对单一蚜虫种类的影响,本文利用吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂处理的小麦苗接种4种蚜虫,分别于3、6和9 d后检查死亡率。并采用生命表方法评价种衣剂处理对麦无网长管生长发育、繁殖和种群生命参数的影响。结果表明:种衣剂处理小麦苗接种的4种蚜虫,3 d后死亡率大小依次为禾谷缢管蚜麦长管蚜麦二叉蚜麦无网长管蚜,6 d后禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜全部死亡;9 d后麦二叉蚜全部死亡,但麦无网长管蚜死亡率仅为10.3%。生命表结果表明:麦无网长管蚜大部分个体在种衣剂处理麦苗上可以完成整个世代周期,但其生长发育延缓,存活率、寿命和繁殖力显著下降,内禀增长率(r_m)、周限增长率(λ)、净生殖率(R_0)显著降低,平均世代周期(T)显著延长。研究结果进一步证实吡虫啉包衣处理对麦长管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜、麦二叉蚜具有很好的防治效果,但对麦无网长管蚜防效较差。     

香蕉束顶病毒(BBTV)侵染对寄主内源激素的影响

 本试验用ELISA方法测定了香蕉感染束顶病毒(BBTV)后植株体内的3种内源激素,赤霉素(GA₃)、玉米素类(iPAs)和脱落酸(ABA)的变化。结果表明,感株的GA₃水平在侵染过程中虽有微弱增加,但含量和增长速度显著低于健株对照;iPAs在接种BBTV第14天后明显下降,并维持较低水平;ABA在BBTV侵染后被大量诱导增加并不断积累,在接种后第35天测定含量最高,为对照的3.34倍。试验还同时检测了BBTV在侵染过程中的运转。用间接ELISA测定的接种叶和顶叶的BBTV含量显示:接种21天后BBTV在接种叶和顶叶中还大量增殖,呈系统性分布。但寄主的症状在接种35天后才逐渐在顶叶表现。以上结果表明:香蕉束顶病的症状表现似乎主要与病株中的内源激素的失调有关,而与BBTV在体内的运转并不直接相关     

邻烯丙基苯酚处理黄瓜种子控制土传腐霉菌和丝核菌侵染危害秧苗的效果

采用ISTA滤纸法检测得出:20%邻烯丙基苯酚悬浮种衣剂按1∶ 30~1∶ 90药种比(质量比)包衣处理"中农8号"和"长春密刺"黄瓜品种的种子,对黄瓜种子安全,种子发芽率分别达到95.75%~97.75%和80.00%~84.25%;PDA平板上检测药剂包衣处理对黄瓜种子带菌消毒效果显示,消毒处理效果达到66.67%~100%。菌丝生长速率法和染色处理结合显微技术实验证实,邻烯丙基苯酚对危害黄瓜秧苗的土传病原菌腐霉病菌Pythium aphanidermatum和立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani具有较强的抑制作用,EC50值分别为27.59和34.16 μg/mL;药剂处理使供试病菌的菌丝发生中空、解体断裂等异常现象。20%邻烯丙基苯酚悬浮种衣剂1∶ 30~1∶ 90包衣处理黄瓜种子后接种供试病菌,对腐霉病菌和立枯丝核菌的防病效果分别达到73.31%~100%和85.16％~100%;随着药剂包衣处理浓度的增大,邻烯丙基苯酚防治两种病原菌侵染危害黄瓜秧苗的效果提高,等效或者优于常规药剂福美双种子处理。     

向日葵与锈菌互作过程中活性氧的积累

为了探讨向日葵品种与锈菌互作中活性氧的产生和积累与向日葵抗锈病性的关系,采用分光光度计法及联苯胺蓝(DAB)、氮兰四唑(NBT)染色法对过氧化氢(H2O2)及超氧阴离子自由基(O2-)诱导积累的过程进行了检测.结果表明:接种后抗、感病品种均出现H2O2和O2-双峰,侵染早期积累明显,最高峰出现在16 h,在抗病品种中活性氧产生和积累明显高于感病品种;在抗病品种中侵染位点活性氧的产生及积累较明显,接种后16h,侵染位点周围的染色范围较大,染色较深,H2O2及O2-的染色比例均达到最高,分别为65.5%和41%;而在感病品种的侵染位点没有检测到明显的活性氧积累.     

三唑酮拌种对小麦条锈病菌叶部侵染过程的影响

 供试小麦种子用干拌法施药,在一叶期接种小麦条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis West)毒性小种,用整叶透明染色方法研究三唑酮拌种对条锈菌叶部侵染过程的影响.结果表明,由初生吸器形成开始,三唑酮对吸器产生和菌落扩展表现出多方面的影响.拌种植株叶片中条锈菌侵染菌丝的生长和分枝严重受阻,吸器母细胞和吸器形成显著减少,菌落亦不再进一步分化,多数侵染点还出现寄主细胞坏死。这些组织病理学变化与抗病品种的过敏性坏死反应很相似.     

Resistance responses of albino leaves of Triticum timopheevii mutants inoculated with Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici

Albino chlorophyll mutants induced in Triticum timopheevii by γ-irradiation were used to study the influence of photosynthetic activity on the development of two isolates of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici , and host resistance responses, 72 h after inoculation. The results showed that the percentage of pathogenic units inhibited by papilla response and epidermal cell hypersensitivity was lower on albino primary seedling leaves than on normal green seedling leaves. On albino leaves, the development of pathogenic units which established a successful penetration was either decreased or retarded, depending on the isolate used. This effect could be attributed to the limited supply of assimilates from the albino host due to the lack of photosynthetic activity.     

小麦的种和品种对白粉病抗性的初步研究

 在对白粉病具不同抗性的11个小麦的种和品种上进行的按种试验表明,在接种后8小时内,分生孢子达到最高萌发率(约为60%),并形成附着孢。在抗病的和感病的小麦叶片上,分生孢子的萌发率和萌发速度没有差异。接种后12小时,在感病的材料上,发现真菌侵入寄主,但在抗病的材料上,发现最早侵入时间,至少要比在感病材料上约晚4小时。接种后36小时,在高感的材料上,萌发的分生孢子有83%已侵入寄主,其中约有70~80%已形成吸胞。在感病、抗病和高抗材料上的侵入率,分别为70,45,27%。形成或开始形成吸胞的分别为55~61,14~27,4~8%。在抗病材料的表皮细胞内,真菌形成的吸胞较小,并有点畸形。在抗病材料的叶面上,真菌的菌丛稀薄,产孢也很少。     

The expression of components of seedling resistance to Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici in Triticum timopheevii and a hexaploid derivative

The expression of components of resistance to three isolates of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici was investigated on the primary seedling leaves of nine lines of Triticum timopheevii, one line of the wild ancestor T. araraticum, and a hexaploid derivative from T. timopheevii, CI 12633. Wheat cv. Nord Desprez was used as a susceptible control with no known major gene for powdery mildew resistance. The expression of resistance was studied 72 h after inoculation to investigate the efficiency of a sequence of barriers to fungal penetration and development: cuticle; papilla; epidermal cell hypersensitivity; and the hypersensitive necrotic reaction of mesophyll cells underlying the infection area. Production of conidia was assessed after 10 days. Neither the profuse epidermal hairs nor the leaf cuticle contributed directly to resistance in T. timopheevii. However, both T. araraticum and T. timopheevii exhibited papilla-mediated resistance and, in addition, T. araraticum showed epidermal hypersensitivity. T. timopheevii may possess a gene or genes for resistance additional to those already transferred to, and expressed in. the hexaploid derivative CI 12633, particularly those which condition the hypersensitive necrotic reaction of the mesophyll cells surrounding the infection area.     

小麦对白粉菌的抗性和感病性的诱导

 用小麦白粉菌(Erysiphe graminis f.sp.tritici)的无毒和有毒菌株,以3种接种顺序:1.先接无毒菌株,间隔一定时间后,再接有毒菌株;2.无毒和有毒菌株同时接;3.和"1"相反,接种具有不同抗性基因的小麦品种的幼苗或叶段,以研究小麦对白粉菌的诱导抗性和诱导感病性。结果表明:先接无毒菌株诱导的抗性最强;后接无毒菌株或无毒、有毒菌株同时接,当诱导菌(inducer)的密度很高时,也可以诱导出抗性,但较微弱;诱导的抗性随诱导菌的密度增高而增强;一经诱导,抗性可在被诱导部位维持到第6天;所使用的3种接种顺序都可以诱导小麦对白粉菌产生感病性,但较之诱导的抗性弱得多;在抗病性的诱导中,存在着小麦品种与诱导菌,或诱导菌与挑战菌(challenger)之间的相互作用;一个无毒菌株可以通过诱导而获得在抗病品种上生长的毒性,但当缺少有毒菌株存在时,获得毒性即消失;没有发现所诱导的抗性具有系统传导性。     

Effects of impacting rain drops on the growth and development of powdery mildew fungi

The effects of rain on different stages of powdery mildew development were investigated quantitatively for Erysiphe graminis on barley, Erysiphe pisi on pea and Sphaerotheca pannosa on rose. Water drops 4 mm in diameter released from a height of 2·5 m onto target leaves reduced the numbers of conidia on the impacted surfaces and inhibited subsequent mildew development, the effects declining as the interval between inoculation and impaction increased. Simulated rainfall applied after inoculation reduced the numbers of conidia on leaves and inhibited mildew development, the effect declining as the interval between inoculation and treatment lengthened. Simulated rainfall applied to infected plants reduced their capacity to inoculate other plants, the effect declining as the interval between treatment and use as inoculum lengthened. Controlled exposure of infected peas and roses to natural rain reduced the numbers of conidia on leaves and inhibited subsequent mildew development, especially on upper leaf surfaces.     

Comparison of resistance-inducing abilities of virulent and avirulent races of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei and a race of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici in barley

Resistance to powdery mildew was induced in barley by preinoculation with virulent and avirulent races of barley powdery mildew ( Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei ), and with a race of wheat powdery mildew ( E. graminis f.sp. tritici ). Four inducer densities were tested in 13 different induction periods between 1 and 24 h. Generally, the resistance induced by barley powdery mildew increased up to 10-12 h of induction and was maintained in longer induction periods. The inducing abilities of virulent and avirulent races could not be distinguished up to 10-12 h of induction, after which the inducing ability of avirulent races increased significantly in relation to virulent races. Wheat powdery mildew was able to induce more resistance than barley powdery mildew in induction periods up to 8 h. In a single inoculation procedure the number of haustoria developing from virulent barley powdery mildew decreased as inoculum density increased. The effect was ascribed to induction of resistance. This reduction of infection efficiency in the compatible interaction was compared to induced resistance. However, the inoculum density needed for 50% resistance induction in the double inoculation procedure was approximately 40 times higher than the inoculum density needed for 50% reduction in infection efficiency in the single inoculation procedure.     

Effects of Infection by Mycosphaerella graminicola on Translocation of Fluquinconazole in Wheat Seedlings

ABSTRACT Translocation of (14)C-labeled fluquinconazole was measured using combustion analysis and radio thin-layer-chromatographic analysis in seedling wheat leaves uninfected and infected with Mycosphaerella graminicola. Two isolates were used with differing sensitivity to demethylation inhibitor fungicides. Fluquinconazole was translocated acropetally, but not basipetally. Fluquinconazole accumulated around infection sites within 6 days after treatment. Accumulation occurred before M. graminicola hyphae had colonized the host mesophyll further than one host cell around the invasion site. This suggested that the accumulation was caused by a host response to infection. Infrared gas analysis showed that rates of transpiration and stomatal conductance in inoculated leaves were significantly increased very soon after inoculation but net photosynthesis was decreased. The actual mechanism of fungicide accumulation was not determined.     

小麦主要病虫分期混合施药技术

研究结果表明,小麦主要病虫的发生有明显的阶段性,秋苗期主要是纹枯病和地下害虫,返青拔节期主要是纹枯病和麦蜘蛛,两者皆在3月25日前后进入侵染和为害盛期;穗期主要有白粉病、叶锈病和麦蚜,有的年份条锈病流行,它们多在5月1日前后进入盛发期。播种期、返青拔节期和穗期3期,杀虫剂与杀菌剂混合施药具有良好的药效和明显的增产作用,特别是穗期。3期混合施药的最优组合是:播种期,0.08％甲基异柳磷与0.03％三唑醇混合拌种,返青拔节期,甲基硫环磷(175.5g/ha)与三唑醇(75g/ha)混合喷雾;穗期,抗蚜威(45g/ha)与三唑醇(105g/ha)混合喷雾。3期施药经济效益显著,投入产出比1: 12.7～14.1,每ha纯收益1450.5～1797.0元。     

小麦白粉病菌越夏,越冬和春季菌源毒性结构比较

 分析了1992年和1993年不同时期采集的小麦白粉病菌越夏、越冬和春季菌源共238个菌株的生理小种、毒性基因结构和对9个推广品种的毒力频率。结果表明三种菌源在生理小种和毒性基因组成及出现频率是相似的,对9个推广品种的毒力频率均较高。这样在白粉病菌毒性和品种抗病性研究中,可以采集应用越夏和越冬菌株标样,避免了夏季高温季节保存菌株的工作;而且从毒性结构方面进一步证实白粉病菌主要以分生孢子在夏季侵染高海拔地区的自生麦苗而越夏,再逐渐扩展至秋播麦苗越冬后导致春季大田发病,病菌的子囊孢子在平原地区侵染循环上作用不大。     

东北春麦区小麦白粉菌的侵染循环

 小麦白粉菌(Blumeria graminis DC.Speer)可以在我国东北的南部冬麦区以菌丝垫形态潜伏在小麦苗基部叶片和叶鞘上越冬,以混在干燥保存的小麦种子中的闭囊壳越夏。自生麦苗和白粉病的野生寄主在侵染循环中不起作用。小麦白粉菌的毒力频率(Vf)分析表明,公主岭、沈阳、海城、大连和烟台的小麦白粉菌同属于一个群体。东北春麦区小麦白粉病初发日期和高空天气图分析表明,东北春麦区小麦白粉病的初侵染菌源来自胶东半岛冬麦区。在一定的天气系统控制下,小麦白粉菌的分生孢子随夏初的偏南气流,在700毫巴高度层向北传播,进入东北春麦区。随降雨沉降,并侵染小麦植株。