决明子多糖酥性饼干的研制

以低筋小麦粉为主料,以决明子多糖、枸杞粉、黄油、燕麦粉、鸡蛋和白砂糖等为辅料,通过单因素试验与正交试验获得决明子多糖酥性饼干的最佳配方为低筋面粉用量100 g,决明子多糖用量2 g,枸杞粉用量7 g,黄油用量25 g,燕麦粉用量20 g。最佳烘烤条件为面火温度170℃,底火温度150℃,时间10 min。在此条件下制作的决明子多糖酥性饼干色泽金黄、风味独特,有较好的营养价值和一定的功能特性。     

黑色杂粮饼干制作工艺研究

研究黑色杂粮饼干的加工工艺流程。以膨化黑小麦粉、黑米粉、黑豆粉及低筋面粉为主要原料,通过单因素试验,确定各因素的最适条件;通过正交试验,确定黑色杂粮饼干的最佳配方。结果表明,黑色杂粮饼干的最适工艺参数及最佳配方为粉碎过80目筛,烘烤温度200℃,烘烤时间10 min;添加黑小麦粉15%,黑米粉15%,黑豆粉20%,黑芝麻5%。所制得的黑色杂粮饼干口感酥脆、厚薄均匀,具有杂粮的独特风味。     

基于模糊数学法的婴幼儿磨牙饼干加工工艺优化

以低筋小麦粉、黄油、香蕉等为主要原料,研究制备一种无人工合成食品添加剂的磨牙饼干.采用模糊数学法建立饼干的感官品质模型,并以此为基础,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化饼干加工工艺.结果表明,磨牙饼干的最佳加工工艺为:黄油添加量15％,鸡蛋添加量18％,牛奶添加量22％,香蕉添加量17％,烘烤时间45 min,烘烤温度160℃,以此工艺制得的磨牙饼干外形完整、色泽均匀、香气浓郁,品质稳定、安全,未添加糖、盐、人工合成的食品添加剂等成分.     

马铃薯全粉面条加工工艺的研究

以马铃薯全粉和小麦粉为主要原料,研制成马铃薯全粉面条。在马铃薯全粉添加量、食盐添加量和水添加量3个单因素试验的基础上,进行L_9(3~3)正交试验。通过对面条的感官评价和煮制断条率和损失率的测定,确定马铃薯全粉面条的最佳工艺配方。经正交试验分析的结果表明,马铃薯全粉面条的最佳配方为马铃薯全粉添加量10%,食盐添加量1.5%,纯净水添加量42%。在此配方下,经过和面、醒发、压片和切条等工艺,做出的马铃薯全粉面条感官品质和蒸煮品质较好,营养价值较高。     

马铃薯玉米面条加工工艺研究

马铃薯玉米面条是用马铃薯全粉、玉米粉和小麦粉为主要原料制作而成的新型杂粮面条。在马铃薯全粉添加量、玉米粉添加量、食盐添加量、水添加量和黄原胶添加量5个单因素试验的基础上,进行正交试验。通过对面条的断条率和蒸煮损失率的测定及感官评价,确定马铃薯玉米面条的最佳工艺配方。经过正交试验和验证试验的分析,马铃薯玉米面条的最佳配方为马铃薯全粉添加量10%,玉米粉添加量15%,食盐添加量1.0%,水添加量48%,黄原胶添加量0.4%。此工艺条件下所制得的马铃薯玉米面条蒸煮品质和感官品质较好。     

绿豆酥性饼干的制作工艺

以绿豆和低筋面粉为主要原料制作绿豆酥性饼干,通过单因素试验和正交试验,以感官评价和质构分析的综合评分为指标,确定了绿豆酥性饼干的最佳工艺配方为绿豆粉35 g,白砂糖30 g,黄油35 g。通过正交设计试验确定了制作绿豆酥性饼干的最佳烘烤条件为面火温度190℃,底火温度180℃,烘烤时间10 min,并且通过SAS软件分析,感官评分和质构数据中饼干硬度呈负相关且相关性显著。     

消食除湿功能性饼干的研制

通过单因素试验和正交试验考查黄油用量、药粉用量、白砂糖用量对消食除湿功能性饼干感官品质的影响。结果表明,消食除湿功能性饼干的最佳配方为黄油用量50 g,药粉用量48 g,白砂糖用量26 g;烘烤条件为上下火烘烤温度195℃,烘烤时间30 min。以此最佳配方制备出的饼干酥脆可口、甜味适中,外形及色泽都比较好。     

天麻饼干的研制

以药食同源食材主要原料,感官评分为考察指标,通过单因素试验研究面粉（低筋小麦粉、玉米淀粉）添加量、烘焙温度、烘焙时间、麦芽糖醇添加量、低筋小麦粉与玉米淀粉质量比及小苏打添加量对饼干感官品质的影响,通过正交试验确定天麻饼干的最佳配方和加工工艺。结果表明,天麻饼干的最佳配方及烘焙条件为：面粉（低筋小麦粉与玉米淀粉质量比为7∶3）63 g,麦芽糖醇40 g,药食同源食材（天麻∶茯苓∶薏苡仁∶黑芝麻∶核桃∶大枣=3∶10∶10∶10∶10∶10）53 g,小苏打1.2 g,烘焙上火/下火温度为180 ℃/160 ℃,烘焙时间13 min。在此工艺条件下制备的天麻饼干感官评分为88.3,外形完整,色泽均匀,口感酥脆,甜度适中,伴有黑芝麻香气,掩盖了天麻不佳的气味,组织结构有层次,孔洞细密,营养丰富。     

燕麦苏打饼干的研制

以面粉为主要原料,添加燕麦粉、麦芽糖醇制作无糖发酵功能饼干。通过单因素试验和正交试验确定了无糖发酵功能饼干的最佳配方。结果表明,其最佳配方为:燕麦15%,大豆油脂9%,食盐1.2%,猪板油5%。     

天麻赤砂糖饼干加工工艺优化

在单因素试验的基础上,选择天麻粉添加量、赤砂糖添加量、泡打粉添加量、烘烤时间为自变量,天麻饼干感官品质评分为考察指标,进行L_9(3~4)正交试验,优化天麻赤砂糖饼干的加工工艺。结果表明,天麻赤砂糖饼干的最佳工艺条件为:天麻粉添加量14%,赤砂糖添加量15%,泡打粉添加量2%,烘烤时间10 min,在此工艺条件下,制备的天麻赤砂糖饼干呈棕黄色,表面光滑,组织细密均匀,天麻味适中,酥脆且甜而不腻。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...