UPLC-PDA法测定杨树花口服液中非法添加物黄芩苷

为了建立超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法(UPLC-PDA法)测定杨树花口服液中非法添加物黄芩苷,取适量黄芩苷对照品、杨树花口服液阴性样品、阳性添加样品、抽检样品经50%甲醇溶解,超声提取,滤液过滤并定量稀释后,作为供试品溶液,采用UPLC-PDA法检测。色谱分离采用ACQUITY UPLCTMHSS T3色谱柱为分离柱,柱温:35℃;流动相体系:A项为乙腈,B项为0.4%磷酸水溶液,进行梯度洗脱;流速:0.35 m L/min;进样量:10μL;选择二极管阵列检测器,检测波长为278 nm,上机测定。通过保留时间、光谱图、峰纯度等参数对黄芩苷进行定性定量检测。结果表明,黄芩苷在0.5~100μg/m L的范围内线性关系良好(R2=0.999);杨树花口服液中添加黄芩苷0.05 mg/m L,信噪比(S/N)3,确定为方法的检测限;添加0.1 mg/m L,信噪比(S/N)10,确定为方法的定量限;杨树花口服液在0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6 mg/m L黄芩苷添加水平的回收率为95%~105%,批内批间变异系数均小于10%,准确度和精密度良好,完全满足检测需求。而且峰纯度角与阈值符合要求。本方法经济快速、灵敏、重现性好,适用于杨树花口服液中非法添加黄芩苷的定性定量检测。     

UPLC-PDA法测定龙胆泻肝散中3种主要成分的含量

本试验采用UPLC-PDA法对黄芩苷、栀子苷和龙胆苦苷进行色谱分离和快速定量测定,以ACQUITY UPLC~(TM)CSHC_(18)色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)为分离柱,柱温35℃;以甲醇-水(0.1%磷酸)进行梯度洗脱;流速:0.35 mL/min;进样量:1μL;检测波长为254 nm;通过保留时间、光谱图和峰面积等参数对3种主要成分进行定性鉴别和定量检测,建立超高效液相色谱(UPLC-PDA)测定龙胆泻肝散中主成分黄芩苷、龙胆苦苷和栀子苷的含量。试验结果显示:每1 mL含龙胆苦苷8μg、栀子苷5μg和黄芩苷10μg的对照品溶液信噪比≥3为检出限,每1 mL含龙胆苦苷16μg、栀子苷10μg和黄芩苷20μg的对照品溶液信噪比≥10为定量限,完全满足检测需求。该方法前处理简单,目标物理论塔板数高,色谱分离度好,分析速度较快,节省时间,适用于龙胆泻肝散中3种主成分的定性鉴别和含量检测。     

超高效液相色谱-紫外检测法测定肾复康合剂中落新妇苷和芦丁的含量

建立了超高效液相色谱(UPLC)测定肾复康合剂中主成分落新妇苷和芦丁的含量。采用反相高效液相色谱法对落新妇苷和芦丁进行色谱分离和快速定量测定。以ACQUITY UPLCTM C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)为分离柱,柱温35℃;以乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液进行梯度洗脱;流速0.35 m L/min;进样量5μL;检测波长为204 nm。通过光谱图、保留时间和峰面积参数对落新妇苷和芦丁进行定性定量检测。落新妇苷在2～75μg/m L的范围内线性关系良好(R~20.998);方法检出限为1μg/m L,方法定量限为2μg/m L;芦丁在4～150μg/m L的范围内线性良好(R~20.996);方法检出限为2μg/m L,方法定量限为4μg/m L,完全满足检测需求。该方法色谱分离较好,分析速度较快,前处理简单,适用于肾复康合剂中落新妇苷和芦丁的定性定量检测。     

超高效液相色谱法测定头孢噻呋晶体注射液中头孢噻呋含量

建立超高效液相色谱-光电二极管阵列法(UPLC-PDA)测定头孢噻呋晶体注射液中主成分头孢噻呋的含量。采用反相超高效液相色谱法对头孢噻呋进行色谱分离和快速定量测定。以ACQUITY UPLC~(TM)C8色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)为分离柱,柱温:35℃;以乙腈-水(0.1%甲酸)进行梯度洗脱;流速:0.35 mL/min;进样量:1μL;检测波长为292 nm。通过光谱图、保留时间和峰面积参数对头孢噻呋进行定性、定量检测。头孢噻呋在4～200μg/mL的范围内线性关系良好(R~20.9998);方法检测限为2μg/mL、定量限为4μg/mL,完全满足检测需求。该方法色谱分离较好,分析速度较快,前处理简单,适用于头孢噻呋晶体注射液中主成分头孢噻呋含量的检测。     

UPLC-PDA法测定甘草浸膏中甘草苷和甘草酸的含量

建立超高效液相色谱(UPLC)测定甘草浸膏中主成分甘草苷和甘草酸的含量。采用反相高效液相色谱法对甘草苷和甘草酸进行色谱分离和快速定量测定。以ACQUITY UPLC^TM T 3色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8μm)为分离柱,柱温:35℃;以乙腈-水(0.1%冰乙酸+5 mmol/L醋酸铵)进行梯度洗脱;流速:0.35 mL/min;进样量:1μL;检测波长为232 nm。通过光谱图、保留时间和峰面积参数对甘草苷和甘草酸进行定性定量检测。甘草苷在1~20μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(R^2>0.999),方法检出限为0.5μg/mL,定量限为1μg/mL;甘草酸在10~200μg/mL范围内线性良好(R^2>0.999),方法检出限为5μg/mL,定量限为10μg/mL,完全满足检测需求。该方法色谱分离较好,分析速度较快,前处理简单,适用于甘草浸膏中甘草苷和甘草酸的定性定量检测。     

UPLC-PDA法测定麻杏石甘口服液中非法添加物盐酸溴己新

目的:建立超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法(UPLC-PDA法)测定麻杏石甘口服液中非法添加物盐酸溴己新的方法。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法,用带有二极管阵列检测器的高效液相色谱仪(HPLC-PAD)对盐酸溴己新进行色谱分离和快速筛查。以ACQUITY UPLC C18色谱柱为分离柱,柱温:35℃;流动相体系:流动相A为5%冰醋酸,流动相B为甲醇,进行梯度洗脱;流速:0.3 m L/min;进样量:10μL;检测波长为248 nm。通过保留时间、光谱图、峰纯度等参数对盐酸溴己新进行定性定量检测。结果:盐酸溴己新在1.0～100.0μg/mL的范围内线性关系良好(R2=0.999);麻杏石甘口服液中添加盐酸溴己新1.5 mg/mL,信噪比(S/N)3,确定为方法的检测限;添加5 mg/mL,信噪比(S/N)10,确定为方法的定量限;麻杏石甘口服液在5 mg/mL、10 mg/mL、20 mg/mL盐酸溴己新添加水平的回收率为95%～105%,批内批间变异系数均小于10%,准确度和精密度良好,完全满足检测需求,而且峰纯度角与阈值符合要求。结论:该方法色谱分离较好,分析速度较快,前处理简单,适用于麻杏石甘口服液中非法添加盐酸溴己新的定性定量检测。     

HPLC法同时测定金叶清瘟散中绿原酸和咖啡酸的含量

为了建立一种同时测定金叶清瘟散中绿原酸和咖啡酸的高效液相色谱法,选用Agilent C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,乙腈∶0.4%磷酸溶液（12∶88）等度洗脱,进样量10μL,流速1 mL/min,波长为328 nm进行检测。结果显示,被测物质能与样品中杂质有效分离,绿原酸和咖啡酸分别在5.0~500μg/mL和2.5~250μg/mL的范围内呈良好线性关系,两种药物的添加回收率均高于95%,RSD小于2%。该方法简便、快速、准确,适用于金叶清瘟散中绿原酸和咖啡酸的同时检测。     

超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列法测定清肺止咳散中非法添加的4种解热镇痛药

建立超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法(UPLC-PDA法)测定清肺止咳散中非法添加对乙酰氨基酚、氨基比林、安替比林、安乃近4种药物。采用反相超高效液相色谱法,用带有二极管阵列检测器的高效液相色谱仪(UPLC-PAD)对对乙酰氨基酚、氨基比林、安替比林、安乃近4种解热镇痛药进行色谱分离和快速筛查。以ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3色谱柱为分离柱,柱温35℃;流动相体系为0.05 M醋酸铵水溶液(A项)、甲醇(B项),进行梯度洗脱;流速0.4 mL/min;进样量5μL;检测波长为245 nm。通过保留时间、光谱图、峰面积等参数对对乙酰氨基酚进行定性定量检测。结果显示,对乙酰氨基酚、氨基比林、安替比林在2～100μg/mL的范围内线性关系良好(R~20.999),安乃近在4～200μg/mL的范围内线性关系良好(R~20.999);添加对乙酰氨基酚、氨基比林、安替比林各2 mg/g,添加安乃近4 mg/g,信噪比(S/N)3,确定为方法的检测限;添加对乙酰氨基酚、氨基比林、安替比林各5 mg/g,添加安乃近10 mg/g,信噪比(S/N)10,确定为方法的定量限;清肺止咳散在3个添加水平的回收率为90%～105%,批内批间变异系数均小于10%,准确度和精密度良好,完全满足检测需求。该方法色谱分离较好,分析速度较快,前处理简单,适用于清肺止咳散中非法添加对乙酰氨基酚等4种解热镇痛药物的定性定量检测。     

超高效液相色谱法测定原料药中加米霉素的含量

研究建立超高效液相色谱-光电二极管阵列法（UPLC-PDA）测定加米霉素原料中主成分加米霉素的含量。采用反相超高效液相色谱法对加米霉素进行色谱分离和快速定量测定。方法采用ACQUITY UPLCTM CSH C18色谱柱（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm)为分离柱,柱温：35℃;以氨水(0.1:30)-乙腈为流动相（30:70）进行等度洗脱;流速：0.45 mL/min;进样量：1 μL;检测波长为208 nm。通过光谱图、保留时间和峰面积参数对加米霉素进行定性、定量检测。加米霉素在80~1600 μg/mL的范围内线性关系良好（R2=0.9996）;方法检测限为40 μg/mL、定量限为80 μg/mL,系统适应性试验色谱柱耐受性良好,添加回收率99.80%,完全满足检测需求。研究建立的UPLC方法色谱分离较好,分析速度较快,前处理简单,适用于加米霉素原料中主成分加米霉素含量的检测。     

芪板青颗粒质量控制研究

为建立芪板青颗粒中绿原酸、咖啡酸和黄芪甲苷含量测定的方法。测定绿原酸和咖啡酸采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18 250 mm×4.6 mm 5μm色谱柱,流动相为0.05%磷酸溶液-乙腈(92∶8,V∶V),进样量10μL,柱温30℃,流速为1.0 m L/min,在190 nm～400 nm范围进行扫描,记录327 nm色谱图;测定黄芪甲苷采用Waters symmetry C18 5μm 4.6 mm×250 mm色谱柱,进样量10μL,漂移管温度35℃,雾化器温度35℃,气流速度1.2 L/min,流动相为水-乙腈(65∶35,V∶V),柱温30℃,流速1.0 m L/min。绿原酸在3.611～72.23μg/m L范围内线性关系良好,r为0.99999,平均加样回收率97.1%;咖啡酸在3.060～61.20μg/m L范围内线性关系良好,r为0.99999,平均加样回收率96.2%;黄芪甲苷在1.0～10μg范围线性关系良好,r为0.9997,平均加样回收率为98.0%。该方法定性、定量准确,适用于芪板青颗粒含量测定。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.