大豆对豆卷叶螟Lamprosema indicata (Fabricius)抗性的遗传分析

豆卷叶螟是我国南方大豆的主要食叶性害虫之一, 危害严重。本文在观察豆卷叶螟田间发生情况及其在大豆上特殊的卷叶危害特征基础上, 以虫包数、卷叶率、子粒产量为抗性(危害)指标, 应用3个抗感杂交组合[科丰1号×南农1138-2(NJRIKY)、皖82-178×通山薄皮黄豆甲(NJRIWT)和苏88-M21×新沂小黑豆(NJRISX)]衍生的重组自交系群体, 在田间自然虫源条件下于2004—2006年对大豆抗豆卷叶螟的植株反应进行了抗性鉴定。各类指标在各群体均表现有相当大的遗传变异和遗传率, 其中卷叶率指标比其他2类指标遗传变异和遗传率相对较大, 年度间更稳定且与产量的负相关更明显, 因而提出9月上旬卷叶率为鉴定大豆对豆卷叶螟抗性的最佳指标。对NJRIKY、NJRIWT和NJRISX 3个群体抗性遗传分离分析的结果一致表明, 大豆对豆卷叶螟抗性符合2对主基因+多基因的混合遗传模型, 主基因遗传率分别为51.0%、80.5%和56.3%, 多基因遗传率分别为39.1%、11.4%和29.1%。2对主基因的作用方式表现组合间有差异。在此基础上对群体各家系的主基因基因型作了归类, 可供家系抗性选择参考。     

大豆对豆卷叶螟Lamprosema indicata (Fabricius)抗性的遗传分析

豆卷叶螟是我国南方大豆的主要食叶性害虫之一, 危害严重。本文在观察豆卷叶螟田间发生情况及其在大豆上特殊的卷叶危害特征基础上, 以虫包数、卷叶率、子粒产量为抗性(危害)指标, 应用3个抗感杂交组合[科丰1号×南农1138-2(NJRIKY)、皖82-178×通山薄皮黄豆甲(NJRIWT)和苏88-M21×新沂小黑豆(NJRISX)]衍生的重组自交系群体, 在田间自然虫源条件下于2004—2006年对大豆抗豆卷叶螟的植株反应进行了抗性鉴定。各类指标在各群体均表现有相当大的遗传变异和遗传率, 其中卷叶率指标比其他2类指标遗传变异和遗传率相对较大, 年度间更稳定且与产量的负相关更明显, 因而提出9月上旬卷叶率为鉴定大豆对豆卷叶螟抗性的最佳指标。对NJRIKY、NJRIWT和NJRISX 3个群体抗性遗传分离分析的结果一致表明, 大豆对豆卷叶螟抗性符合2对主基因+多基因的混合遗传模型, 主基因遗传率分别为51.0%、80.5%和56.3%, 多基因遗传率分别为39.1%、11.4%和29.1%。2对主基因的作用方式表现组合间有差异。在此基础上对群体各家系的主基因基因型作了归类, 可供家系抗性选择参考。     

大豆资源的筛豆龟蝽[Megacota cribraria (Fabricius)]抗性鉴定

在观察筛豆龟蝽发生情况及其在大豆上的危害特征基础上,比较了田间自然危害条件下各种抗性鉴定指标，以茎枝黑霉程度结合叶片紫斑数为抗性分级指标鉴定了国内外大批资源，筛选出58份抗、感食叶性害虫的大豆材料，其筛豆龟蝽抗性结果表明，品种间、观察日期间和区组间都有极显著差异，品种×观察日期互作也极显著，最终筛选出PI227687、安陆小黄豆、花柒黄毛豆、沔阳白毛豆等高抗种质，并提出了一套鉴定方法和指标。     

大豆资源的筛豆龟蝽[Megacopta cribraria (Fabricius) ]抗性鉴定

在观察筛豆龟蝽发生情况及其在大豆上的危害特征基础上,比较了田间自然危害条件下各种抗性鉴定指标,以茎枝黑霉程度结合叶片紫斑数为抗性分级指标鉴定了国内外大批资源,筛选出58份抗、感食叶性害虫的大豆材料,其筛豆龟蝽抗性结果表明,品种间、观察日期间和区组间都有极显著差异,品种×观察日期互作也极显著,最终筛选出PI227687、安陆小黄豆、花柒黄毛豆、沔阳白毛豆等高抗种质,并提出了一套鉴定方法和指标。     

基于BSA-Seq和RNA-Seq方法鉴定大豆抗豆卷叶螟候选基因

豆卷叶螟(Lamprosema indicata Fabricius)是重要的大豆食叶性害虫,挖掘大豆抗豆卷叶螟相关基因对大豆抗虫品种选育和遗传改良至关重要。本研究用大豆高抗豆卷叶螟材料赶泰-2-2和高感豆卷叶螟材料皖82-178进行杂交构建F2代分离群体,从303个F2代单株中挑选出高抗豆卷叶螟和高感豆卷叶螟的单株各30株,分别构建2个极端性状的DNA混合池用于全基因组重测序以分析控制豆卷叶螟相关的候选基因。结果表明, 4个样本中共有11,963,077个单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)标记,根据SNP-index方法关联分析,共有329个基因位于99%置信区间外,这些基因主要集中在7号染色体5,601,065～5,865,237bp区间(总长为0.26Mb)、16号染色体2,975,110～6,336,096bp区间(总长为3.36Mb)、18号染色体44,366,115～54,297,600bp区间(总长为9.93Mb)等区域内。将BSA-Seq结果与转录组测序结果进行联合分析发现,有12个基因相关联;最后,结合生物信息学分析、候选基因的表达模式和基因的同源注释,锁定CNGC4、WRKY16转录因子、AAP7、丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶、ZPR1B等12个基因为控制豆卷叶螟性状相关的候选基因。本研究结果不仅为解析大豆抗豆卷叶螟的分子机理奠定重要的基础,也将为大豆抗虫基因的克隆奠定坚实的理论基础。     

大豆品种（系）对根潜蝇抗性的研究

１９８５～１９８９年田间鉴定４９份大豆品种（系）对根潜蝇抗性，筛选出高度抗虫品种两份，抗虫品种２０份。抗虫材料表现受害率低，受害根部幼虫蛀道小，对大豆苗期生育影响小。初步认为品种抗虫性属于多基因控制的水平抗性。     

小粒型大豆蒙豆6号及其栽培技术

为适应国内外小粒型大豆市场的需要，内蒙古呼伦贝尔盟农业科学研究所以日本札幌小粒豆为母本与加拿大小粒大豆杂交，选育出小粒型大豆蒙豆６号新品种（原代号呼交９４－２８）。２０００年１０月通过内蒙古自治区农作物品种审定委员会审定。 特征特性无限结荚习性。株高８０～１１０ｃｍ，分枝３～６个。紫花。灰茸毛。小圆叶。结荚密，多３粒荚。籽粒鲜黄，脐无色。百粒重９～１１．８ｇ。粗蛋白３７．８％～４１．９％，粗脂肪１８．１％～１９．３％。生育期１１０天，需活动积温２１００℃。耐旱，耐瘠薄。抗蚜虫及病毒病，根腐及叶斑…     

小豆种质资源抗尾孢菌叶斑病鉴定研究

1987～1990年对1000余份小豆品种进行田间成株期人工接种抗叶斑病鉴定,结果表明,无免疫和高抗品种,筛选出1个抗病品种、2个中抗品种及6个抗性较好品种,其中以云南的红小豆抗性表现最好,其次为北京红小豆和陕西的绿小豆。     

大豆品种资源对根腐病抗性鉴定研究

１０１１份大豆品种资源对根腐病抗性鉴定结果，在自然条件下初筛鉴定病情指数在２０％以下的有１５１份，占１４．９４％；对１５１份进一步进行人工接种鉴定，病情指数在１５％以下的抗病材料２９份，占１９．２１％     

棉花对斜纹夜蛾与棉大卷叶螟的抗性分析

为了研究现有的一些棉花品种是否抗斜纹夜蛾与棉大卷叶螟，以及哪些性状与抗性有关。在2007、2009、2010年斜纹夜蛾与棉大卷叶螟发生较重的年份，调查了田间自然虫源下各品种的虫害发生情况以及棉花的一些农艺性状。结果表明，不同品种对斜纹夜蛾和棉大卷叶螟的抗性差异很大；斜纹夜蛾对转Bt基因棉花没有选择性，长势强、茎杆与叶片茸毛密的棉花斜纹夜蛾发生少，斜纹夜蛾喜食无腺体棉花；转Bt基因棉对棉大卷叶螟有较好的抗性，群体长势弱、茎杆细的棉花不抗棉大卷叶螟，鸡脚叶、亚红叶的棉花对棉大卷叶螟的抗性好于其它类型的棉花。抗虫性与诸多性状有关，性状之间的互作也起较大作用，近等基因系是抗虫性研究的最好材料。     

Screening for Drought Tolerance: Evaluation of Seed Germination and Seedling Growth for Drought Resistance in Legume Plants

Experiments were performed to evaluate seed germination and seedling growth in simulated drought as screening techniques for drought tolerance raring. Several laboratory screening tests were evaluated for ability to estimate drought resistance in 18 cultivars of legume plants (field bean, soybean, field pea, lupine). Drought was simulated by a water solution of mannitol of chemical water potential ψ= -0.3 and -0.6 MPa. Both solutions significantly affected seed germination (final germination and promptness index) and seedling growth parameters (seedling height, dry matter of shoot and root as well as leaf injury by drought and high temperature). The tested cultivars could be grouped as drought resistant and drought susceptible plants. Drought tolerance ratings of legume plants in the laboratory tests were, on the whole, consistent with the ratings based on estimation of direct effects of soil drought on seed yield in field experiments. Measurements of electroconductivity of leaf diffusate to evaluate invisible injury caused by drought or high temperature were found to be an adequate criterion for drought tolerance rating. It is concluded that tolerance to drought stress in growing seedlings can be screened for by using mannitol containing nutrient solution. According to the results collected in this research, varieties differences in seed germination, seedling growth and leaf injury affected by drought or heat temperature were evident, however, not all treatments appeared to be equally useful for screening of legume species cultivars.     

Screening of Tomato Somaclones for Resistance to Bacterial Canker (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis)

To facilitate testing large numbers of tomato soma-clones for resistance to bacterial canker, a fast screening procedure was developed. Two inoculation methods were investigated, i.e. excision with an infected scalpel of I) one cotyledon of 2-week-old seedlings, and II) the first true leaf of 3-week-old seedlings, followed by applying a drop of inoculum on the wound. Inoculation by method II discriminated well between populations of partially resistant and susceptible tomato genotypes. A criterion for the selection of single, putatively resistant plants, based on rating scores of the severity of wilting symptoms, was proposed and tested with plants of a Lycopersicon peruvianum accession with a relatively high level of resistance to bacterial canker. Progenies of 279 somaclones, derived from tissue explants of the susceptible tomato cultivar ‘Moneymaker’, were evaluated for resistance. The presence of somaclonal variation for morphological characters in these populations was previously shown. However, no differences were detected between the somaclone population and controls in either mean susceptibility or distribution of plants over disease severity categories. Moreover, plants with major increases in resistance were not detected. These results suggest that the potential of somaclonal variation as a source of resistance to bacterial canker may be limited.     

Characterization of resistance to Aphis glycines in soybean accessions

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, is a pest of soybean [Glycine max L. (Merrill)] in Asia, and its recent establishment in North America has led to large, recurring outbreaks that have challenged pest management practitioners there to seek environmentally responsible means for its control. Growth-chamber experiments were conducted to determine and characterize host-plant resistance among several soybean accessions. Soybean plants were first screened for resistance by rating the population growth of A. glycines in two tests. All plants of PI 230977 and 25% of PI 71506 plants were resistant (≤100 aphids per plant) in the first screening test. All ‘Dowling’, PI 71506 and PI 230977 were resistant (≤150 aphids per plant), and 50% of plants of line ‘G93-9223’ were resistant in the second test. Follow-up experiments showed that antixenosis was a modality of resistance based on reduced nymphiposition by A. glycines on Dowling, PI 230977 and PI 71506 in no-choice tests and on fewer numbers of A. glycines on Dowling, PI 230977, PI 71506 and G93-5223 in distribution tests. Antixenosis in Dowling and PI 230977 was stronger in the unifoliolate leaves than in other shoot structures, whereas distribution of A. glycines within plants of PI 71506 and G93-5223 suggested comparable suitability between unifoliolate leaves and other shoot structures of these accessions. Antibiosis to A. glycines was evident as a lower proportion of aphids that reproduced on PI 230977 and from fewer progeny on PI 230977 and Dowling than on 91B91. The number of days from birth to reproduction by A. glycines did not differ among accessions. Results confirmed Dowling and PI 71506 as strong sources of resistance to A. glycines. The levels of antixenosis and antibiosis to A. glycines in PI 230977 and antixenosis to A. glycines in G93-9223 suggest that these accessions may also be valuable to soybean breeding programs as sources of resistance.     

Effective selection of soybean cultivars to wildfire disease pathogen Pseudomonas amygdali pv. tabaci

Wildfire, caused by Pseudomonas amygdali pv. tabaci is one of the most destructive bacterial diseases and was recognized as a disease of soybean in 1943. Wildfire has been seen a steady increase in the incidence and prevalence on some cultivars of soybean in Korea by climatic changes but there is little information on effective control measures for wildfire or soybean varieties showing complete resistance to the disease. In this study, the efficient and reliable screening method to evaluate soybean genotype for resistance to P. amygdali pv. tabaci in field had been developed. In order to determine the host resistance of the soybean cultivar against P. amygdali pv. tabaci, development of symptom by infiltration inoculation was evaluated. Significant differences between susceptible plants and resistant plants were observed through these assays. Based on these results, ‘Shinpaldal2’, ‘Daepung’ are resistant to wildfire compared to ‘Hwangeum’, ‘Taekwang’. The optimum temperature of this pathogen was between 20-25°C and when the pathogen was in the optimum temperature, the responses of susceptible or resistant cultivar were dramatically different. Prior to initiation of resistance breeding of soybean wildfire, it is imperative to set uniform resistance screening techniques. The obtained results can be effectively used to enhance the selection of wildfire resistance as well as directly applied in resistant soybean development. Resistant lines identified through this assay could be directly used in soybean breeding programs for wildfire resistance.     

大豆抗烟粉虱的鉴定体系研究

2004年和2007年分别在济南、冠县两地对419份国内外大豆品种资源进行了抗烟粉虱鉴定, 综合分析2年3点自然虫源条件下各品种的鉴定结果和各种抗性鉴定指标之间的关系, 发现大豆感染烟粉虱的数量虽然受环境因素影响较大, 但特定品种的相对抗性表现稳定;筛选出滑皮豆等4个高抗和齐黄26等4个高感烟粉虱的标准品种, 确定了以烟粉虱若虫为调查对象, 以单叶感染烟粉虱若虫的平均数为抗性评价指标, 以标准品种该指标为参照, 当该指标<(a+d)时为高抗、≥(a+d)~<(a+3d)时为抗、≥(a+3d)~<(a+5d)时为中间、≥(a+5d)~ <(a+7d)时为感、≥(a+7d)时为高感, 其中d=(b–a)/8, a、b分别为4份高抗和4份高感标准品种单叶烟粉虱的平均数。同时确定了顶部叶片为有限结荚习性品种的有效调查叶位, 中上部叶片为亚有限和无限结荚习性品种的有效调查叶位。     

RNAi介导SMV-P3基因沉默增强大豆对花叶病毒病的抗性

大豆花叶病毒(soybean mosaic virus, SMV)病是我国各大豆主产区最重要的病害之一,严重影响大豆产量和籽粒外观品质。培育抗病品种是防治该病最经济有效的措施。本研究基于植物介导RNA干扰(RNA interference, RNAi)技术,将编码参与SMV运动和影响宿主域范围的P3蛋白基因RNAi片段导入栽培大豆品种,研究RNAi介导SMV-P3基因沉默对大豆抗SMV的影响。Southern杂交检测结果表明,外源RNAi片段以低拷贝的形式(1~4个)整合至大豆基因组中。对T1~T3代转基因大豆喷施除草剂和PCR鉴定结果表明,外源T-DNA插入片段在转基因大豆不同代际间能够稳定遗传。对T2和T3代转基因大豆接种SMV鉴定结果表明,转基因大豆对我国大豆产区主要流行SMV株系SC-3较非转基因对照受体品种Williams 82和SN9的抗性水平显著提高,病情指数降低至4.37%~18.51%,且抗性能够稳定遗传。综上所述,RNAi介导SM-P3基因沉默能够显著提高转基因大豆对SMV的抗性水平。     

44份大豆微核心种质抗菌核病鉴定与评价

大豆菌核病又称白腐病,是一种真菌性病害。主要由真菌 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary侵染,是世界范围的大豆病害,也是我国大豆主产区的主要病害。本研究利用不同地区和寄主来源的4个菌核病分离物对44份大豆微核心种质进行连续2年的田间接种鉴定,筛选抗/耐菌核病的大豆种质资源,为大豆抗菌核病育种提供优异抗性种质。结果表明,(1)不同大豆种质对菌核病的抗性不同,在44份微核心种质中,中抗种质6份(13.64%),中感种质27份(61.36%),感病种质9份(20.45%),高感I种质2份(4.55%),其中合丰24、大天鹅蛋、倪丁花眉豆、牛毛黄、大黄豆和五月黄6个中抗种质可作为抗性亲本用于大豆抗菌核病育种。(2)不同地区和寄主来源的4个菌核病分离物致病性不同,分离物黑西5(黑龙江省,大豆),病情指数49.32,病斑长度达到5.93 mm,致病性最强;黑饶24(黑龙江省,大豆)与Qin 24(青海省,油菜)致病性次之;Hef 50(安徽省,油菜),病情指数为39.02,病斑长度为3.65 mm,致病性最弱。用黑西5鉴定和筛选抗菌核病大豆种质最为有效。