丙烯酸酯/石蜡共混乳液处理材疏水性研究

针对石蜡和丙烯酸(酯)在木材防水改良应用方面的优势和不足,提出了利用丙烯酸酯乳液共混改性石蜡乳液。探究丙烯酸酯乳液对复合乳液成膜性及其对复合乳液处理材疏水性能的影响。考察了复合乳液粒径、离心稳定性、成膜性以及处理材吸水率、表面润湿性和尺寸稳定性等。研究结果表明:1)复合乳液可被用于木材浸渍改性处理,复合乳液平均粒径约180.0 nm。2)相比于石蜡乳液处理,复合乳液中丙烯酸酯乳液可协助石蜡在处理材内部形成有效疏水膜层,提高木材疏水性和尺寸稳定性。     

增强-阻燃处理改善柳杉木材的性能研究

采用不同质量分数的低分子量三聚氰胺-脲醛树脂(MUF),及其与硼酸、硼砂复配的改性液,分别对柳杉木材进行浸渍处理。结果表明:树脂溶液和复配改性液均对木材具有良好的渗透性,且木材增重率随改性液质量分数的增大而增加,两种改性液均能有效提高柳杉的物理、力学和阻燃性能。     

药剂种类和浓度对杨木强化改性效果的影响

以杨木板材为研究对象,选择不同浓度的酚醛树脂胶粘剂、异氰酸酯胶粘剂、硅溶胶／苯丙乳液试剂为浸渍药剂,利用真空压力装置,对杨木板材进行加压浸渍强化改性,并利用扫描电镜分析木材的微观结构。研究表明,浓度35％的酚醛树脂（PF）、浓度25％的异氰酸酯（PAPI）及浓度25％的苯丙乳液配比方案较优;3种药剂处理后的杨木强化效果优异程度为：异氰酸酯（PAPI）〉酚醛树脂（PF）〉硅溶胶／苯丙乳液。     

家具和地板用浸渍改性杉木研究进展

杉木是我国南方重要的速生林树种之一,但其木材存在诸多缺陷,极大地限制了其在家具、地板中的进一步开发利用。将杉木进行浸渍改性以提高综合利用率是解决全球木材的供需矛盾和家具、地板用材短缺的重要手段之一。浸渍改性目前主要应用的树脂有UF树脂、PF树脂、聚乙烯醇缩甲醛、MF树脂等,其中以PF应用较常见,其改性效果较为显著。浸渍改性过程中,主要有真空处理、真空加压、抽提后常压浸渍或真空浸渍等浸注方法,辊压浸注作为常温常压条件下高效快速浸注处理木材的方法也可用于杉木的浸渍改性,真空-叠压法既能保证改性药剂完全渗入杉木木材,也能防止杉木试材在压力下被压溃。不同的浸渍工艺参数和树脂固化条件对改性后杉木性能影响不同:浸渍时间对浸渍材的吸水率及吸水厚度膨胀率影响较大,热压温度、热压时间与压缩变形恢复率、静曲强度密切相关,各工艺因素间存在一定的相互关系和影响。最后讨论了浸渍改性杉木在家具、地板业中的发展方向与应用前景,为杉木浸渍改性的进一步研究和应用提供参考。     

亚麻油/混合蜡乳液构建木材内双层疏水体系

【目的】利用环保、价廉的混合蜡和亚麻油乳液在木材内外表面构建双层疏水屏障,使其同时具备粗糙结构和连续防水层,进而兼具疏水和防水效果。【方法】配制亚麻油乳液、亚麻油/棕榈蜡乳液、亚麻油/混合蜡(蜂蜡/棕榈蜡、石蜡/棕榈蜡)乳液,对乳液性能进行评价。采用两步法和一步法浸渍杨木试件,通过70℃(两步法)和90～103℃(一步法)后处理温度在木材内外表面构建双层疏水屏障,并对处理材的表面疏水性、吸水性和尺寸稳定性进行测试。【结果】1)亚麻油乳液的平均粒径为195.6 nm,在室温下贮存稳定性良好,60天内粒径变化率仅为2.45%;亚麻油乳液与混合蜡乳液复合后的离心稳定性良好; 2)亚麻油乳液在木材横向和纵向输水通道内均有分布,干燥后可在木材内表面形成连续油膜,并与混合蜡乳液构成双层疏水屏障; 3)亚麻油/蜡改性方法能够有效提高木材的表面疏水性,两步法和一步法处理材横切面的接触角均在150°左右,且不随时间变化;而一步法处理材弦切面的疏水性好于两步法; 4)亚麻油/蜡乳液复合改性材的吸水率降低,一步法的防水效率明显优于两步法,经过196 h泡水后,LB1和LP1处理材的防水效率保持在45%以上;复合改性方法亦能显著降低处理材前期的体积膨胀率,但最终影响差别不大。【结论】利用亚麻油/混合蜡乳液浸渍木材,仅通过后期干燥温度控制即可在木材内外表面形成兼具粗糙结构和连续防水层的双层疏水体系,赋予处理材优良的疏水性和防水性,是一种环保、节能、价廉的木材疏水改性方法。     

脲醛树脂浸渍轻木改性工艺及性能研究

对脲醛树脂（UF）浸渍改性轻木木材工艺、超临界CO2处理对轻木木材的浸渍性影响以及浸渍改性轻木木材的物理力学性能进行了研究。不同超临界CO2处理和浸渍工艺条件对改性材的增重率、体积湿胀率和顺纹抗压强度均有影响,与其素材相比,浸渍改性轻木木材的尺寸稳定性和力学性能显著提高,在显微镜下观察到有较多树脂分布在导管和木射线细胞中。     

蒙脱土/石蜡复合乳液改性高温热处理材的吸水吸湿性

使用南方松作为研究材料,使用有机蒙脱土/石蜡复合乳液对试材进行浸渍,结合高温热处理技术对改性材进行X射线衍射(XRD)研究。结果表明,将有机蒙脱土和石蜡等存在结晶结构的物质引入木材中会使木材的相对结晶度提高。将处理材和未处理材的平衡含水率和吸水性进行对比,结果表明有机蒙脱土/石蜡复合乳液浸渍处理可以有效地降低高温热处理材的平衡含水率、吸水率和体积膨胀率,先高温热处理后再使用有机蒙脱土/石蜡复合乳液进行的浸渍处理工艺效果最佳。     

ACQ木材防腐剂的防水添加剂制备及应用研究

选用吐温80、司盘80和单硬脂酸甘油酯配制58#石蜡的复配乳化剂,着重考虑了乳化剂用量对石蜡乳化的影响,确定了适宜的乳化工艺条件,获得稳定的石蜡乳液防水剂.该复配石蜡乳液作为防水添加剂加入ACQ木材防腐剂中处理木材,可极大提高处理材的防水性能.随着用量的增加,处理材获得的拒水率和抗湿涨率可达79.13%,77.07%.     

速生杨木改性研究进展

杨树是我国重要的速生林树种之一。为了充分利用杨树资源,提高速生杨木的品质,缓解我国目前木材的供需矛盾,迫切需要对杨木进行改性处理。论述速生杨木改性的研究进展,目前对速生杨木改性主要是从其材质松软、密度小、硬度低、易腐朽、尺寸稳定性差等天然缺陷出发,采取浸渍处理和非浸渍处理两大主要方式。浸渍改性包括采取有机物浸渍改性、无机物浸渍改性或二者联合浸渍改性。非浸渍改性包括与其它物质或材料复合改性,压密改性,热压改性,高温热处理改性、熏烟热处理改性、汽蒸改性,水热改性以及多种方法联合改性处理。研究表明,这些改性处理方式对杨木材性提高有显著作用,为杨木高附加值生产提供了重要依据。     

超声-抗菌石蜡处理对竹材防霉性能的影响

为增强竹材的防霉性能,以毛竹作为研究材料,先对竹材进行超声预处理,制备了抗菌石蜡乳液对竹材进行浸渍改性处理,并对改性后竹材的含水率、吸水率、防水效率和防霉性能进行了测试。选用天然植物中的2-羟基-1,4萘醌作为防霉剂,选用司班80(Span80)和吐温80(Tween80)作为58号食品级石蜡的复配乳化剂,考虑了亲水亲油平衡(HLB)值对石蜡乳化的影响,制得稳定的抗菌石蜡乳液。利用抗菌石蜡乳液对超声处理后的竹片进行浸渍处理,采用L₉(3³)正交试验设计,以石蜡乳液固含量、干燥温度和干燥时间为因子,以含水率和浸泡768 h后的防水效率为测试指标。结果表明,当Span80和Tween80的质量比为2∶3、HLB值为10.72时,石蜡乳液的稳定性最好。对改性后竹材含水率的影响从大到小依次是石蜡乳液固含量、干燥温度、干燥时间。当石蜡乳液固含量为5%、干燥温度为70℃、干燥时间为1.5 h时,试件含水率最低为4.11%。浸泡768 h后对竹材防水效率影响从大到小依次是干燥温度、石蜡乳液固含量、干燥时间;当石蜡乳液固含量为15%、干燥温度为40℃、干燥时间为1.5 h时,试件防水效率最高为32.15%。超声处理并不能有效阻止竹材的霉变,超声联合抗菌石蜡乳液改性后的竹材防霉性能有明显提高,改性竹材在28 d霉变试验后表面无菌丝、霉点。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。