免炼山对桉树人工林生长的影响初探

为了研究一种能代替炼山的采伐剩余物管理方式,以尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×E. grandis)人工林为研究对象,采用“风炮机”和“二锄法”等高工效免炼山综合管理技术,探究免炼山处理方式对桉树人工林生长的影响。结果表明,免炼山处理4年后,林分的蓄积量、胸径和树高分别比炼山处理高出20.66%、1.88%和7.97%;免炼山区的树高生长速度显著高于炼山区,平均胸径在第3年显著高于炼山区,第3～4年胸径增长速度放缓,可能是未施肥造成的。该免炼山造林技术操作简便,在减少肥料投入量的情况下,免炼山区域桉树人工林生长更好。     

采伐剩余物不同清理方式对杉木幼林生长及生物量影响研究

为了解采伐剩余物不同清理方式对杉木幼林生长及生物量的影响,设置了炼山、清除和劈条带3种采伐剩余物清理方式对杉木生长及生物量指标进行了研究,结果表明:炼山处理对杉木幼林树高、胸径和材积均显著高于清除和劈条带处理;炼山处理杉木干、根、地上和总生物量均高于清除和劈条带处理,但叶和枝生物量各处理间并无显著差异;炼山处理地上地下生物量分配比例小于清除和劈条带处理。为此,提出了炼山处理在杉木幼林期有利于林木的生长,但其长期的效果仍有待于进一步研究。     

桉树生态化造林试验

天马国有林场采用不炼山劈草带造植桉树试验,结果表明：它既可解决传统炼山造林中存在的火灾隐患,水土流失,养分降低等问题,又能节约造林成本,提高土壤肥力,保存物种多样性,维护林地环境,促进林木生长；是“保护性耕种技术”在林业中的实践,是保护生态环境的一项有效措施,可在生产中应用推广。     

不同林地处理方式对林分天然更新的影响

选用炼山、劈草和未处理三种林地处理方式对林分的天然更新情况进行分析，调查种群发生量以及幼树高生长量，运用方差分析法检验群落结构特征。     

桉树不同更新方式效果与效益分析

在福建岩溪国有林场开展桉树2代炼山植苗造林与不炼山萌芽更新2种不同更新方式的对比试验,通过对炼山植苗造林与萌芽更新的林分生长量以及经济效益的分析,结果表明:3.5年生炼山植苗造林的林分平均树高、胸径、材积分别比萌芽林分提高3.1%～13.1%、1.7%～11%和7.1%～40.5%,蓄积量提高15.9%～56.9%;6年生时其经济效益提高44.3%,成本增加31.6%,投入产出比降低9.5%;炼山植苗造林生长潜力大,可培育大径材。而萌芽更新早期生长快但衰老也快,生长后劲不足且抗风性差;但对林地及周围环境影响较小。生产上,应根据不同的立地条件和投资主体,选择适宜的桉树更新方式,从而满足木材需求的同时保持林地的可持续利用。     

不同迹地处理措施对复茬马尾松林生长的影响

通过不同剩余物处理措施对 6a生复茬马尾松林生长影响的研究 ,结果表明 :从平均胸径、平均树高、单株生物量和林分总生物量等生长情况看 ,皆伐炼山处理最有利 ,皆伐后剩余物散铺和皆伐后剩余物归带 2种处理后基本上相同。但从活地被物生物量看 ,皆伐炼山处理最差。 3种处理措施后林地土壤容重变化比较小。     

幼林桉树生长状况与抚育方式不同的试验研究

通过在德化县2003年引种桉种树种造林幼林抚育的试验,在调查试验区(德化县A区、B区、C区)采用随机区组设计,对桉树幼林进行了3种抚育方式试验:①全面劈草;②全面劈草,局部松培土;③全面锄草施肥。试验结果表明,抚育方式的不同对桉树幼林的胸径和树高生长均有显著影响。做好幼林桉树抚育管理,有利于促进林木生长,提高林分生物量和生产力,以充分发挥桉树的速生丰产特性,提高短周期人工林经营的经济效益。为今后推广桉树造林选择合适的幼林抚育方式。     

不同营林技术措施对马尾松人工林生长的影响

指出了通过科学证明,马尾松是最适合实施的人工林生长营林技术措施,在广西河池的马尾松人工林中设置试验样地,通过分别采用不同林地清理方式、不同整地方式、不同抚育方式等营林技术措施对样地进行处理或管理,2年、6年和10年后分别对马尾松植株胸径和树高的生长量进行了测定并比较分析。结果表明:采取常规方式进行林地清理、全垦整地,再结合扩穴连带的抚育方式可使马尾松前期生长较快。但对马尾松的后期不利,对于超过种植周期的马尾松林,不同林地清理措施中,商业收获处理方式最有利于马尾松的树高、胸径保持良好的生长状况,常规处理方式的效果次之,全面清除植被方式的效果最差;不同整地措施中,穴垦处理措施的植株生长状况最好;不同抚育措施中,扩穴连带的处理措施植株生长状况最好,其次是块状抚育,不抚育的林地马尾松生长状况最差。     

闽北山地不同苗木马尾松幼林施肥效应研究

对5年生不同苗木马尾松幼林施肥试验结果表明，造林苗木以选择马尾松切根裸根苗为宜，不同施肥处理的幼林树高和胸径生长有极显著差异，以施复合肥效果最好，树高和胸径增长率为40.79%和61.19%,单纯P肥效果次之，树高和胸径增长率为31.41%和43.58%,单施K肥也有明显效果，而单施N肥则效果不显著，说明我省红壤严重缺磷肥，造林施肥宜选用磷肥为主，少量施钾肥，氮肥在马尾松幼林地上可不施用，或少量施用，尽量做到合理施肥，以提高林地施肥的经济效益。     

炼山对二代5年生杉木幼林生长的影响

在福建南平对炼山和不炼山的第2代5年生杉木幼林生长进行对比研究,结果表明,2种处理杉木平均胸径年均生长量均在1.70 cm以上,平均树高年均生长量均在1.00 m以上;炼山处理杉木的生长量略高于不炼山,但它们之间的差异不显著。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。