武夷山甜槠天然林生态系统不同深度土壤CO_2浓度

选择福建武夷山天然甜槠林作为研究对象,对不同深度土壤CO2浓度、土壤温度、土壤含水量同步进行日动态观测。结果表明：0～60cm深度土壤CO2浓度随深度的增加而升高,60cm深度以下土壤CO2浓度有所降低;不同深度土壤CO2浓度的日变化均呈现单峰型;不同深度土壤温度变化幅度较小,各层日变化模式相似;不同深度土壤含水量变化很小,且日变化模式无明显规律性;指数拟合分析显示,10、20、60、80cm土壤CO2浓度与温度具有极显著相关性,5、10、40cm土壤CO2浓度与含水量的相关性显著。     

城市污泥与稻草混合燃烧污染物排放特性研究

指出了混燃是处理城市污泥最具前景的处理方法之一,利用管式炉燃烧系统研究城市污泥、稻草以及两者不同掺混比(10%、30%、50%、70%、90%)的污染物排放特性,并对比分析了其在不同温度下(600℃、700℃、800℃、900℃)的污染物排放特性。结果表明:混合样品在800℃的燃烧过程中CO、SO2释放曲线均呈现单峰结构。随着稻草掺混比例的增加,燃烧过程缩短,CO的生成总量逐渐减小,SO2的生成总量逐渐增大;在不同温度下,700℃下混合样品的CO的总生成量最低,升高温度不利于SO2排放。研究结果可为城市污泥和稻草混燃的污染物排放提供初步理论依据。     

松木屑加压水蒸气气化研究

在温度为800、850、900和950℃,压力为0.1～0.6 MPa的条件下,考察了一定流量的水蒸气和松木屑反应产生合成气的气体组分和产量的变化规律.实验结果表明高温能够增加反应速率并且有利于产生富氢燃气,氢气的含量在气体中最高,超过了50％;同时,随着温度增加,合成气中H2和CO的浓度逐渐增加,CO2和CH4的浓度逐渐减少.提高反应系统的压力,合成气气体的产量会增加而产生的焦油量减少,H2和CO2浓度出现增加趋势而CO和CH4的浓度出现减小趋势.     

不同土地利用类型对土壤氮素的影响

选取林地、园地和耕地3种土地利用类型,分析禹州市褐土土壤中氮素含量的研究结果表明:0～15 cm土层中,矿化氮含量为:林地>园地>耕地;土壤表层(0～5 cm)硝态氮含量林地最高,显著高于园地和耕地,而土壤表层铵态氮含量园地和林地显著高于耕地;不同土层中的,林地、园地和耕地的硝态氮和铵态氮含量差异显著(P<0.05)。在林地和园地0～5 cm土层中,硝态氮含量显著高于10～15 cm土层,而耕地中硝态氮含量无显著差异,其中林地的硝态氮含量随土壤深度的增加而降低。3种土地利用类型铵态氮含量主要集中分布在土壤0～10 cm土层中。     

浸种处理下无患子苗期生长差异分析

以普通母树上采摘的无患子种子为试验材料,对其进行9种不同的浸种处理,即不同温度的温水（40℃、50℃、60℃）、不同浓度CuSO4+H2SO4（20%、30%、40%）溶液和HCl溶液（3%、5%、8%）,探讨不同浸种方式和水平对无患子幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：温水浸种处理下无患子幼苗的生长表现较好,40℃温水浸种明显提高幼苗苗高的生长,50℃浸种处理次之;60℃温水浸种处理对提高无患子幼苗地径生长速度在9组浸种处理中表现效果最为良好;CuSO4+H2SO4溶液和HCl溶液对无患子的苗期生长影响差异显著。综合比较,温水是促进无患子幼苗生长的最佳浸种处理方法。     

喀斯特地区不同植被恢复模式幼林生态系统碳储量及其空间分布

研究喀斯特地区4种植被恢复模式幼林生态系统碳含量、碳储量及其空间分布特征。结果表明:不同树种同一器官中的碳含量存在差异;同一树种不同器官中的碳含量也不同,除楸树外,3种树地上部分各器官的碳含量普遍高于地下部分(根);不同树种各器官碳含量的变异系数为0.88%～7.02%;林下灌木层、草本层、死地被物层的平均碳含量分别为309.70～461.02,335.44～569.61和307.01～400.88g·kg-1,植被恢复初期,柏木林地、楸树林地土壤有机碳含量分别比对照地提高了56.37%和33.49%,而花椒林地下降了2.09%;不同林地土壤有机碳含量均随土壤深度的增加而逐渐下降;4种林分乔木层的碳储量表现为楸树林>车桑子林>花椒林>柏木林;楸树、花椒和柏木林地0～20cm土层碳储量分别为113.061,82.424和126.841t·hm-2,与对照地相比,楸树和柏木林地土壤碳储量分别提高了31.14%和47.13%,而花椒林地却下降了4.39%,车桑子林地0～10cm土层碳储量为50.517t·hm-2;楸树林、花椒林、柏木林和车桑子林生态系统碳储量分别为117.207,84.117,127.919和53...     

白桦光合特性的研究

测定了3年生白桦的光合与呼吸作用对温度,湿度以及CO2浓度的响应;还测定了光补偿点,光饱和点和CO2补偿点。结果表明:在目前的空气CO2浓度下,光合和呼吸作用的最适温度分别是24℃和30℃;当相对湿度是80%时,白桦能维持较强的光合作用;呼吸作用与相对湿度无明显的相关性;光补偿点和光饱和点分别是25 molm-2s-1和1375 祄olm-2s-1;CO2补偿点是180 礚L-1;白桦在CO2浓度为2400 礚L-1时仍有吸收潜力。图4参19。     

温度对大叶桃花心木(Swietenia macrophylla King)幼苗叶片的光合影响

本文研究了大叶桃花心木（Swietenia macrophylla King）一年生幼苗在经过夜温处理后的光响应曲线和在饱和光强下的CO2反应曲线.结果表明:在大气CO2浓度下,叶片的最佳光合作用温度在25-31℃之间,而在饱和CO2浓度下为31-35℃.在25℃以下光合速率开始降低,主要是由于羧化效率的降低,而当温度超过31℃时,光合速率下降,是因为羧化效率的降低和呼吸速率的增加.CO2浓度对光合的促进作用在低温下受到抑制,这意味着未来在CO2浓度增高的情况下,高浓度的CO2对热带常绿植物光合的促进在冬天低温情况下表现不十分明显.图4参23.     

两步进气法和水蒸气对竹材下吸式固定床气化性能的影响

以毛竹加工剩余物为研究对象,采用自制的两步进气下吸式固定床气化炉,在当量比(ER)一定的情况下,研究进气比例(AR,0%和60%)和水蒸气/生物质质量比(ms/mb,0,0.045,0.112,0.153,0.211,0.245和0.305)对气化炉性能(炉内温度分布、原料消耗率和气化强度)和可燃气指标(温度、成分、热值和焦油含量)的影响。结果表明:1)与一步进气法相比,两步进气法(AR为60%时)可显著提高气化炉炉温,并且分别在2个进气位置出现2个温度峰,分别为热解区的606℃和氧化区的856℃,可燃气的温度也增加至377℃; 2)两步进气法可显著提高可燃气的可燃组分含量和热值,降低焦油含量,CO含量、H_2含量和低位热值的最大值分别为17.47%、14.67%和4.54 MJ/Nm^3,焦油含量最低值为55.4 mg/Nm^3; 3)随着m_s/m_b从0.045增加至0.305,气化炉内各反应区的温度逐渐降低,与空气气化剂相比,虽然热值并未增加,但是可燃气中H_2和CO的含量发生变化,导致V(H_2)/V(CO)比例逐渐增加至1.01,有助于应用于合成气的研究。本研究为竹材废弃物的能源化利用提供了新的途径和基础数据。     

高速公路林带治污减霾效能研究

为准确掌握林带减轻高速公路污染的状况,在距连霍高速、包茂高速、京昆高速公路路基0、15、60m的林带内分别设置监测点,测定了CO、CO_2、NO、NO_2等气态污染物和固体悬浮微粒(PM2.5、PM10)的浓度及噪音值;分别采集距离路基10,20,40,60,100m处无林带和有林带地段0～10、10～20、20～40、40～60cm层土壤,测定了铅含量。结果为:三条高速公路林带内CO_2、NO、NO_2、PM2.5、PM10浓度和噪音值均随距高速公路距离的增加而下降,相对于距路基0m处,CO_2浓度在15m处降低了4.0%～19.3%、在60m处降低了9.4%～21.8%,NO浓度在15m处降低了25.5%～97.1%、在60m处降低了46.7%～98.0%,NO_2浓度在60m处降低了28.3%～83.4%,PM2.5浓度在15m处降低了2.6%～23.4%、在60m处降低了7.7%～25.5%,PM10浓度在15m处降低了3.0%～19.4%、在60m处降低了11.1%～29.1%,噪音值降低1～14分贝后在15m处接近一般环境值(50～60分贝);距路基10、20、40、60、100m地段,0～60cm层土壤平均铅含量有林带为12.34～13.96mg·kg~(-1),低于无林带的16.53～19.72mg·kg~(-1),降低8.5%～31.2%。三条高速公路林带都有降低大气CO_2、NO、NO_2、PM2.5、PM10等浓度,噪音值和土壤铅含量的作用,京昆高速林带降低气态污染物浓度效果最明显,连霍高速林带降低PM2.5、PM10浓度效果最明显,京昆高速林带降低噪音效果最好,林带宽度超过15m之后降低污染物浓度的效果会下降。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.