不同铵硝配比对香蕉幼苗硝态氮吸收动力学特征影响

将香蕉苗移植到0.2 mmol/L CaSO4溶液中饥饿3d,采用改进耗竭法研究了香蕉幼苗期在5种铵硝配比营养液中的硝态氮的吸收动力学特征,以探讨香蕉铵硝营养特点.结果表明,香蕉幼苗所有铵硝配比处理的硝态氮吸收曲线特征均符合Michaelis-Menten酶动力学模型的描述.加铵不仅显著影响香蕉幼苗硝态氮吸收动力学参数Vax,对Km的影响也达显著水平.在霍格兰营养液的基础上直接添加10％NH4+-N比将10％NO3-N用NIH4+-N替换更能降低香蕉对硝态氮的吸收速率,但这两种处理对Km的影响不显著.在100％硝态氮的基础上,增铵降低了香蕉对硝态氮的吸收速率,增10％NH4+-N降低香蕉对硝态氮的亲和力,增25％ NH+4-N对香蕉对硝态氮的亲和力的影响则相反.在本实验条件下,香蕉硝态氮吸收系统属于低亲和吸收系统.     

利用15N标记研究铵态氮与硝态氮对大豆的营养作用

以东农47为材料,采用15N示踪技术,利用组培的方式进行了铵态氮与硝态氮营养作用研究.结果表明,在无菌条件下,以NH4+-N为唯一氮源大豆表现出了铵盐毒害;以NO3--N和混合态氮作为氮源时,大豆可以正常生长.以混合态氮为氮源植株总生物量最大,以NO3--N为氮源次之,以NH4+-N为氮源的处理生物量最小,不同形态氮之间生物量差异达到显著水平.随氮素水平增加,外源氮在植株中比例增加,当培养基中NH4+-N与NO3--N比例为1∶1时,大豆吸收NH4+-N与NO3--N比例为1.5∶1,叶片、茎、根NH4+-N与NO3--N吸收比例分别为1.6∶1、1.4∶1和1.6∶1,说明硝态氮的存在能够解除铵盐毒害并促进大豆对氮素的吸收利用.     

局部根系水分胁迫下不同形态氮素营养对水稻幼苗生长的影响

为区分水稻根系与地上部对水分胁迫的生理响应,采用分根营养液培养及聚乙二醇（PEG6000）模拟水分胁迫的方法,研究了局部根系在水分胁迫下不同形态氮素营养(NH4+、NO3- 、NH4+与NO3-等体积混合) 对水稻幼苗水分与氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明： 1）全根水分胁迫显著抑制了单供NO3- N营养条件下水稻的生长,而对单供NH4+ N营养条件下水稻生长的影响较小。局部根系水分胁迫对3种供氮形态营养下水稻总生物量没有明显影响,但对单供NO3- N营养水稻根系的生物量、根系总长、根体积、平均直径以及根表面积的影响最大,均以未受水分胁迫的一侧根系生物量明显高于另一侧（受水分胁迫）。2）水分胁迫促进根系对NO3- N的消耗。3）全根水分胁迫严重抑制了单供NO3- N营养水稻的光合速率,但对单供NH4+ N营养水稻的影响较小。不论局部根系水分胁迫还是全根水分胁迫对3种供氮形态的生理水分利用率均无显著影响。4）全根水分胁迫显著降低了单供NO3- N营养水稻的光合氮素利用率。     

氮素形态与吡虫啉对甘蔗根系和地上部生长的影响

本研究通过水培的方式,探究不同形态氮素以及不同形态氮素和新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉（IMI）处理对甘蔗生长、根系伤流强度和根系形态的影响。研究结果显示：与缺氮（CK）相比,添加铵态氮（A）、硝态氮（N）或铵态硝态氮（AN）能够显著提高甘蔗植株的株高和茎径（P<0.05）,其中株高增高了大约3倍,茎径增粗2~3倍,与硝态氮相比,铵态氮能促进甘蔗茎径变粗、鲜重增加以及侧根和不定根的形成;硝态氮为氮源可促进甘蔗根系的纵向生长;铵态氮和硝态氮共存时甘蔗根系总长、根表面积、根系体积以及伤流液强度大于单一氮源处理。添加吡虫啉促进了缺氮条件下甘蔗的生长;与对应的氮素处理组相比,吡虫啉和氮素共处理组甘蔗的鲜重均增加,其中A+IMI处理比A处理增加17.69%,N+IMI处理比N处理增加46.19%,AN+IMI处理比AN处理增加29.43%,在硝态氮存在时差异达到显著水平（P<0.05）;此外,吡虫啉和硝态氮共存显著提高了甘蔗根系总长、根表面积和伤流液强度（P<0.05）。结果表明铵态氮和吡虫啉共施对甘蔗整体的生长最为有利,吡虫啉和硝态氮共施可促进甘蔗鲜重增加以及根系的生长。本研究为甘蔗氮肥施用以及吡虫啉和氮肥在甘蔗中的共施提供重要的理论依据,同时,为“药肥一体化”技术在甘蔗上的应用提供借鉴。     

供氮形态和水分胁迫耦合作用对磷在苗期——分蘖期水稻植株不同部位含量与分配的影响

为探讨不同形态氮素营养对干旱条件下水稻P吸收与分配的影响, 采用室内营养液培养及聚乙二醇（PEG6000）模拟水分胁迫处理的方法,在分蘖期设置3种供氮形态（NH4+ N、NO3- N以及NO3- N和NH4+ N相同浓度下等体积混合）和两种水分条件（非水分胁迫及水分胁迫）的耦合处理进行研究。结果表明： 1）在水分胁迫条件下,水稻植株及各部位含P量均是全NH4+ N营养明显高于全NO3- N营养;同时,在分蘖期,全NO3- N营养水稻植株含P量明显低于非水分胁迫条件下的相应处理,但水分胁迫对全NH4+ N以及NO3- N和NH4+ N混合营养水稻含P量影响不大;2）在两种水分条件下,全NH4+ N以及NO3- N和NH4+ N混合营养均相对降低了水稻对吸收进入体内的P向叶片和根系的运输比例;而全NO3- N营养则只相对降低了水稻体内的P向叶片的运输比例。此外,由分蘖初期到中期,在水分胁迫条件下,全NH4+ N营养水稻积累的P素增加比例最高。     

不同形态氮素及铵硝比例对咖啡氮吸收和生长的影响

为提高咖啡氮肥肥料有效性,采用溶液培养的方法,研究NH4+和NO3- 2种不同形态氮吸收速率、5种铵硝比例(10∶0、7∶3、5∶5、3∶7、0∶10)对咖啡生长及其氮素利用的影响。结果表明,不同形态氮素对咖啡的生长影响差异显著,铵硝混合营养下咖啡的生长明显优于单一形态氮素处理。在单一形态氮素条件下,咖啡对NH4+的最大吸收速率大于对NO3-的最大吸收速率;当2种形态氮素同时存在时,铵态氮会抑制硝态氮的吸收,硝态氮促进铵态氮的吸收;铵态氮促进地上部分生长,但浓度过高反而抑制地上部分生长;硝态氮的增加有利于根系的生长,但抑制了咖啡地上部分的生长。因此,在咖啡苗期,铵硝比例控制在7∶3～3∶7有利于咖啡生长。     

水稻根系细胞膜H+ ATPase对铵硝营养的响应差异

用两相法分离了铵态氮（NH4+ N）和硝态氮（NO3- N）营养下水稻苗期根系的细胞膜,并测定了细胞膜上H+ ATPase的水解活性,以期阐明水稻根系细胞质膜上H+ ATPase对不同氮素形态的响应差异。两相法分离的细胞膜纯度达到95%以上。在离体条件下,NH4+ N营养的水稻根系细胞膜H+ ATPase的水解活性和H+ ATPase的Km和Vmax均显著高于NO3- N营养。NH4+ N营养的水稻根系细胞膜H+ ATPase最适pH值为6.0,而NO3- N营养的在pH 6.2左右。Western blot结果表明,NH4+ N营养的水稻根系细胞膜H+ ATPase浓度显著高于NO3- N营养的H+ ATPase。说明NH4+ N营养的水稻根系细胞膜H+ ATPase活性高是因为单位细胞膜上的H+ ATPase分子数量大于NO3- N营养,并且在NH4+ N营养的水稻根系细胞膜上可能存在着与NO3- N营养不同的H+ ATPase的同工酶。因此,NH4+ N营养的水稻根系细胞膜H+ ATPase活性高很可能是水稻根系对铵态氮营养的一种适应机制。     

水分胁迫和供氮形态耦合作用下分蘖期水稻的光合速率、水分与氮素利用

采用室内营养液培养及PEG模拟水分胁迫的方法,在3种供氮形态\[NH4+、NO3-、NH4+/NO3-(质量比)为50∶50\]下,主要研究分蘖期水稻在非水分胁迫及水分胁迫条件下的氮素利用效率及对不同形态氮素的消耗。在非水分胁迫条件下,分蘖期水稻在NH4+/NO3-为50∶50时生物量增量最大;而在水分胁迫条件下,单一供NH4+ N营养的水稻生物量增量最大。在两种水分条件下,当NH4+/NO3-为50∶50时,分蘖期水稻对营养液中NO3- N的消耗量明显大于NH4+ N;此外,在两种水分条件下,均以单一供NH4+ N营养水稻的光合速率、氮素利用率和水分利用率最高。     

低磷胁迫下氮素形态对玉米苗期生物学性状、花青苷含量及糖含量的影响

为了探讨低磷胁迫下氮素形态对玉米糖代谢以及花青苷含量的影响,以Ca3(PO4)2模拟低磷胁迫环境,采用水培方式,研究3种形态氮素营养(NO3--N、NO3--N与NH4+-N混合营养和NH4+-N)对玉米植株生物量、花青苷含量及糖代谢等的影响.结果表明:当营养液中以Ca3 (PO4)2形式供应磷素时,与KH2PO4形式供应磷素相比,3种氮素处理的玉米整株生物量依次降低20.6％、15.4％和12.9％;在磷胁迫状态下,玉米茎秆的花青苷含量显著升高,同时受到氮素形态的影响,3种氮形态处理下茎秆的花青苷含量高低顺序依次为:铵态氮＞铵硝混合营养＞硝态氮；磷胁迫还引起玉米植株中糖分累积,与KH2PO4处理相比,3种氮形态处理的玉米植株根、茎、叶的可溶性糖含量均明显升高,且在根和茎中差异达显著性水平;在低磷胁迫时,铵态氮处理的玉米根、茎、叶中可溶性糖含量分别是硝态氮处理的1.12倍、1.22倍、1.18倍,相应的还原性糖的数值依次为1.03倍、1.37倍、1.24倍.可见,铵态氮处理的玉米生长受抑制程度最小,表现为铵态氮处理提高了植物各部分糖的含量,促进了花青苷合成,以此缓解低磷胁迫引起的代谢失调.     

应用~(15)N标记氮肥研究肥料氮素在橡胶树幼苗叶片中的动态变化

本文以热研7-33-97芽接橡胶幼苗为试材,应用15N示踪技术研究相同施氮量情况下,肥料氮素在橡胶树幼苗叶片中的动态变化规律。氮肥品种为15N标记的CO(NH2)2、15N标记(NH4)2SO4、15N标记Ca(NO3)2和15N双标记NH4NO3。结果表明,橡胶树幼苗叶片对四种15N标记氮肥吸收分配势(Ndff值)总体上均随施肥时间的延长表现为逐渐增加的趋势;但各氮肥处理间叶片Ndff值存在显著差异,同一生长期橡胶树幼苗叶片对肥料氮的征调能力总体上表现为:NH4NO3-15NCa(NO3)2-15N(NH4)2SO4-15NCO(NH2)2-15N。通过分析不同生长时期叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)和Ndff值,发现两者之间总体呈极显著的正相关关系。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.