河北省主推番茄品种抗黄化曲叶病鉴定与筛选初报

采用田间自然鉴定方法对河北省42个番茄生产主推品种进行抗番茄黄化曲叶病鉴定。结果表明,‘迪芬尼’、‘74 589’、‘佳西娜’、‘格利’、‘74 587’、‘荷兰6号’、‘Ty204’等7个品种田间表现明显抗番茄黄化曲叶病,发病率分别为0、0、0、1.35%、1.32%、0、1.76%。其余35个品种田间均表现明显感病,发病率最高的品种为‘鲁寿巨粉’,发病率达到99.22%,各品种发病率差异显著。     

上海地区种植的21个番茄品种抗细菌性溃疡病的鉴定

番茄溃疡病是由密执安棒形杆菌密执安亚种引起的番茄最具毁灭性病害之一,选育和种植抗耐病品种是防治该病最经济有效的防治手段。本研究收集上海种植的21个番茄品种进行温室育苗,在苗期和成株期分别采用打顶法接种进行抗病性测定。分级调查病情,根据病情指数划分反应型,确定供试品种的抗感类型。在供试的21个番茄品种中,只有欧宝318、粉丽、浙粉202和世纪粉冠王表现为中度感病,其余全为高感品种,没有免疫、抗病或耐病品种。     

南美斑潜蝇对番茄的选择性与叶毛数和营养物质含量的关系

采用自由选择法测定了南美斑潜蝇对不同番茄品种的选择性。结果表明,南美斑潜蝇对21个供试番茄品种间的选择性存在显著差异,其对红枣小番茄的选择性最强,与对原番茄二号、中杂9号、圣星果、丰园红番茄、奥粉一号、大黄156、佳粉十五号等7个品种的选择性存在显著差异(p<0.05),而与其余13个品种的选择性差异不显著(p>0.05)。番茄不同品种间的叶毛数、可溶性糖含量及蛋白质含量存在显著差异。相关分析表明,南美斑潜蝇对番茄品种的选择性与叶毛数存在极显著的负相关关系(r=-0.675 2,p<0.001);与叶片的可溶性糖含量呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.554 7,p<0.01);而与叶片的蛋白质含量相关不显著。     

不同番茄品种番茄黄化曲叶病毒抗性基因分析及田间抗性评价

为了明确抗性基因对番茄黄化曲叶病毒的抗性水平及田间应用效果，本研究利用已报道的番茄黄化曲叶病毒抗性基因Ty-1、Ty-2、Ty-3及Ty-3a的分子标记对43个番茄品种(含供试品种37个，对照品种6个)进行抗性基因型分析，并采用田间自然鉴定方法验证不同抗性基因型的抗性水平。结果表明：43份参试番茄品种中，31个品种携带抗病基因，占全部参试品种的72.09%,其中Ty-1检出率为65.12%,在番茄抗病毒病育种中应用最为广泛；共检出10种抗性基因型，分别包括1～3种抗性基因，对番茄黄化曲叶病毒的抗性由高到低依次为：Ty-1/ty-1+Ty-2/ty-2+Ty-3a/ty-3a、Ty-1/Ty-1+Ty-2/ty-2+Ty-3a/ty-3a、Ty-1/Ty-1、Ty-1/ty-1+Ty-3/ty-3、Ty-1/ty-1+Ty-3a/ty-3a、Ty-1/Ty-1+Ty-3a/ty-3a、Ty-3a/ty-3a、Ty-1/ty-1+Ty-2/ty-2、Ty-1/ty-1、Ty-2/ty-2,其中含有单基因杂合抗性的番茄品种，抗性表现为中抗或感病；含有2个及2个以上抗性基因的品种表现为中抗或以...     

不同番茄品种对番茄黄化曲叶病毒的抗病性鉴定

为评估生产上常用番茄栽培品种对番茄黄化曲叶病毒(Tomato yellow leaf curl virus,TYLCV)的抗性水平,采用田间大棚自然传毒的方式,通过对各品种的发病时间、发病率及病情指数等参数的比较,结合PCR及ELISA对TYLCV的检测结果,综合分析了20个番茄品种对番茄黄化曲叶病毒的抗病性。不同品种对番茄黄化曲叶病毒的抗性差异较大,试验筛选出仙客6号和金棚1号2份感病材料,发病率和病情指数在90%和60.9以上;佳红8号、10-秋展47和红罗曼2号3份高抗材料,发病率和病情指数均为0;其它表现不同程度抗、耐病水平的材料15份,发病率和病情指数分别在10.0%～85.0%和1.0～40.6之间。     

不同烤烟品种青枯病的发生及农艺性状比较

为了筛选出对青枯病抗病性较好的高产烤烟品种,以黔抗1号、黔抗2号、黔抗3号、云烟119、K326、CF223、OX2028、NC196、PVH2254、金海1号、PVH1452等为供试烤烟品种,进行田间小区试验。通过调查、分析不同品种烟草青枯病的发生情况以及烟草农艺性状指标,评价不同品种间的差异。结果表明,以PVH2254品种青枯病发病最低,末次调查,其发病率及病情指数分别为11.3%和1.58,其次为PVH1452、NC196和黔抗2号等3个品种,青枯病发病较轻。在农艺性状上,以黔抗1号、黔抗3号表现最佳。建议在青枯病发生严重的植烟区,可考虑种植PVH 2254、黔抗2号、OX 2028或NC196品种,再辅以适当的营养调控和农业防治措施,以利于烟叶的可持续生产。     

番茄抗黄化曲叶病毒病品种在广西南宁的自然抗病性表现

近年来,广西番茄黄化曲叶病毒病(TYLCD)发生较为严重,病原也比较复杂(发现4种病毒且存在复合侵染现象),对广西的番茄生产造成了很大威胁,种植抗病品种是防治该病的关键措施。本研究对中国农科院蔬菜花卉所、上海市农科院园艺所、浙江省农科院蔬菜所、江苏省农科院蔬菜所、北京市农林科学院蔬菜研究中心和广西大学提供的43份抗TYLCD番茄品种在广西南宁的自然抗病性进行了评价。采用自然诱发的方法,病圃的番茄混合感染中国番茄曲叶病毒与中国番木瓜曲叶病毒。试验结果表明,表现高抗的品种有‘浙红3号’、‘浙红4号’、‘K22’、‘K64’等8个番茄品种,表现抗病和中抗的品种有‘红贝贝’、‘春展56’等25个品种,表现感病的品种有‘樱红1号’、‘K6’等5个品种,表现高感的品种有‘金陵佳玉’、‘苏粉11号’等5个品种。本试验结果为抗病番茄品种在广西乃至全国的推广和布局提供参考。     

渗透胁迫对番茄种子萌发特性的影响

采用6种不同浓度聚乙二醇(PEG 6000,7.5%、10%、12.5%、15%、17.5%、20%),分别对6个番茄品种(粉番茄HV-071、中杂9号、金珠HV-029、大圣女HV-073、绿果番茄、TTI1103B-2)在种子萌发期各胁迫12 d,测定种子发芽势、发芽率等萌发指标,并进行隶属函数和灰色关联度分析,以筛选番茄种子萌发期抗旱性鉴定适宜PEG浓度和鉴定指标.结果表明:研究用番茄种子萌发期抗旱性的适宜PEG浓度为10%～12.5%,活力指数可作为种子萌发期的抗旱鉴定指标.6个品种抗旱性由强到弱依次为:粉番茄HV-071、中杂9号、金珠HV-029、大圣女HV-073、绿果番茄、TTI1103B-2;粉番茄HV-071、中杂9号萌发期抗旱性极显著高于绿果番茄、TTI1103B-2.8个萌发指标与隶属函数均值的关联序为:活力指数>发芽率>发芽势>发芽指数>发芽速率>胚轴伤害率>胚根伤害率>幼苗伤害率.     

8.5%稻龙宝防治水稻二晚稻瘿蚊试验及大面积示范研究

8.5 %稻龙宝颗料剂是防治稻瘿蚊的又一新品种 ,为了解该品种对稻瘿蚊的防治效果 ,1 998～ 2 0 0 0年在宁都县进行了 8.5 %稻龙宝颗粒剂防治试验及大面积示范 ,现将结果总结如下 :1　试验材料与方法1 .1　试验品种 :供试品种为杂交糯 :示范品种有杂优 (包括安湘 S31 8、威优 6 4 7、汕优 I6 4 7、威优 77、协优 77等 )、丝苗 2号、杂交糯等品种。1 .2　试验药剂及处理 :8.5 %稻龙宝 (广东佛山晓光农化贸易有限公司提供 ) 6 6 7m2 用 1 kg、1 .2 kg;1 0 %益舒宝 (广东佛山晓光农化贸易公司提供 ) 6 6 7m2 用 1 kg、1 .2 kg;3%米乐尔 (广东江…     

大麦黄花叶病毒的新抗源

作者继80年代后,对一些国内农家大麦品种和新引进的国外大麦品种,进行了抗黄花叶病毒的鉴定,结果报道如下。 1 材料与方法 1.1 供试品种我国农家大麦品种257份,日本品种42份,欧、美品种84份,合计383份。早熟3号为感病对照品种。     

Anti-Oxidant Activities,Chemical Attributes and Fruit Yield of Peach Cultivars as Influenced by Foliar Application of Ascorbic Acid

Peach fruit is enriched with natural antioxidants but oxidation caused by biotic and abiotic stresses, reduce these antioxidants and consequently effect the quality and yield of the fruit. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the role of ascorbic acid to sustain the natural antioxidant activity, improve the fruit quality and yield of peach cultivars (Early Grand and Florida King). The peach cultivars, Early Grand and Florida King were tested against four levels of ascorbic acid (200, 400, 600 and 800?ppm) and compared with control as water spray. The foliar application of ascorbic acid significantly influenced anti-oxidant activity and physico-chemical attributes of peach cultivars. However, the foliar application of ascorbic acid @ 800?ppm significantly increased the fruit weight, fruit yield, fruit firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, antioxidant activity of fruit peel, with least percent infected fruits and fruit juice pH as compared to the rest of the treatments. Similarly, significant variation was recorded for peach cultivars regarding anti-oxidant activity and various physico-chemical attributes. The maximum fruit weight, fruit yield, fruit firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity and TSS/TA ratio were noted in fruit of cultivar Florida King. On other side the foliar treated fruit of peach cultivar Early Grand had the highest percent infected fruits, fruit juice pH and antioxidant activity of fruit peel. It is concluded from the significant findings of present research that the peach cultivar Florida King performed better in terms of maximum fruit yield, whereas the cultivar Early Grand produced better quality fruits with high anti-oxidant activity when treated with 800?ppm of ascorbic acid as foliar spray.     

The impact of wheat cultivar mixtures on virulence dynamics in Zymoseptoria tritici populations persists after interseason sexual reproduction

This study follows on from a previous study showing that binary mixtures of wheat cultivars affect the evolution of Zymoseptoria tritici populations within a field epidemic from the beginning (t1) to the end (t2) of a growing season. Here, we focused on the impact of interseason sexual reproduction on this evolution. We studied mixtures of susceptible and resistant cultivars (carrying Stb16q, a recently broken-down resistance gene) in proportions of 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75, and their pure stands. We determined the virulence status of 1440 ascospore-derived strains collected from each cultivar residue by phenotyping on seedlings. Virulence frequencies in the ascospore-derived population were lower in mixtures than in pure stands of the resistant cultivar, especially in the susceptible cultivar residues, as at t2, revealing that the impact of mixtures persisted until the next epidemic season (t3). Surprisingly, after sexual reproduction the avirulence frequencies on the resistant cultivar residues increased in mixtures where the proportion of the susceptible cultivar was higher. Our findings highlight two epidemiological processes: selection within the pathogen population between t1 and t2 driven by asexual cross-contamination between cultivars (previous study) and sexual crosses between avirulent and virulent strains between t2 and t3 driven by changes in the probabilities of physical encounters (this study). Mixtures therefore appear to be a promising strategy for the deployment of qualitative resistances, not only to limit the intensity of Septoria tritici blotch epidemics, but also to reduce the erosion of resistances by managing evolution of the pathogen population at a pluriannual scale.     

Temporal dynamics of brown rot in different apple management systems and importance of dropped fruit for disease development

ABSTRACT Epidemic development of brown rot, caused by Monilinia fructigena, was monitored in integrated and organic apple orchards at two locations in eastern Hungary between 2002 and 2005 on three cultivars with early, midseason, and late ripening periods. Disease incidence and severity measures were affected significantly (P < 0.05) by management system (organic versus integrated) and cultivar, but there was no significant management system-cultivar interaction. Epidemics started 2 to 4 weeks earlier in organic orchards and on the early cv. Prima compared with integrated orchards and the late cv. Mutsu. Disease intensity increased markedly in the final 3 to 5 weeks before harvest and was considerably lower in integrated than in organic orchards. Final brown rot incidence on fruit in the tree was correlated with incidence on dropped fruit on the orchard floor (r > 0.75, P < 0.05), whereby the lag period from the appearance of the first symptomatic fruit on the ground to the occurrence of the first symptomatic fruit in the tree ranged from 2 weeks to 2 months, depending on the cultivar. The inflection point of the disease progress curve was attained first by fruit on the ground, followed successively by fruit in the lower, middle, and upper thirds of the tree canopy. This may indicate that dropped fruit that became infected early provided a source of inoculum for subsequent epidemics by serving as a bridge between sporulation from overwintered fruit mummies in the spring and the first fruit with sporulating lesions in the tree in midsummer. Removal of dropped fruit from the orchard floor resulted in a significantly lower disease incidence on fruit in the tree on all cultivars; thus, drop-removal may be useful as a brown rot management practice in apple orchards.     

Application of real-time and multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to study leaf blotch epidemics in barley

ABSTRACT Leaf blotch, caused by Rhynchosporium secalis, was studied in a range of winter barley cultivars using a combination of traditional plant pathological techniques and newly developed multiplex and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Using PCR, symptomless leaf blotch colonization was shown to occur throughout the growing season in the resistant winter barley cv. Leonie. The dynamics of colonization throughout the growing season were similar in both Leonie and Vertige, a susceptible cultivar. However, pathogen DNA levels were approximately 10-fold higher in the susceptible cultivar, which expressed symptoms throughout the growing season. Visual assessments and PCR also were used to determine levels of R. secalis colonization and infection in samples from a field experiment used to test a range of winter barley cultivars with different levels of leaf blotch resistance. The correlation between the PCR and visual assessment data was better at higher infection levels (R(2) = 0.81 for leaf samples with >0.3% disease). Although resistance ratings did not correlate well with levels of disease for all cultivars tested, low levels of infection were observed in the cultivar with the highest resistance rating and high levels of infection in the cultivar with the lowest resistance rating.     

Aggressiveness of Mycosphaerella graminicola Isolates from Susceptible and Partially Resistant Wheat Cultivars

ABSTRACT The selective effect of quantitative host resistance on pathogen aggressiveness is poorly understood. Because two previous experiments with a small number of bread wheat cultivars and isolates of Mycosphaerella graminicola had indicated that more susceptible hosts selected for more aggressive isolates, we conducted a larger experiment to test that hypothesis. In each of 2 years, six cultivars differing in their levels of partial resistance were planted in field plots, and isolates were collected from each cultivar early and late in the growing season. The isolates were inoculated as populations bulked by cultivar of origin, field replicate, and collection date on seedlings of the same six cultivars in the greenhouse. The selective impact of a cultivar on aggressiveness was measured as the difference in aggressiveness between early and late isolates from that cultivar. Regression of those differences on disease severity in the field yielded significance values of 0.0531 and 0.0037 for the 2 years, with moderately resistant cultivars selecting for more aggressive isolates. In a related experiment, the protectant fungicide chlorothalonil was applied to plots of two susceptible cultivars to retard epidemic development. When tested in the greenhouse, isolates of M. graminicola from those plots were significantly more aggressive than isolates from the same cultivars unprotected by fungicide.     

Laboratory Evaluation of Citrus Cultivars Susceptibility and Influence of Fruit Size on Fortune Mandarin to Infection by Alternaria alternata pv. citri

Young leaves of 62 citrus cultivars were inoculated with conidia of three Spanish isolates of Alternaria alternata pv. citri, the causal agent of brown spot of citrus. Hybrids with Dancy mandarin, King mandarin or their derivates as a parent, grapefruit cultivars and the mandarin cultivars Guillermina, Emperor, Clemenpons and Esbal were highly susceptible to the pathogen. Satsuma cultivar Clausellina and orange cultivars, with the exception of Sanguinelli, were slightly susceptible. Lemon and lime cultivars were not susceptible, with the exception of Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia), which was slightly susceptible. Although this study shows a range of potential hosts for this pathogen, to date the only affected cultivars in Spain are Fortune and Nova mandarins, and Minneola tangelo. The susceptibility of Fortune fruits decreased as diameter increased, being susceptible through the whole season. This was confirmed with field observations in autumn where fruit infections have been detected when the diameter reaches 6–7 cm.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Neofusicoccum parvum</Emphasis> associated with fruit rot and shoot blight of peaches in Greece

Shoot blights and fruit rots comprise the most serious diseases of peaches in Greece. In this study, the importance of the fungus Neofusicoccum parvum as a casual agent of a fruit rot and shoot blight of peach trees in Greece was investigated. This pathogen was isolated from both immature and mature peach fruit of the cultivar “Catherine” and later on from mature fruit of the peach cultivars “Andross”, “RedHaven”, “Sun Crest” and “Sun Cloud”. In the first year of investigation, N. parvum was found causing preharvest fruit rot and shoot blights of peach trees only at the location “Ammos-Mesi-Meliki Verias” in the prefecture of Imathia (the main peach production area of Greece) at incidences of 30 and 8%, respectively. However, in 2006 N. parvum was isolated from more locations such as Diavatos, Veria, Kopanos and Agia Marina in the prefecture of Imathia, but only at less than 3% of the total surveyed rotted peach fruit and blighted shoots. The pathogen overwintered as sub-epidermal pycnidia in blighted shoots or mummified fruit that remained on peach trees. This study also showed that the optimum temperature for mycelial growth and conidial germination of N. parvum was 25 oC. Pathogenicity tests using peach fruit showed that isolates of N. parvum and Diplodia seriata (isolated from pistachio grown in the same region) showed no significant differences in their virulence. In laboratory inoculation tests using detached shoots from 25 peach and nectarine cultivars, N. parvum isolates obtained from rotted peaches caused different size cankers on these cultivars. The cultivar Big Top was the most susceptible while the cultivar Maria Bianca the least susceptible.     

The epidemiology of powdery mildew on concord grapes

ABSTRACT Vitis labruscana 'Concord' is a grape cultivar widely grown in the United States for processing into juice and other grape products. Concord grapes are sporadically but sometimes severely damaged by the grape powdery mildew pathogen, Uncinula necator. Although the foliage is often reported to be moderately resistant to powdery mildew, severe fruit infection occurs in some years. We observed the seasonal development of powdery mildew on leaves, rachises, and berries of unsprayed Concord grapevines. Inoculations of flower and fruit clusters revealed a brief period of berry susceptibility and a protracted period of rachis susceptibility. The rachis remained highly susceptible to infection, and the severity of rachis infection increased throughout the growing season until the rachis formed a periderm shortly before harvest. In contrast, berries were nearly immune to infection within 2 weeks after fruit set. Rachis and berry infections were detected before the disease was observed on foliage, and the incidence of rachis and berry infection often exceeded disease incidence observed on foliage until after fruit acquired substantial ontogenic resistance. Excellent control of fruit infection, and adequate control of leaf infection, was achieved by two fungicide applications targeted at the peak period of fruit susceptibility. Although Concord is thought to be moderately resistant to powdery mildew, the rachis is highly susceptible, and may be the avenue by which prebloom infections make their way onto the developing fruit. Late-season infection of the rachis neither spread to the fruit, nor did it cause fruit to drop prematurely, and may be of little economic consequence on fruit destined for processing. Although fruit of V. vinifera cultivars have been reported to remain susceptible to infection until berry sugar levels reach 8 to 15%, Concord fruit become nearly immune to infection nearly 6 weeks before this stage of development. Because powdery mildew does not become conspicuous on foliage until late summer, it is generally regarded as a late-season problem on Concord grapes, and previous management programs have reflected this belief. However, the greatest contribution to control of fruit infection is due to fungicides applied during the peak period of fruit susceptibility, from bloom until shortly after fruit set, long before the disease is observed on foliage.     

Evaluation of screening methods and fruit composition in relation to anthracnose fruit rot resistance in blueberries

Anthracnose fruit rot is an important disease of blueberries, and losses are common in humid growing regions. Most commercial cultivars are susceptible and the disease is usually managed with fungicides. However, a few cultivars are considered resistant. The objectives of this study were to: (i) compare different inoculation techniques for anthracnose fruit rot resistance screening, (ii) screen ripe fruit from a range of blueberry cultivars using selected techniques, and (iii) investigate the role of fruit characteristics in anthracnose fruit rot resistance. The following inoculation methods were evaluated on ripe fruit of a susceptible and resistant cultivar using a conidial suspension: spray, droplet, and injection inoculation of whole fruit; and droplet inoculation of the open surface of cut fruit. All whole‐fruit inoculations yielded similar results. Despite the removal of the epidermis, resistance was also expressed in cut fruit but relatively fewer conidia were produced. The cut‐fruit assay required substantially less time and half the amount of fruit to accomplish than whole‐fruit assays. Detached ripe fruit from 24 cultivars in 2008 and 26 cultivars in 2009 were screened for resistance. Results from the cut‐fruit assay correlated best with published resistance ratings. To determine the possible role of fruit characteristics in resistance, fruit pH, titratable acidity, sugar content and firmness were regressed against various fruit rot resistance measures. Fruit rot resistance was positively correlated with sugar content. On defined media, mycelial growth was restricted as sugar concentration increased and pH decreased, suggesting that fruit composition may play a role in the resistance phenotype.     

Distribution of the predatory mite Amblyseius andersoni Chant (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on different apple cultivars

The effect of apple cultivar on the distribution of Amblyseius andersoni was studied in an experimental orchard where tetranychids were virtually absent and eriophyids reached low to moderate populations. Seven apple scab-resistant cultivars, showing some differences in their leaf morphology, were compared. Each cultivar was grafted onto three different rootstocks inducing increasing vigor. The intraplant distribution of A. andersoni was also studied by monitoring predator densities on basal and apical leaves. In the first year, the colonization of different cultivars by A. andersoni showed definite patterns, sometimes associated with the abundance of the eriophyid Aculus schlechtendali. In the second experimental season, eriophyids reached negligible levels and the effect of cultivar on A. andersoni abundance was less clear. Florina and N.Y. 18491 cultivars were colonized in both years by relatively high phytoseiid numbers, while TSR 29T219 and Priscilla showed low populations in at least one season. The results observed on the remaining cultivars were intermediate or indefinite. The role of leaf pubescence on phytoseiid colonization is discussed.