湖北省典型花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌分布及产毒力研究

为掌握湖北省花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌的分布和产毒特征,从罗田、红安、钟祥、襄阳四个典型花生种植区采集土壤样品40份,并进行黄曲霉菌分离、鉴定和产毒力研究。研究结果表明:湖北省不同花生种植区共分离鉴定到黄曲霉菌51株,土壤中黄曲霉菌落数为127.5cfu/g。不同种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌分布存在显著差异,钟祥土壤中黄曲霉菌落数最高,罗田最低;鉴定获得黄曲霉菌株中产毒菌株占96%,产毒量范围0～227.81μg/L,不产毒菌株占4%;产毒菌株分为只产AFB_1、产AFB_1+AFB_2、产AFB_1+AFB_2+AFG_1和产AFB_1+AFB_2+AFG_1+AFG_2毒素4种类型,其中以产AFB_1+AFB_2的菌株占比最高,为65%;不同种植区黄曲霉菌株产毒力研究发现,钟祥每克土壤中黄曲霉菌产AFB_1的量最高,达11 679.70μg/L。本研究可为湖北花生黄曲霉毒素污染预警和防控提供理论依据。     

山东省花生产区土壤和荚果中黄曲霉菌及其毒素污染状况调查

为了解2018年山东省花生主产区土壤及收获后花生荚果黄曲霉菌及黄曲霉毒素的污染情况,在烟台、青岛、临沂、泰安、枣庄及菏泽等花生主要产区进行土壤、花生荚果的采样,对土壤、荚果果壳、花生籽仁的黄曲霉菌检出率进行统计并对籽仁中黄曲霉毒素的含量进行测定。结果表明：不同产区土壤中黄曲霉菌的检出率为3.33%~33.33%;花生果壳中黄曲霉菌的检出率为10.89%~27.78%;花生籽仁中黄曲霉菌的检出率为3.11%~11.56%;花生籽仁中黄曲霉毒素的浓度为5.01~26.80 μg/kg。数据分析得出：花生籽仁中黄曲霉毒素的含量与土壤中黄曲霉菌的检出率呈极强的相关性;与花生果壳和籽仁中黄曲霉菌的检出率呈中等程度相关。本研究对解析花生种植区黄曲霉菌及黄曲霉毒素污染发生原因,精准预警与防控,提高农产品质量安全有重要意义。     

襄阳市主要花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌分布及产毒力研究

为掌握襄阳市主要花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌的分布和产毒特征,从襄阳市主要花生种植区采集土壤样品36份,进行黄曲霉菌分离、鉴定和产毒力研究。结果表明,襄阳市不同花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌落数平均为5997.6 cfu/g,且分布存在显著差异,菌落数由高到低依次为襄州、枣阳、宜城、谷城;鉴定获得黄曲霉菌株中产毒菌株占63.6%,产毒量范围 ND~304.9 μg/L,不产毒菌株占36.4%;产毒菌株可分为7种产毒类型组合,其中同时产AFB₁、AFB₂和AFG₁三种类型的黄曲霉菌占比最多,为54.0%。在适宜培养条件下,产毒力分析结果为襄州地区每克土壤中黄曲霉菌产AFT的理论值最高,可达2080.0×10³ μg/L,且其中分离出的菌株平均产毒量最高,为218.7 μg/L。可以看出襄阳市花生代表性产区土壤中黄曲霉菌分布数量显著高于我国南、北方花生主产区的平均水平,但其菌株的平均产毒能力却远低于全国其它地区。本研究初步得出了襄阳市花生主产区黄曲霉菌的分布特征和产毒特征,可为襄阳市花生黄曲霉毒素防控提供理论依据。     

花生种子中芪化物的合成与抗黄曲霉菌产毒的相关性研究

以花生种子为试材,采用孢子浓度为1×106(个/m L)的黄曲霉菌接种花生种子,对抗产毒和易产毒品种间4种主要芪化物(resveratrol,ε-viniferin,δ-viniferin,pterostilbene)合成变化,相关抗性酶活性(PAL、POD、PPO)进行了比较,探讨了不同品种间芪化物的合成与抗黄曲霉菌产毒之间的相关性。结果表明:花生种子芪化物的合成速度与抗产毒有关。在接种黄曲霉菌第3天时,抗产毒品种黔花生3号4种芪化物含量达到峰值,含量为47.37μg/g,为对照的54倍;易产毒品种花育22号芪化物含量仅5.5μg/g;抗产毒品种芪化物含量和相关抗性酶(PAL、POD、PPO)活性都高于易产毒品种;在16个考察的花生品种中,发现了4个芪化物含量较高,病情指数和黄曲霉毒素含量相对较低的花生品种;相关分析发现,不同花生品种芪化物含量与病情指数、黄曲霉毒素B1和黄曲霉毒素总量呈极显著负相关,相关系数(r)分别为-0.789、-0.851、-0.850。因此,花生接种第3天时的芪化物含量可作为筛选和培育花生抗产毒品种的重要化学指标。     

花生抗青枯病种质对黄曲霉菌产毒的抗性反应

通过人工接种和毒素测定,对抗、感青枯病的花生种质进行了黄曲霉菌产毒抗性评价.结果表明:1)抗青枯病花生种质之间存在着黄曲霉产毒抗性的显著差异,品种间毒素含量高低相差近10倍,鉴定出抗黄曲霉产毒种质6个;2)2种抗病性无相关性;3)获得具有直接生产利用价值的兼抗青枯病和抗黄曲霉产毒的花生材料1个.     

地膜覆盖花生黄曲霉污染的防治研究

采用单因素完全随机试验设计,通过地膜覆盖和裸露种植的方法,对不同试验地块土壤样本菌相、花生生长期土层温度等生长条件进行测定分析。结果表明,不同地块土壤中含黄曲霉菌数量不同,且不同地块菌株数量存在显著差异;不含产毒菌株的地块,覆膜种植对花生污染黄曲霉毒素的影响不显著;含产毒菌株的地块,覆膜种植对花生污染黄曲霉毒素的影响较大,且产毒菌株越多,受黄曲霉毒素污染越重。从果针下扎到收获期间,覆膜种植土层温度高于裸露种植是导致覆膜种植花生黄曲霉毒素污染加重的重要因素。实际生产中可采取综合防治技术以达到降低黄曲霉毒素污染的目的。     

花生抗黄曲霉菌侵染和产毒机制研究进展

黄曲霉菌（Aspergillus flavus L.）侵染花生导致黄曲霉毒素（Aflatoxin）污染是影响花生食用安全性和限制花生产业发展的重要因素,其污染抗性分为抗侵染和抗产毒两种类型。抗性机制主要包括形态机制、生理机制和分子机制。种皮中决定花生抗侵染的主要因素为蜡质层厚度、栅栏细胞排列密集程度及有无裂纹等特征。种子中单宁酸、胰蛋白酶抑制剂、白藜芦醇等与花生抵抗黄曲霉菌侵染及毒素合成有关。病程相关蛋白基因、转录因子基因、脂氧合酶基因等均参与了花生抵抗黄曲霉菌侵染的过程。随着生物技术的迅猛发展,将来可利用全基因关联分析和多组学结合的方法,从基因调控网络水平上开展花生黄曲霉抗性研究,在更深层次上阐明花生黄曲霉抗性机制。     

花生不同贮藏时间对黄曲霉菌侵染和产毒的影响

通过对在常温条件下分别贮藏1～4年的10个抗黄曲霉菌产毒的花生材料进行人工接种鉴定研究,初步探讨了花生种子贮藏时间对黄曲霉菌侵染和产毒的影响.结果表明,通过多年连续选择的抗产毒花生种质材料在人工接种条件下黄曲霉毒素含量普遍低于高产毒对照品种.随着种子贮藏时间的增加,黄曲霉菌对花生的侵染和产生分生孢子所需的时间缩短.贮藏2～4年花生种子的产毒量显著高于贮藏不足1年的种子,而且贮藏环境的湿度对种子活性和黄曲霉产毒量有很大影响.不同抗性种质在耐贮能力和抗性的持久性方面存在明显差异.     

不产毒黄曲霉菌株的筛选鉴定及分子机理研究

本研究经过筛选分离得到一种不产毒的黄曲霉菌株CGMCC NO.14122,经产毒鉴定,该菌株在生长过程中不产生黄曲霉毒素;DNA序列分析表明,该菌的AflR基因启动子序列发生了较长片段的缺失突变。该菌株在生长和产孢能力上与野生型产毒黄曲霉菌无差别,证明该黄曲霉菌可以用于黄曲霉毒素污染的生物防控。     

花生种质资源对黄曲霉菌侵染和产毒的抗性鉴定

对不同种子成分的花生种质资源对黄曲霉菌侵染和产毒的抗性进行了鉴定,结果表明,高含油量、高蛋白质含量和高油酸含量资源对黄曲霉菌侵染和产毒的抗性较差.通过对抗黄曲霉侵染和产毒能力不同的花生种质资源的种子成分的分析表明,高抗黄曲霉菌侵染和产毒资源的亚油酸含量较高.相关分析表明,不同花生品种对黄曲霉菌的侵染抗性与种子大小和油酸含量呈显著负相关,与出仁率和亚油酸含量呈显著正相关;不同花生品种对黄曲霉菌产毒的抗性与含油量呈显著负相关.通过鉴定和筛选,发掘出2份优质抗病资源.     

Fungal species isolated from peanuts in major Kenyan markets: Emphasis on Aspergillus section Flavi

A survey was conducted in Nairobi, Nyanza and Western provinces in Kenya between March and July 2009 with 1263 peanut products sampled out of which 705 samples underwent microbial analysis. The study aimed at determining the incidence of fungal species – emphasis on Aspergillus section Flavi – associated with peanut products. A 0.5 kg representative sample was obtained from each surveyed vendor and the colony forming units (CFU) of fungal species determined. The samples were also analyzed for total aflatoxin level while isolates of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus were screened for production of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. Eight fungal species were detected in the samples and were in decreasing order of CFU/g of sample: A. flavus S-strain (467), A. flavus L-strain (341), Penicillium spp. (326), Aspergillus niger (156), Aspergillus tamari (27), Aspergillus alliaceus (21), A. parasiticus (10), and Aspergillus caelatus (5). The overall incidence of A. flavus S-strain in samples from Nairobi was 92 and 1425% higher than samples from Nyanza and Western regions, respectively. The combined incidence of A. flavus and A. parasiticus was varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with peanut product: peanut flour (69%), shelled raw peanuts (53%), spoilt peanuts (49%), boiled podded peanuts (45%), podded peanuts (39%), peanut butter (31%), fried peanuts (22%) and roasted peanuts (20%). Seventy three percent of A. flavus and A. parasiticus isolates produced at least one of the aflatoxin types, with 66% producing aflatoxin B1. The total aflatoxin level among peanut products ranged from 0 to 1629 μg/g; and there was a positive correlation (r = 0.2711) between the incidence of A. flavus and A. parasiticus, and total aflatoxin level. The high incidence of aflatoxin producing fungi in peanuts traded in Kenyan markets implies a risk of aflatoxin contamination, highlighting the need for stakeholders to promote sound practices at all stages of the peanut value chain in order to minimize market access by non-complying products.     

广东花生产区土壤黄曲霉产毒菌落分布初步研究

采用稀释倒平板法对广东10个花生主产地土壤中黄曲霉的数量以及分离菌株的产毒能力进行了分析。结果表明：全省各地花生种植土壤中黄曲霉的数量存在较大的差异,其中清远市土壤中的黄曲霉数量最多,达160 cfu/g干土壤,惠州和广州地区次之,均为100 cfu/g干土壤,汕头地区最少,在该地区抽取的土壤样品中未分离出黄曲霉菌株。在分离出来的黄曲霉菌株中,广州地区有10株产毒菌株、清远地区17株、惠州地区16株、云浮地区8株、河源地区8株。     

收获前花生黄曲霉综合预防控制技术

根据花生收获前黄曲霉感染因素,探讨了收获前栽培管理、病虫害防治和遗传控制等一系列措施,综合预防控制花生黄曲霉毒素污染.     

花生抗黄曲霉大果种质的创制与鉴定

培育和种植抗黄曲霉品种是防控花生黄曲霉毒素污染最为经济有效的途径,而黄曲霉抗性与高产的矛盾一直是花生抗黄曲霉育种的障碍.本研究以抗黄曲霉花生种质J11与高产品种中花16为亲本构建的重组自交系群体(Recombined inbreed lines,RILs)为材料,进行黄曲霉侵染和产毒抗性鉴定,探讨抗性与高产(大果)性状...     

Effect of non-aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus on aflatoxin contamination of pre-harvest peanuts in fields in China

Aflatoxin contamination of peanuts is one of the most concerns in peanut production in China. Applying non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains, based on competitive exclusion, has been proved to be a promising strategy to reduce aflatoxin contamination in pre-harvest peanuts. Two non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains collected in China, which have been proved effectively reducing aflatoxin in the laboratory, were mixed with high aflatoxin producer to the soil in peanut growing season. The two non-aflatoxigenic strains significantly (P ​< ​0.05) reduced aflatoxin contamination in peanut kernels under both normal and drought stresses in two fields. Compared to control, the total aflatoxin (sum of aflatoxin B₁ and B₂) was reduced 26.7–99.12% in field 1, and 84.96–99.33% in field 2. The aflatoxin was reduced 84.96–99.33% under drought stress in two fields. The present study indicated the non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains could be potential biocontrol agents for reducing aflatoxin contamination under field condition.