活性氧在种子萌发过程中的作用研究进展

种子是农业生产中最基本的生产资料。种子成功整齐发芽是作物生长发育、高产稳产的第1步。活性氧(ROS)是一类多功能化合物,在种子萌发过程中发挥着关键作用。本研究介绍了ROS的种类、产生部位以及对种子萌发的“氧化窗口”效应,总结了ROS调控种子萌发的机制并对未来研究提出展望。目前ROS调控种子萌发的研究集中于:①当条件合适时,ROS维持在一个适当的水平,启动赤霉素(GA)等信号转导途径、抑制脱落酸(ABA)途径,调控细胞膨大,促进种子萌发;②当面临不利环境时,ROS的过量积累会对生物大分子造成氧化损伤,诱导ABA途径,抑制种子萌发。ROS通过生物分子氧化、种皮弱化和胚乳衰退解除种子休眠。今后,需进一步探索对种子萌发起到积极作用的“氧化窗口”范围,同时结合转录组学和代谢组学技术筛选种子萌发中调控ROS含量相关基因,更好地了解ROS促进种子萌发的机制。图3表1参94     

Four-jointed is a Golgi kinase that phosphorylates a subset of cadherin domains

The atypical cadherin Fat acts as a receptor for a signaling pathway that regulates growth, gene expression, and planar cell polarity. Genetic studies in Drosophila identified the four-jointed gene as a regulator of Fat signaling. We show that four-jointed encodes a protein kinase that phosphorylates serine or threonine residues within extracellular cadherin domains of Fat and its transmembrane ligand, Dachsous. Four-jointed functions in the Golgi and is the first molecularly defined kinase that phosphorylates protein domains destined to be extracellular. An acidic sequence motif (Asp-Asn-Glu) within Four-jointed was essential for its kinase activity in vitro and for its biological activity in vivo. Our results indicate that Four-jointed regulates Fat signaling by phosphorylating cadherin domains of Fat and Dachsous as they transit through the Golgi.     

BSKs mediate signal transduction from the receptor kinase BRI1 in Arabidopsis

Brassinosteroids (BRs) bind to the extracellular domain of the receptor kinase BRI1 to activate a signal transduction cascade that regulates nuclear gene expression and plant development. Many components of the BR signaling pathway have been identified and studied in detail. However, the substrate of BRI1 kinase that transduces the signal to downstream components remains unknown. Proteomic studies of plasma membrane proteins lead to the identification of three homologous BR-signaling kinases (BSK1, BSK2, and BSK3). The BSKs are phosphorylated by BRI1 in vitro and interact with BRI1 in vivo. Genetic and transgenic studies demonstrate that the BSKs represent a small family of kinases that activate BR signaling downstream of BRI1. These results demonstrate that BSKs are the substrates of BRI1 kinase that activate downstream BR signal transduction.     

Regulation of brassinosteroid signaling by a GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinase

GSK3/SHAGGY is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase implicated in many signaling pathways in eukaryotes. Although many GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinases have been identified in plants, little is known about their functions in plant growth and development. Here we show that the Arabidopsis BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 2 (BIN2) gene encodes a GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinase. Gain-of-function mutations within its coding sequence or its overexpression inhibit brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, resulting in plants that resemble BR-deficient and BR-response mutants. In contrast, reduced BIN2 expression via cosuppression partially rescues a weak BR-signaling mutation. Thus, BIN2 acts as a negative regulator to control steroid signaling in plants.     

Inhibition of pyruvate kinase M2 by reactive oxygen species contributes to cellular antioxidant responses

Control of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations is critical for cancer cell survival. We show that, in human lung cancer cells, acute increases in intracellular concentrations of ROS caused inhibition of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) through oxidation of Cys(358). This inhibition of PKM2 is required to divert glucose flux into the pentose phosphate pathway and thereby generate sufficient reducing potential for detoxification of ROS. Lung cancer cells in which endogenous PKM2 was replaced with the Cys(358) to Ser(358) oxidation-resistant mutant exhibited increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and impaired tumor formation in a xenograft model. Besides promoting metabolic changes required for proliferation, the regulatory properties of PKM2 may confer an additional advantage to cancer cells by allowing them to withstand oxidative stress.     

ATM activation by oxidative stress

The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase is activated by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) DNA repair complex and orchestrates signaling cascades that initiate the DNA damage response. Cells lacking ATM are also hypersensitive to insults other than DSBs, particularly oxidative stress. We show that oxidation of ATM directly induces ATM activation in the absence of DNA DSBs and the MRN complex. The oxidized form of ATM is a disulfide-cross-linked dimer, and mutation of a critical cysteine residue involved in disulfide bond formation specifically blocked activation through the oxidation pathway. Identification of this pathway explains observations of ATM activation under conditions of oxidative stress and shows that ATM is an important sensor of reactive oxygen species in human cells.     

Semaphorin 3E and plexin-D1 control vascular pattern independently of neuropilins

The development of a patterned vasculature is essential for normal organogenesis. We found that signaling by semaphorin 3E (Sema3E) and its receptor plexin-D1 controls endothelial cell positioning and the patterning of the developing vasculature in the mouse. Sema3E is highly expressed in developing somites, where it acts as a repulsive cue for plexin-D1-expressing endothelial cells of adjacent intersomitic vessels. Sema3E-plexin-D1 signaling did not require neuropilins, which were previously presumed to be obligate Sema3 coreceptors. Moreover, genetic ablation of Sema3E or plexin-D1 but not neuropilin-mediated Sema3 signaling disrupted vascular patterning. These findings reveal an unexpected semaphorin signaling pathway and define a mechanism for controlling vascular patterning.     

植物盐胁迫相关信号转导机制的研究

植物的抗盐反应是一个复杂的过程,受许多基因的调控,外界的高Na＋通过IP3诱导胞内Ca2＋的升高,SOS3接收Ca^2＋信号,激活SOS2的激酶活性,SOS2通过调节位于质膜和液泡膜上的Na＋/H＋反向转运体把Na＋运到体外或液泡中,ABA、ROS、AtHK1、MAPK级联反应和LEA也参与盐胁迫造成的渗透胁迫和损伤的反应过程,但是要通过生物学手段利用盐信号传递过程中一些成分提高作物的抗盐能力,还需要对植物盐胁迫相关信号转导机制进行更加深入的研究.     

半番鸭与番鸭精巢组织差异表达转录组测序分析

【目的】研究半番鸭与番鸭精巢组织转录组差异表达基因,为进一步阐明半番鸭不育的遗传机制奠定理论基础。【方法】利用转录组测序方法对半番鸭和番鸭的精巢组织进行研究,筛选其差异表达基因,并对其功能进行注释和荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,QRT-PCR)验证。【结果】测序共获得43.84Gb Clean Data,组装后共获得193 535条Unigene。DESeq分析发现3 597个基因在两个鸭品种间差异表达,其中上调基因1 194个和下调基因2 403个,包括与生殖功能相关的基因,如成纤维细胞生长因子(fibroblast growth factor,FGF)、蛋白激酶A(protein kinase A,PKA)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶7(mitogen-activated protein kinase 7-like,partial,BMK)、生长因子受体结合蛋白2(growth factor receptor-bound protein 2,GRB2)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)和肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族成员6(tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6,FAS)等。GO(gene Ontology)分析发现382个差异基因获得功能注释,其中97个基因涉及发育繁殖生物学过程。KEGG(kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)通路分析表明差异表达基因共富集到50条信号通路中,其中17个通路显著富集,包括丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号转导通路(mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway,MAPK)、甘油酯代谢(glycerolipid metabolism)以及钙信号途径(calcium signaling pathway)信号通路等,与生殖功能密切相关的有促性腺激素释放激素信号通路(gonadotropin releasing hormone(Gn RH)signaling pathway)和MAPK信号转导通路。经QRT-PCR验证,差异基因表达变化模式与转录组测序结果一致,测序结果可靠。【结论】在转录组水平上筛选出半番鸭和番鸭精巢组织差异表达基因,揭示了Gn RH和MAPK信号通路在鸭的生殖活动中发挥了重要作用,为进一步探索半番鸭生殖系统的分化机理提供可靠的参考依据。     

泽泻汤加味方对盐敏感性HBZY21细胞中AngII-NADPH-ROS信号通路的影响

目的 探讨泽泻汤加味方对盐敏感性肾小球系膜细胞中AngII-NADPH-ROS信号通路的作用机制。方法 采用高盐和AngII诱导大鼠肾小球系膜细胞的方法建立盐敏感性高血压体外细胞模型,设正常组、模型组、阳性药缬沙坦组、泽泻汤加味方（高、中、低剂量）组。CKK-8法测定细胞活性;RT-qPCR方法检测细胞中Agtr1a、Cyba、NOX4的mRNA表达水平;Western blot方法检测细胞中AT1R、P22、P47、NOX4的蛋白质表达水平;活性氧检测试剂盒检测细胞中ROS水平。结果 与正常组比较,模型组细胞中Agtr1a、Cyba、NOX4的mRNA表达水平、AT1R、P22、P47、NOX4蛋白表达水平以及ROS表达水平显著升高（P<0.05）。与模型组比较,缬沙坦组及泽泻汤加味方中剂量组Agtr1a、Cyba、NOX4的mRNA表达水平、AT1R、P22、P47、NOX4蛋白表达水平以及ROS表达水平显著降低（P<0.05）。不同浓度泽泻汤加味方组间,中剂量组对AngII-NADPH-ROS信号通路的下调作用最为明显。结论 泽泻汤加味方对盐敏感性高血压肾损害的保护作用可能与抑制AngII-NADPH-ROS信号通路有关。     

油菜素内酯参与调控植物生长发育与抗逆性的机制及其育种应用研究

油菜素内酯（brassinosteroids,BRs）是一类重要的植物促生激素,参与调控植物生长发育。最近的研究表明,BRs能增加作物产量和增强作物抗逆性。在BRs信号转导过程中,蛋白激酶的磷酸化功能与转录因子的磷酸化和脱磷酸化过程是BRs信号重要的生化调控机制,其中起始BRs信号由胞外向胞内转导的蛋白激酶BRI1和 BAK1,以及BRs信号下游调控不同性状基因表达的转录因子BZR1和BZR2/BES1,是BRs信号途径中关键的功能基因。基于重要蛋白激酶和转录因子的蛋白结构和功能分析,通过不同氨基酸功能位点的基因定点突变和修饰技术,能实现BRs信号途径的功能研究与植物性状改良,从而提高植物对环境的适应性。综述了BRs信号途径与植物生长发育和环境胁迫的研究,期望为植物分子育种提供很好的借鉴。     

大麦CIPK基因家族鉴定及表达分析

钙调神经磷酸酶B样相互作用蛋白激酶(CIPK)蛋白家族是由Ca2+介导的植物信号通路中的关键蛋白家族,在植物抗逆和生长发育中起关键作用。本研究将生物信息学方法和转录组数据分析相结合,挖掘出大麦31个HvCIPK基因家族成员并将其分为5个亚家族。HvCIPKs基因家族成员具有CIPKs典型的N端激酶结构域和C端NAF调节结构域；蛋白质分子量在40302.27~89926.43KDa之间,为亲水性蛋白；启动子总共包含11种与非生物胁迫、激素调控以及生长发育相关的顺式作用元件；蛋白互作网络预测结果显示,HvCIPKs与Na+、K+转运体、ABA信号通路关键蛋白(SOS1、AKT1和ABL2)存在相互作用关系；转录组数据分析发现HvCIPK1、HvCIPK2、HvCIPK6、HvCIPK9、HvCIPK11受盐碱胁迫的诱导表达。该研究为进一步探索大麦HvCIPKs基因家族功能及调控机制提供理论依据。     

A putative Ca2+ and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase required for bacterial and fungal symbioses

Legumes can enter into symbiotic relationships with both nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia) and mycorrhizal fungi. Nodulation by rhizobia results from a signal transduction pathway induced in legume roots by rhizobial Nod factors. DMI3, a Medicago truncatula gene that acts immediately downstream of calcium spiking in this signaling pathway and is required for both nodulation and mycorrhizal infection, has high sequence similarity to genes encoding calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CCaMKs). This indicates that calcium spiking is likely an essential component of the signaling cascade leading to nodule development and mycorrhizal infection, and sheds light on the biological role of plant CCaMKs.     

Signaling of cell fate decisions by CLAVATA3 in Arabidopsis shoot meristems

In higher plants, organogenesis occurs continuously from self-renewing apical meristems. Arabidopsis thaliana plants with loss-of-function mutations in the CLAVATA (CLV1, 2, and 3) genes have enlarged meristems and generate extra floral organs. Genetic analysis indicates that CLV1, which encodes a receptor kinase, acts with CLV3 to control the balance between meristem cell proliferation and differentiation. CLV3 encodes a small, predicted extracellular protein. CLV3 acts nonautonomously in meristems and is expressed at the meristem surface overlying the CLV1 domain. These proteins may act as a ligand-receptor pair in a signal transduction pathway, coordinating growth between adjacent meristematic regions.