不同熟化度红壤及红壤性水稻土的腐殖质组成及其特性

土壤腐殖质是评价红壤肥力的重要因素^[2],根据前人研究^[8,3,1]:一般土壤腐殖质的含量及组成受土壤地带性的影响。胡敏酸与富啡酸的比值自南向北逐渐递增,红壤胡敏酸与富啡酸的比值小于1。本文着重研究同一地区自然成土因素类同的情况下,红壤通过水旱耕作和培肥,土壤腐殖质的组成及特性的变化。     

长期施肥条件下土壤养分的动态和平衡——Ⅰ对土壤腐殖质积累及其品质的影响

长期施用有机肥和化肥,对土壤腐殖质积累和改善品质的作用研究,于1986～1991在俄罗斯季米里亚捷夫农学院等地进行。主要结果如下:.1.有机肥对土壤腐殖质的积累作用大于NPK化肥。施肥所增加的土壤腐殖质,除了砂壤土外,主要是在0～60cm土层,60cm以下土层施肥效果不明显。.2.长期施用有机肥和NPK化肥,提高了胡敏酸组分Ⅰ(游离的及与活性R₂O₃结合态)的含量和腐殖酸相对迁移率,而与Ca⁺⁺离子结合的胡敏酸组分Ⅱ含量下降。由于胡敏酸组分Ⅱ与Ca⁺⁺离子结合减弱,增加了腐殖质在水中的溶解,使之在大雨或大量灌水时易于淋失。.3.施用有机肥和NPK化肥,水溶性腐殖物质的含量明显提高,缓解了干旱条件下土壤高浓度矿物盐的影响。.4.长期施肥提高了土壤的亲水性;其膨胀容积、膨胀速度常数、土壤吸水量、土壤表面积等指标均不同程度的提高,但砂壤土增加了幅度低于粉砂壤土和粘壤土。.5.胡敏酸甲氧基功能团的含量多寡是衡量土壤腐殖质化的重要指标。试验表明,长期施肥下低肥力酸性土壤中胡敏酸甲氧基含量提高了46％～300％,高肥力非酸性土壤提高了17％～32％。     

南京紫金山林地与耕地土壤腐殖质组成的研究

土壤腐殖质组成对土壤形成过程及土壤性质、土壤肥力的重要作用,已为前人所肯定^[2,3,7]。土壤腐殖质组成决定于植被、土壤微生物的活动、土壤性质和土壤水热条件,不同土类之间由于以上几方面因子的不同,腐殖质组成亦不相同,各类土壤都有其特点,这方面的工作,已为丘林及科諾諾娃等总结过了^[7,2],至于在同一类土壤上植被或耕作利用等的不同对腐殖质组成的影响,则研究尚少,而这方面的研究将有助于认识土壤肥力的演变规律,对于拟定控制和提高土壤肥力的措施方面,提供必要的资料。     

水稻土的腐殖质组成

土壤的有机质状况与成土条件之间有着紧密的联系。借助于腐殖质形成分析法,ТюРин确定了腐殖质形成过程的地带性规律。他指出,不同发生学土类,其腐殖质形成有着明显的不同^[1]。Кононова把土壤腐殖质看作为一个高分子物质体系,她证明成土条件对腐殖质的影响,不仅表现在分祖形成方面,而且也表现在胡敏酸的本性方面^[2]。另一方面,一些工作表明,有机厦状况的不同又将对土壤形成过程和土壤性质产生不同的影响^[3]。因此,研究土壤的腐殖质状况,不仅有助于对土壤性质的了解,而且可为成土过程,从而为土壤分类提供有益的资料。     

长期施肥对小麦-玉米作物系统土壤腐殖质组分碳和氮的影响

通过对华北平原小麦–玉米轮作农田生态系统18年田间施肥试验,研究了长期不同施肥处理对耕层（0—20 cm）土壤腐殖质及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮的影响。试验设化肥NPK不同组合（NPK、NP、NK、PK）,全部施用有机肥（OM）,一半有机肥+化肥NPK（1/2OMN）及不施肥（CK）共7个处理。结果表明,各施肥处理均能在不同程度上增加土壤腐殖质（胡敏酸、富里酸和胡敏素）及活性腐殖质（活性胡敏酸和活性富里酸）组分碳和氮含量,提高可浸提腐殖质（胡敏酸和富里酸）及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮分配比例;但施肥对土壤活性腐殖质组分碳和氮含量的增加率均分别高于腐殖质组分碳和氮。各处理土壤腐殖质及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮含量均为OM处理最高,且有机肥与化肥NPK配施高于单施化肥各处理;而化肥处理中NPK均衡施用效果最好。说明施用有机肥、有机肥与化肥NPK配施及化肥NPK均衡施用是增加土壤腐殖质及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮的关键;活性腐殖质组分碳和氮较腐殖质组分碳和氮对施肥措施的响应更灵敏。     

土壤有机矿质复合体研究Ⅰ.土壤有机矿质复合体中腐殖质氧化稳定性的初步研究

土壤中有机矿质复合体的种类很多,广义地说,应当包括腐殖酸和各种金属离子所构成的盐类,腐殖质与含水铁绍氧化物的复合凝胶,腐殖质与粘土矿物直接结合或通过其他媒介结合的各种复合体等。很多工作者研究了各种有机矿质复合体的組成和特性^[1,6,7,8]。     

云南省森林土壤腐殖质组分特征及影响因素

云南省森林生态系统在全球碳循环及平衡中具有不可替代的作用,但其森林土壤腐殖质组分特征及其影响因素尚不十分清楚。基于云南省不同林区采集的88个表层土样,通过描述性统计和回归分析量化了海拔、土壤类型、坡向和坡度、年均温和年降水量对土壤腐殖质组分分布影响的相对重要性,探讨云南省森林土壤腐殖质组分分布特征。结果表明:云南省森林土壤表层有机碳含量为8.40～199.73 g·kg~(–1),平均含量为51.37 g·kg~(–1),土壤可提取腐殖质碳含量为2.54～84.02 g·kg~(–1),平均含量为24.52 g·kg~(–1);胡富比均值小于1,土壤腐殖质聚合度较低;土壤腐殖质组分分布特征总体表现为滇西北、滇东北部较高,滇中、滇南部较低;土壤类型、海拔、年均温是影响云南省森林土壤腐殖质组分含量的主导因子,各因素的贡献程度总体呈现为土壤类型最高,其次是年均温、海拔,这说明土壤类型对森林表层土壤腐殖质的积累起重要作用。     

生物质炭施用对杉木幼苗土壤磷组分的影响

通过盆栽试验，采用Hedley连续浸提法研究不同生物质炭施用量处理（CK：0 t/hm²；B₁₂：12 t/hm²；B₃₆：36 t/hm²）对杉木幼苗土壤磷组分的影响。结果表明：与CK相比，试验180 d后B₁₂和B₃₆处理土壤全磷与有效磷含量分别增加了8.7%~26.0%和24.0%~101.7%，有效磷在全磷中的比例显著提高；土壤磷组分中，残余态磷在全磷及无机磷组分中的比例均最高，分别为48.5%~51.1%和58.7%~68.3%。B₃₆处理下，土壤各无机磷组分均显著增加，其中易分解态磷和中等易分解态磷在无机磷中的比例显著提高，而稳定态磷和残余态磷的比例显著降低。中等易分解态磷占总有机磷的比例最高，达69.3%~70.2%，生物质炭施用对各有机磷组分在总有机磷中的比例影响均不显著，仅在B₃₆处理下，土壤有机磷中易分解态磷和中等易分解态磷含量显著降低。冗余分析表明，土壤全碳与各无机磷组分呈显著正相关关系，与有机磷组分呈显著负相关关系，是影响土壤磷组分变化的关键因子。     

不同土壤改良剂处理对连作西洋参根际微生物数量、土壤酶活性及产量的影响

以北京地区连作西洋参为研究对象, 通过3种土壤改良剂(熟石灰、EM菌剂、沼液)随机区组试验对其土壤理化性状、酶活性、根际微生物区系及产量进行了系统研究。结果表明: 低浓度熟石灰、中浓度EM菌剂及高浓度沼液处理最有利于提高西洋参产量; 施加熟石灰处理后, 土壤微生物主要类群数量显著减少, 土壤pH显著升高, 并对土壤脲酶活性有明显抑制作用; 施加沼液和EM菌剂处理后, 土壤有效微生物菌群显著增加(P<0.05), 土壤有机质和营养物质含量也显著增加(P<0.05), 并对土壤脲酶和多酚氧化酶活性有一定的促进作用。相关性分析发现, 土壤微生物主要类群的数量与蔗糖酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶活性均有一定的相关性, 其中, 土壤细菌数量与蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶活性呈极显著正相关(r分别为0.895^**和0.808^**), 土壤真菌和放线菌数量与蔗糖酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶活性呈极显著正相关(r分别为0.932^**、0.769^**、0.840^**和0.837^**、0.891^**、0.797^**)。另外, 土壤细菌数量与有机质含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.863^**)。表明连作西洋参根际微生物区系及土壤酶活性与土壤理化性状之间紧密联系, 通过施加不同土壤改良剂, 可以为耐连作种植西洋参提供适宜的土壤环境。     

土壤施用有机物料后重组有机质变化规律的探讨——Ⅱ.对重组有机质中腐殖质组成和胡敏酸光学性质的影响

本文进一步探讨土壤施用有机物料后重组有机质的变化规律。测定了重组有机质中各种结合形态腐殖质组成和胡敏酸的光学性质。试验结果表明:土壤施用有机物料后,各种结合形态腐殖质的PQ¹⁾在第一年基本上下降,第二年又回升。腐殖化度降低的幅度和持续时间,与有机物料种类和用量及其分解的环境条件有关。施用有机物料还能使松、稳结合态胡敏酸的△logk和E₄/E₆提高,RF降低,光密度曲线陡度加大。     

东北黑土有机质和酶活性与土壤肥力的关系

在前人和我们以往工作的基础上,我们认为,研究土壤肥力,既要考虑“体质”(指比较综合地、全面地反映土壤肥力的基础物质的组成与特征),又要考虑“土体”(指耕层及其连接部分),才能找到接近实际的肥力指标。本项研究试图探索东北黑土中有机质和酶活性与土壤肥力的关系。     

Humus quantity and quality of an entic Haplustoll under different soil‐crop management systems

Abstract

The effects of different management systems on the level and composition of humified organic matter in an entic Haplustoll from the semiarid Pampean region were studied. The systems were: TPc, wheat‐mixed pasture; TV, wheat (Triticum aestivum), oat (Avena sativa), corn (Zea mays) and triticale grasses; TP, wheat‐cattle grazing; and V, virgin, non cultivated. Humic acids were extracted, fractionated, and analyzed for their organic carbon (OC) content, elemental composition, and E4:E6 spectral ratios. The infrared (IR), electron spin resonance (ESR). and ¹³C‐NMR spectra were registered on these humic acids. The TP rotation showed the lowest humic acid‐carbon to fulvic acid‐carbon (HA‐C:FA‐C) ratio. The lower O:C ratio of humic acids from the cropped soils indicates a higher level of oxidation than that of the virgin one. The comparison of the different methodologies allowed us to conclude that crop rotations and conservation tillage were adequate to mantain the level and composition of the soil organic matter and humus which affected the soil fertility and level of productivity     

ACIDIC PROPERTIES OF PLANT LIGNINS AND HUMIC MATERIALS OF SOILS

The acidic properties of lignins from the native vegetation of a virgin Ella loamy sand and the humic acids, the 1, 4-dioxane extractable humic fraction and residual humic acids from the virgin and cultivated soils were investigated by determining solid-state cation exchange capacities for Cu and Ca and by non-aqueous potentiometric titration, using potassium methoxide in a benzene-methanol mixture as titrant. The lignins and soil dioxane extracts were titrated in pyridine; the humic acids in dimethylformamide. Platinized Pt and CH₃OH modified calomel electrodes formed the electrode combination. The CEC of the humic acids were much higher than the CEC of lignins with both cations but the Cu: Ca absorption ratios were less for humic acids than for lignins. Titration curves of lignins showed two potential breaks with total acidities of 960 to 1,190 me/100 g. Titration curves of the humic acids showed three to six potential breaks while curves of the soil dioxane extracts showed three and four. The total acidities of the two types of humic isolates were 1,100-1,200 me/100 g. The equivalent weights of most lignins and humic materials were very similar although the acid groups might be different with respect to types and acid strength. Lignins from other plant materials and humic isolates from other soils were also investigated by non-aqueous titration to determine the general applicability of the results obtained with isolates from the Ella soils.     

利用方式和土壤肥力对土壤团聚体和养分的影响

The size distribution of water-stable aggregates and the variability of organic C, N and P contents over aggregate size fractions were studied for orchard, upland, paddy, and grassland soils with high, medium, and low fertility levels. The results showed that > 5 mm aggregates in the cultivated upland and paddy soils were 44.0% and 32.0%, respectively, less than those in the un-tilled orchard soil. Organic C and soil N in different size aggregate fractions in orchard soil with high fertility were significantly higher than those of other land uses. However, the contents of soil P in different size aggregates were significantly greater in the paddy soil as compared to the other land uses. Soil organic C, N and P contents were higher in larger aggregates than those in smaller ones. The amount of water-stable aggregates was positively correlated to their contribution to soil organic C, N and P. For orchard and grassland soils, the > 5 mm aggregates made the greatest contribution to soil nutrients, while for upland soil, the 0.25-0.053 mm aggregates contributed the most to soil nutrients. Therefore, the land use with minimum disturbance was beneficial for the formation of a better soil structure. The dominant soil aggregates in different land use types determined the distribution of soil nutrients. Utilization efficiency of soil P could be improved by converting other land uses to the paddy soil.     

辽宁省主要土壤的供磷特点及磷肥肥效

影响磷肥肥效的因素,其中最为重要的是土壤条件。施用磷肥效果的大小,既取决于土壤中可给态磷的含量,也决定于与磷肥相互作用的土壤性质,如引起难溶性磷酸盐的溶解,或可给态磷酸盐的固定等特点。     

PROCESSES OF HUMUS FORMATION AND TRANSFORMATION IN SOILS OF THE CANADIAN GREAT PLAINS

A study of the A horizons of cultivated soils from Saskatchewan, Canada showed that the organic carbon contents were in the sequence semi-arid Dark Brown soils (1.7 per cent), < Black soils (2.55–2.8 per cent), < sub-humid Dark Gray soils (4.5 per cent). The relative proportions of humic acids and the ratios of humic acid: fulvic acid increased in a similar sequence. There were accompanying increases in extinction values at 280 nm, and in levels of nonhydrolyzable nitrogen suggesting more extensive polycondensation of humic materials. These observations are discussed in terms of a working hypothesis for humus formation and transformations, that gives particular emphasis to the soil environment and to interactions between organic and inorganic components.     

Speciation of Aluminum in Solution of an Acidic Sandy Soil Amended with Organic Composts

The effects of organic amendments (10 and 50 g/kg soil of yard waste, yard + municipal waste, GreenEdge, and synthetic humic acid) on soil chemical properties related to aluminum (Al) phytotoxicity and nutrient availability were evaluated. Compost amendment increased Mehlich 3–extractable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the soil by 3.5–260 times. No significant effect of composts on total Al in solution was observed. Organic amendments increased solution pH and decreased the activities of phytotoxic Al species to less than the critical levels, as a result of the formation of aluminate and humic acid–Al complexes. Low‐molecular‐weight organic acids were not effective in forming complexes with Al. Application of composts increased the concentrations of most nutrients in soil solution, suggesting a potential for ameliorating subsoil, but care must be taken to avoid nitrogen (N) and P leaching. Amending composts to acidic soils appears a useful strategy for diminishing Al phytotoxicity potential and improving soil fertility.     

我国几种土壤中腐殖质性质的研究

研究了几种土壤腐殖酸的基本性质,其中包括土壤的腐殖质组成,胡敏酸以及富里酸的元素组成,含氧官能团含量,光密度值与芳化度等,计算了E₄与E₄/E₆比值与上述性质的相关系数。结果表明土壤腐殖质组成和性质与其形成条件有着密切的联系,并且有一定的地带规律性。水稻土中有机质含量增加,HA/FA比值变高,其活性HA显著降低,说明水稻土有利于有机质的积累并改变了腐殖质的组成。E₄、E₄/E₆比值与元素组成,C/H比值,含氧官能团及芳化度之间的相关系数表明E₄除了与C%,O%,酚羟基-O%,醌基-O%呈极显著或显著相关外,还与C/H比值及芳化度呈极显著相关,因此E₄值可作为腐殖物质芳化度的一个指标。     

农田生态条件对灰漠土养分及胡敏酸特性的影响

通过比较荒地和玉米地土壤养分、胡敏酸热解特性和红外光谱特征,研究了灰漠土农田生态条件对土壤养分和有机质特性的影响。结果表明,种植玉米增加土壤有机质、全N、全P、全K、缓效钾和碱解氮的含量,但使速效磷和速效钾含量下降,土壤pH略有下降。荒地土壤胡敏酸的脂肪族侧链较多,胡敏酸较年轻,而玉米地土壤胡敏酸侧链较少,胡敏酸相对较老。荒地土壤胡敏酸的脂族性强于玉米地。农田生态条件使土壤胡敏酸老化。