Using a vision sensor system for performance testing of satellite-based tractor auto-guidance

A vision sensing system for the measurement of auto-guidance pass-to-pass and long-term errors was implemented to test the steering performance of tractors equipped with auto-guidance systems. The developed test system consisted of an optical machine vision sensor rigidly mounted on the rear of the tested tractor. The center of the drawbar hitch pin point was used as the reference from which to measure the deviation of the tractor's actual travel path from its desired path. The system was built and calibrated to a measurement accuracy of better than 2 mm. To evaluate the sensor, two auto-guidance systems equipped with RTK-level GNSS receivers were tested and the results for different travel speeds compared. Pass-to-pass and long-term errors were calculated using the relative positions of a reference at a collocated point when the tractor was operated in opposite directions within 15 min and more than 1 h apart, respectively. In addition to variations in speed, two different auto-guidance steering stabilization distances allowed for comparison of two different definitions of steady-state operation of the system. For the analysis, non-parametric cumulative distributions were generated to determine error values that corresponded to 95% of the cumulative distribution. Both auto-guidance systems provided 95% cumulative error estimates comparable to 51 mm (2 in.) claims and even smaller during Test A. Higher travel speeds (especially 5.0 m/s) significantly increased measured auto-guidance error, but no significant difference was observed between pass-to-pass and long-term error estimates. The vision sensor testing system could be used as a means to implement the auto-guidance test standard under development by the International Standard Organization (ISO). Third-party evaluation of auto-guidance performance will increase consumer awareness of the potential performance of products provided by a variety of vendors.     

甘蔗育苗移栽的理论和实践

通过五年六次对比试验进一步肯定了甘蔗育苗移栽的增产效果和糖份的提高情况。分析了增产的原因和各个增产因素之间的相互关系。研究了有关加速返青的一些育苗和移栽的技术措施,阐述了这些技术措施的理由和作用。实践证明,甘蔗育苗移栽,使冬种小麦多收10％以上,便于小麦采用先进技术和高产晚熟品种增加的产量还未计在内。对甘蔗本身可增产10—50％,由于相对地提早成熟而增加了蔗糖的收回率,还节省了蔗种20—70％(芽片育苗的节省更多)。目前在仙游县推广约二万亩,全省推广约十万亩,并在全国蔗区大力推广。     

提高整秆式甘蔗收割机喂入速度的仿真试验及改进效果

为改善与企业合作开发的整秆式甘蔗收割机样机的作业效果,在三维设计软件UG中建立了甘蔗收割机切割及输送系统的虚拟样机模型,并导入多体动力学仿真软件ADAMS中,分别在切割系统前方增加一级主动喂入辊,在螺旋提升机构外表面上包裹表面粗糙的橡胶,以及在随刀轴旋转的套筒上安装橡胶拨块等状态下,对甘蔗通过切割系统的速度进行了虚拟仿真试验。结果表明,改进后,可提高切断后甘蔗向后的输送速度,降低甘蔗在输送过程中出现堵塞的概率。田间试验表明,改进后样机收获的甘蔗头部完好率由28.76%提高到54.51%,含杂率由4.20%降低至2.67%,生产效率由5.66 t/h提高至7.61 t/h。     

甘蔗低产的原因与对策

甘蔗虽然是江州区的优势产业及经济支柱,但多年来产量却逐年下降。为找出江州区甘蔗产量低的原因,探讨其增产途径,使甘蔗实现高产高糖,高效益,本文针对存在问题提出了相应的对策。     

联合式前胡收获机设计与试验

针对丘陵山区前胡收获工作效率低、劳动强度大、无专用机型等问题,设计了一款联合式前胡收获机。在阐述前胡收获机整机结构和工作原理的基础上,结合前胡收获农艺要求,对挖掘装置、输送装置的结构及工作参数进行了理论分析与结构设计,确定收获机挖掘装置和输送装置的结构与工作参数。对振动装置、分离装置工作过程的临界状况进行受力分析,确定收获机振动筛和圆筒筛工作参数范围。以工作效率、损失率、损伤率和含杂率为指标,对收获机样机进行了田间试验。结果表明：收获机以最小前进速度0.8 m·s^-1和最大前进速度1.2 m·s^-1作业时,工作效率分别为0.19和0.28 hm²·h^-1,损失率分别为3.56%和3.62%,损伤率分别为2.83%和2.79%,含杂率为3.28%和3.67%。前胡收获机各项工作指标符合行业标准。研究结果可为根茎类作物收获机械的设计提供参考。     

芦笋机械化收获技术现状与发展分析

针对现有芦笋机械收获技术的特点,将现有芦笋收获机分为集中式和选择式2大类,分别对2种类型收获机的收获原理、作业特点和工作效率进行详细分析,并指出集中式和选择式收获机各自存在的关键问题。在分析芦笋田间生长形态的基础上指出,三维识别定位和机器人技术是最有可能成为解决芦笋高效收获的关键技术,将其应用于芦笋收获作业,并提高算法的实时识别效率,可以提高作物探测精度和分离收获效率,从而降低收获过程损失。通过与新型种植模式的集成,机器人收获技术必将解决芦笋机械化收获这一世界性难题。     

大茎丰产高糖甘蔗新品种桂糖39号的选育

为给广西蔗糖业提供优良的甘蔗新品种,以粤糖93/159为母本、ROC22为父本,进行甘蔗有性杂交育种,经过“五圃制”选育程序和广西2年新植1年宿根区域试验和生产试验,育成高产、高糖、宿根性好的大茎甘蔗新品种桂糖39号,于2012年3月通过广西农作物品种审定委员会审定.区域试验结果表明,桂糖39号平均产蔗量97.2 t/hm2,较对照新台糖22和新台糖16分别增产5.3％和11.2％;11月至翌年2月的平均蔗糖分为14.07％,比新台糖22高0.05％,比新台糖16低0.02％;平均含糖量为14.02 t/hm2,比对照新台糖22和新台糖16分别增加9.1％和10.4％.该新品种适宜在广西中等以上肥力的旱地和水田蔗区种植.     

热水处理甘蔗种苗的示范试验

2006-2008年,对桂糖94/119等4个甘蔗品种进行了50℃、2 h热水处理甘蔗种苗的一新一宿对比试验,结果表明:热水处理提高了桂糖96/211、桂糖94/119、新台糖22的产量和公顷含糖量,新宿平均产量分别比对照增产24.3%、16.2%、16.6%,新宿平均公顷含糖量分别比对照增产25.9%、17.5%、16.2%,增幅较大,效应明显,但对新台糖16的效应不明显。     

A Weighing System for Grab Loaders for Sugar Cane Yield Mapping

There are no commercial yield monitors for sugar cane despite the economic importance of the crop for sugar and alcohol production. As sugar cane is not mechanically harvested in some regions, special yield monitors need to be developed considering the harvest and load methods used. Grab loaders are essential when the crop is manually harvested. If the weight of the crop being loaded is monitored, yield maps can be produced. This paper presents the development of a weight measurement system for grab loaders. It is based on a mechanical device that contains a load cell adapted to the machine. As it is necessary to perform this measurement dynamically, the effect of movement on the measured value must be corrected. Thus, a mathematical model was developed to assess the effect of each parameter on the dynamics of the load and on the measured weight. In order to collect data to evaluate the model, an experimental measurement system was assembled and used in field tests. The analysis of the results showed that the model was able to describe the machine behaviour within the limits considered. Mean errors of ±2% or less were obtained for each load if the sampling period was adequately chosen. The frequency response of the angle sensors used and the low sampling rate of the subsystems used restricted the ability to define a single period for error minimisation. These two points will be addressed in the development of dedicated hardware, to allow the use of filtering and processing techniques in real time to obtain measurements with consistently low errors.     

新台糖16号收获后蔗茎品质的变化

甘蔗收获后蔗茎品质逐日变劣,蔗糖分和蔗汁重力纯度是随贮存时间的增加而下降,蔗汁还原糖和干耗损失则随贮存时间的增加而增加。甘蔗不同品种间品质变劣的难易存在差异。新台糖１６号是个品质不易变劣的品种,主要表现为贮存期间蔗糖分损失少,蔗汁重力纯度高,还原糖分增加慢,干耗损失少和外观新鲜度高。与新台糖１６号相比,粤糖６３－２３７和新台糖１０号的品质更易变劣。     

RF-CLASS:A remote-sensing-based flood crop loss assessment cyber-service system for supporting crop statistics and insurance decision-making

Floods often cause significant crop loss in the United States. Timely and objective information on flood-related crop loss,such as flooded acreage and degree of crop damage,is very important for crop monitoring and risk management in agricultural and disaster-related decision-making at many concerned agencies. Currently concerned agencies mostly rely on field surveys to obtain crop loss information and compensate farmers' loss claim. Such methods are expensive,labor intensive,and time consumptive,especially for a large flood that affects a large geographic area. The results from such methods suffer from inaccuracy,subjectiveness,untimeliness,and lack of reproducibility. Recent studies have demonstrated that Earth observation(EO) data could be used in post-flood crop loss assessment for a large geographic area objectively,timely,accurately,and cost effectively. However,there is no operational decision support system,which employs such EO-based data and algorithms for operational flood-related crop decision-making. This paper describes the development of an EO-based flood crop loss assessment cyber-service system,RF-CLASS,for supporting flood-related crop statistics and insurance decision-making. Based on the service-orientated architecture,RF-CLASS has been implemented with open interoperability specifications to facilitate the interoperability with EO data systems,particularly the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) Earth Observing System Data and Information System(EOSDIS),for automatically fetching the input data from the data systems. Validated EO algorithms have been implemented as web services in the system to operationally produce a set of flood-related products from EO data,such as flood frequency,flooded acreage,and degree of crop damage,for supporting decision-making in flood statistics and flood crop insurance policy. The system leverages recent advances in the remote sensing-based flood monitoring and assessment,the near-real-time availability of EO data,the service-oriented architecture,geospatial interoperability standards,and the standard-based geospatial web service technology. The prototypical system has automatically generated the flood crop loss products and demonstrated the feasibility of using such products to improve the agricultural decision-making. Evaluation of system by the end-user agencies indicates that significant improvement on flood-related crop decision-making has been achieved with the system.     

提高甘蔗群体光合效率的栽培措施

文章从甘蔗良种选用、种植密度、蔗地覆盖、肥料施用、田间管理等方面对提高甘蔗群体光合效率进行了概述.认为必须充分利用甘蔗基因多样性,并加以遗传改良;采用先进的栽培措施,创造良好的栽培条件,改善甘蔗群体结构,提高群体透光率、叶面积指数、光合强度及光能利用率等,从而提高甘蔗群体光合效率和产量.     

玉米联合收获机电子监视系统的设计研究

玉米收获机在田间作业时,发生机械传动故障,特别是某些部位堵塞以后,不能及时排除故障而影响作业效率。针对这一问题,研制了4KY-3型玉米联合收获机械电子监视系统,监视发动机轴的转速,对各工作轴转速下降报警,使驾驶员及时发现故障,并排除故障。该转速监视系统具有结构简单,工作可靠,成本低的优点。     

Variable-rate lime application in Louisiana sugarcane production systems

Precision agriculture may offer sugarcane growers a management system that decreases costs and maximizes profits, while minimizing any potential negative environmental impact. The utility of variable-rate (VR) lime application in the initial production year (plant cane) of a 3-year sugarcane crop cycle was investigated at three locations planted to the cultivar LCP 85–384 for a total of nine site-years. A conventional, uniform-rate (UR) lime application method was compared to a VR application method and a no-lime control. Prior to lime application, soil samples (0–200 mm) were taken on a 0.4 ha grid to produce VR application maps. Soil samples were also taken after each crop of the 3-year production cycle to determine effects of lime application on soil properties. The combined results showed that neither the UR nor VR lime application method consistently improved cane or sugar yields over the no-lime control. Cane and sugar yields at Naquin Farms (NF) were increased with both the UR and VR methods, with the UR method having a slight advantage. At St. Louis Plantation (SLP), only the VR method in the first-ratoon crop increased cane and sugar yields and there were no yield differences due to lime application at Ellendale Plantation (EP). At NF and SLP, application of lime in the plant-cane crop increased soil pH and available phosphorus over the 3-year production cycle. At EP, lime application did not influence any of the soil properties measured. The failure to get a yield response from lime application at SLP and EP may have been due to the fact that fertility levels at planting were already greater than those at NF and the nitrogen fertilizer rates used by the grower at EP were higher than those at either SLP or NF. This may have obscured any positive yield effects that would be realized from increased nutrient availability. It is also possible that multiple VR lime applications will be required over a number of crop cycles to stabilize soil pH levels before a consistent positive effect on cane and sugar yields is observed with VR application. This possibility will be investigated in future studies.     

活化磷矿粉在砖红壤上的施用效果

砖红壤酸性强和活性铁、铝含量高，对磷固定强烈，磷肥有效性低．为了提高磷肥利用率，将高分子有机化合物与磷矿粉混合加工制成活化磷矿粉，分别施用于种植甘蔗的新垦砖红壤和种植大白菜的严重侵蚀砖红壤以及种植花生的水旱轮作熟化砖红壤，结果表明：施用活化磷矿粉的肥效至少与过磷酸钙相当，甚至优于过磷酸钙．因此，为了节省生产成本和改良土壤，活化磷矿粉值得在砖红壤区推广应用。     

双割台双滚筒全履带式再生稻收割机的设计与性能试验

为降低再生稻头季收获碾压率,设计1台轻量化、宽割幅、低碾压的双割台双滚筒全履带式再生稻收割机。该机由2套收割、脱粒、清选及储粮系统构成,共用1套履带式行走底盘,其收获装置采用对潮湿作物脱粒能力强的轴流钉齿式脱粒滚筒,清选装置采用质量轻、功耗小的气流清选筒式装置。对整机结构及参数进行设计并试制1台割幅为2.55m、理论喂入量为1.6kg/s的样机。以水稻品种"中香一号"为试验对象,对该机进行田间性能试验,结果表明,该机作业速度可达0.24 m/s,割茬高度在0.35~0.55 m间可调,工作效率为0.133hm~2/h。该机碾压率低、质量轻,能满足再生稻头季收获要求。     

环境温度对收获甘蔗贮藏品质的影响

【目的】收获后原料蔗的蔗糖分损失是糖业的主要问题之一。通过评价印度亚热带地区榨季期间原料蔗在冬季和夏季不同月份的蔗糖分损失程度,为糖业生产提供参考。【方法】对收获后的贮藏原料蔗进行3种处理：T-1,直接堆放,无任何遮盖物,作为对照;T-2,贮藏期间洒水、并覆盖一厚层蔗叶;T-3：用氯化苯甲烃铵（杀藻胺）＋硅酸钠溶液对堆放蔗茎进行处理后,覆盖一厚层蔗叶。根据不同时间间隔的蔗茎品质参数包括蔗汁转光度、纯度、转化糖、酸性转化酶和甘蔗蔗糖分（商品蔗糖,CCS）来估测贮藏蔗茎的蔗糖分损失。【结果】随着外界环境温度的升高,甘蔗蔗糖分损失增加;蔗茎收获后240h,甘蔗蔗糖分在1月的损失量（2.27个单位）明显低于4月（5.29个单位）。对照的蔗汁纯度下降幅度明显大于其他两个处理;采用药剂处理的蔗茎还原糖增加量最小,明显小于对照。在夏季和冬季不同月份的蔗茎转化酶活性具有明显差异,在高温条件下,蔗茎酸性转化酶活性急剧升高,且以对照高于其他两个处理。【结论】使用氯化苯甲烃铵（杀藻胺）和硅酸钠配方处理收获贮藏的蔗茎,可减少蔗糖分的转化和损失,并抑制酸性转化酶活性。     

螺旋式扶蔗器力学分析及试验研究

为了改善4ZZX–48型整秆式甘蔗收割机的扶蔗质量,设计加装了螺旋式扶蔗器。该扶蔗器由拣拾段和输送段2段组成,当螺旋滚筒转动时,螺旋形叶片的转动形成螺旋线,带动倒伏的甘蔗沿着螺旋线作上升运动,实现动力的传送,扶起甘蔗。对该机构进行的力学仿真结果表明,拣拾段甘蔗根部约束力矩最大,甘蔗被从顺倒伏到逆倒伏扶起过程中,螺旋叶片的轴向推力作用显著,在0.8 s时,有突变且达到最大值。甘蔗扶起性能试验结果表明,当扶蔗器拣拾段转速为90 r/min,安装角为5°时,分蔗效果好,扶起时间最短;至输送段,螺旋叶片轴向推力转换为提升力,甘蔗约束力矩减弱,无突变,平稳扶起甘蔗,但扶蔗器输送段转速过慢,螺旋叶片阻碍甘蔗上升,当转速为120 r/min时,对甘蔗的扶起效果最好。     

环境温度对收获甘蔗贮藏品质的影响

【目的】收获后原料蔗的蔗糖分损失是糖业的主要问题之一。通过评价印度亚热带地区榨季期间原料蔗在冬季和夏季不同月份的蔗糖分损失程度,为糖业生产提供参考。【方法】对收获后的贮藏原料蔗进行3种处理：T-1,直接堆放,无任何遮盖物,作为对照;T-2,贮藏期间洒水、并覆盖一厚层蔗叶;T-3：用氯化苯甲烃铵（杀藻胺）+ 硅酸钠溶液对堆放蔗茎进行处理后,覆盖一厚层蔗叶。根据不同时间间隔的蔗茎品质参数包括蔗汁转光度、纯度、转化糖、酸性转化酶和甘蔗蔗糖分（商品蔗糖,CCS）来估测贮藏蔗茎的蔗糖分损失。【结果】随着外界环境温度的升高,甘蔗蔗糖分损失增加;蔗茎收获后240 h,甘蔗蔗糖分在1月的损失量（2.27个单位）明显低于4月（5.29个单位）。对照的蔗汁纯度下降幅度明显大于其他两个处理;采用药剂处理的蔗茎还原糖增加量最小,明显小于对照。在夏季和冬季不同月份的蔗茎转化酶活性具有明显差异,在高温条件下,蔗茎酸性转化酶活性急剧升高,且以对照高于其他两个处理。【结论】使用氯化苯甲烃铵（杀藻胺）和硅酸钠配方处理收获贮藏的蔗茎,可减少蔗糖分的转化和损失,并抑制酸性转化酶活性。     

不同基因型、环境和收获时间对埃及中上部地区甘蔗产量的影响

[目的]了解在埃及两个不同地区种植的4个有潜力甘蔗品种的最佳收获期.[方法]于2009~2010、2010~2011年度分别在埃及卢克索省El-Mattana研究站(上埃及)和米尼亚省Mallawi研究站(中埃及)进行了两个田间试验,采用裂区设计,3个重复,对4个有潜力的甘蔗品种G95-21、G98-28、G99-160和G99-103的新植蔗分别在不同时间,即(植后)10、11、12和13个月收获,并分别调查农艺性状、甘蔗产量和糖产量.[结果]在(植后)13个月收获时,甘蔗品种G99-103和G95-21的茎高、茎径、茎重、蔗糖分、蔗汁纯度、出糖率、蔗产量以及糖产量最高,且以在卢克索省种植的甘蔗大部分农艺性状表现更优.品种、收获期和种植地点的第一和第二交互顺序显著影响所有甘蔗的农艺性状.[结论]在埃及中上部地区种植甘蔗品种G99-103和G95-2,且在12和13个月株龄时收获,可以获得最高的蔗茎产量和糖产量.