不同产区青稞根部可培养内生固氮菌的多样性研究

为认识青稞内生固氮菌群落组成,丰富内生固氮菌资源,明确产地对青稞内生固氮菌多样性的影响,本研究利用纯培养技术分别对在拉萨、林芝、日喀则栽培的藏青2000根部内生固氮菌进行分离、纯化,并测定各菌株的固氮酶活性及高固氮酶活性菌株的溶磷、溶钾及产IAA特性,最后,通过16SrDNA基因测序和构建系统发育树研究了高固氮酶活性菌株的分类学地位。结果显示,通过Ashby培养基分离、纯化得到内生固氮菌37株,其中,具有高固氮酶活性的11株,占总分离菌株27%,有6株菌株具有分泌IAA的能力,2株具有溶钾能力,1株具有溶磷能力。16S rDNA测序结果表明,11株高固氮酶活性的菌中,有5株菌属于Bacillus,为优势菌属,其余菌株分别属于Gemmatimonas、Sphingomonas、Devosia、Agrobacterium、Mesorhizobium和Burkholderia。     

剑麻根际联合固氮菌的分离及固氮活性测定

通过选用NFM、CCM、Ashby及改良的Dobereiner培养基,利用气相色谱仪(GC)对海南省昌江县、广西扶绥县和广东雷州市三地剑麻种植基地的剑麻根际联合固氮菌进行分离、纯化及利用乙炔还原法进行固氮活性测定,获得50株具有固氮活性的菌株,其固氮酶活性最高的菌株是ASN004,固氮酶活性为1765.6590 nmol/(mL·h),具有开发利用的潜力。     

几种豆科固氮树种吸氢能力研究

测定１５种具结瘤固氮能力的豆科植物根瘤的固氮酶和吸氢酶活性,测得其中灰金合欢,银合欢Ｋ８和毛萼田菁（属一年生草本植物）等根瘤具有较高吸氢酶和固氮酶活性,在银合欢根瘤固氮系统中注入外源Ｈ２,可提高固氮酶活性,这表明吸氢酶有助于提高固氮效率,检测１３株从９种豆科植物分离得到的根瘤攻在自生条件下的吸氢酶活性,有１２株根瘤可测出吸氢酶活性,其中８４Ｌ和５３菌株表达较高活性,８４Ｌ和５３菌株在自生培养的的吸     

玉米根际促生菌的筛选鉴定及促生效果评价

为筛选优良的玉米根际促生菌,以齐齐哈尔市梅里斯区玉米根际土壤为材料,共分离纯化并鉴定出82株根际促生菌。82株细菌分别属于农杆菌属(Agrobacterium)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)、河生雷勒特氏菌(Lelliottia)、巨大普里斯特氏菌属(Priestia)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus),其中有48株解磷菌、12株解钾菌、13株自生固氮菌和9株联合固氮菌。通过促生能力测定,筛选出26株能力较强的菌株,验证其对玉米幼苗的促生效果。结果表明,大部分菌株对玉米幼苗均有一定的促生效果,菌株P24处理过的玉米幼苗株高可达到对照的1.18倍;菌株P46处理过的玉米幼苗鲜重可达到对照的1.45倍;P48处理的根长达到对照的4.45倍;ZN4处理的根尖数可达到对照的3.84倍;P48处理的分叉数可达到对照的4.38倍。综合分析玉米幼苗生长的这5种指标后发现,P23、P33、P46、ZN11、P24和P43这6株菌的综合促生能力最强,显著增加玉米幼苗的所有指标,具有较强的开发潜力。     

玉米茎腐病病原禾谷镰孢拮抗菌筛选及分子鉴定

禾谷镰孢引起的玉米茎腐病会导致玉米产量锐减,筛选高效的拮抗菌株对防治玉米茎腐病尤为重要。采用稀释培养法从土壤中分离得到810株细菌,通过平板对峙法和16S rDNA分子测序方法进行拮抗菌的筛选和分子鉴定,共分离出禾谷镰孢拮抗菌23株,占分离细菌总数的2.84%,抑菌圈直径10.12～27.56 mm。拮抗细菌主要分布在厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)3个门及芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)5个属中,其中,芽孢杆菌属细菌数量最多且拮抗能力较强,暹罗芽孢杆菌(Bacillus siamensis)的拮抗活性最强,具有较大的生防潜力。实验分离的23株菌株对禾谷镰孢有较好的拮抗活性,在玉米茎腐病防控中具有潜在的应用价值。     

甘蔗内生菌分离鉴定及功能多样性研究

为探究甘蔗内生菌多样性组成及相关特性,本研究采用稀释涂板法分离并结合形态观察和分子标记(gyrB,rpoB, ITS, 16S rDNA)进行鉴定。结果表明,从12个栽培品种(系)和5个野生种无性系的根、茎、叶组织中共分离到细菌589株、放线菌34株和真菌46株;细菌中固氮菌有41株,溶磷菌有98株,解钾菌有52株,对黄曲霉和禾谷镰刀菌具有拮抗作用分别有44株和35株。内生细菌分属21个属,其中芽孢杆菌属、伯克氏菌属、肠杆菌属和泛菌属为优势属;内生真菌分属于枝顶孢属、链格孢属、曲霉属、镰刀菌属、枝孢属等17个属,而放线菌仅为链霉菌属。具有潜在植物益生功能的菌株主要集中在芽孢杆菌属、伯克氏菌属、肠杆菌属、假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、类芽孢杆菌属及泛菌属。本研究显示甘蔗栽培品种(系)和野生种无性系均含有丰富的内生菌资源,且栽培品种(系)所含内生菌在数量和多样性上均高于野生种无性系;12个栽培品种(系)间所分离到的内生细菌大部分相同,但也存在差异。通过初步的功能鉴定,筛选出一些具有应用潜力的益生微生物,为开发相应功能的生物菌剂奠定基础。     

谷特菌对青稞生长及土壤生态效应的影响

为了解生物肥对西藏青稞生长的影响,开展了谷特菌不同施用时期(播前、青稞拔节期),不同施用量对青稞产量影响的试验,供试生物肥为谷特菌,供试青稞品种为春青稞藏青320。在青稞收获期采样分析了青稞生物产量和经济产量,同时采集土样分析了土壤蔗糖酶、微生物量N等指标。结果表明:(1)施用谷特菌促进青稞分蘖,增加成穗数,在拔节期施用还能提高青稞灌浆能力,增加青稞穗粒数,提高青稞产量;(2)施用谷特菌对土壤0~10 cm土层蔗糖酶活性影响大,表现为土壤蔗糖酶活性随谷特菌施用量增加而增强,当施用量相同时,拔节期施用谷特菌导致土壤蔗糖酶活性增强,但对土壤微生物量N影响无统一规律。     

云南省田菁根瘤菌及根瘤内生细菌遗传多样性研究

本研究采用BOX-PCR指纹图谱和16SrDNA全序列分析,对45株分离自田菁的根瘤菌及根瘤内生细菌进行了菌株多样性研究,BOX-PCR指纹图谱分析结果表明,在78%的相似性水平上,待测菌株分成了4个遗传群,其中群Ⅰ和群Ⅳ分别与根癌土壤杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)聚在一起,其它群没有与参比菌株聚群。选取每群的代表菌株进行16SrDNA全序列测定。结果表明:待测菌株归于6个属,分别是贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)、拜纳蒙纳斯属(Balneimonas)、土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium)、克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)和泛菌属(Pantoea),菌株表现了丰富的遗传多样性;其中分离自田菁的根瘤菌隶属于贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)和拜纳蒙纳斯属(Balneimonas)尚未见其它文章报道。     

华石斛内生真菌组织分布特点及其抑菌活性

植物内生菌种类繁多,且具有较丰富的生物学功能。从海南特有药用植物华石斛(Dendrobium sinense)野生植株中分离内生真菌,初步探索其组织分布特点及抑菌活性。结果表明:从华石斛中分离内生真菌179株,通过ITS序列将之划为51个OTU,分属于25个属以上的类群,其中叶点霉属(Phyllosticta)为优势属。仅轮层炭壳属广泛存在于华石斛根、茎、叶中,其余类群皆存在一定的组织偏好性,其中18个类群只在一种组织中分布。叶中分离的菌株数最多,占比60.33%。不同培养基条件下分离得到的内生真菌种类也存在明显差异,以PDA和华石斛粉培养基分离到的内生菌类群最多,分别为12种,各占总分离类群的48%。12属36个菌株对至少1种供试菌具有抑制效果,其中抑菌生物活性最强的菌株为拟盘多毛孢属(Pestalotiopsis)1株和蓝状菌属(Talaromyces)1株。上述研究结果表明,华石斛内生真菌多样性丰富,部分菌株具有较强抑菌生物活性。这为华石斛内生菌资源的深入开发奠定理论基础,为进一步创制农用杀菌制剂提供依据。      

2株毒死蜱降解菌的分离鉴定及其混合降解特性研究

从生产毒死蜱农药厂采集的活性污泥中分离筛选得到2株降解效率较高的毒死蜱降解菌,命名为D1、D3,根据表型特征、生理生化特性和16 S rRNA基因序列相似性分析,将其鉴定为苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum sp.)和副球菌属(Paracoccus sp.)细菌。2株菌以最佳配比(1∶1.25)混合施用时,与单菌相比,毒死蜱降解效率可提高12%~26%;以混合菌株为研究对象,发现其对毒死蜱最适降解温度为30℃,最适降解pH值为7.0,最适NaCl浓度为0.5%;混合菌株施入土壤后,可保持较高的定殖能力和降解效率。     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.     

Sugar and dry matter changes in potatoes overwintered in soil in Greece

Summary Potatoes were left in the soil from December, when the vines died, until February (cvs Claustar and Sebago) or April (cv. Spunta) in a location of central Greece with light, well drained soils and a mild climate. Tubers were analysed every two months for dry matter and sugar content and usually the dry matter content did not change significantly from December to February or April. The reducing sugars increased from December to February in tubers of all cultivars and significantly decreased in cv. Spunta from February to April.     

Changes in daily rainfall characteristics in major rice producing provinces in Laos

In order to find the changes in rainfall characteristics and to examine the flood damage to lowland rice, a statistical analysis was carried out on the 40-year daily rainfall record at four rainfall stations (Thangon, Paksane, Seno, and Pakse) in Laos. The rainfall record was divided into two periods of 20 years each. The results of this analysis revealed the trends in changes regarding the frequency and the timing of the heavy daily rainfall events at the four stations. In Paksane in particular, heavy daily rainfall events tended to occur in the latter half of the rainy season.     

兜兰离体快繁技术研究进展

由于生境破坏和人工过度采挖及繁殖的障碍,兜兰已是世界上最濒危的植物物种之一,所有野生种均被列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》附录I而被禁止交易。突破其种苗繁殖技术瓶颈有利于兜兰种质资源的保护和可持续利用。本文对兜兰属植物无菌播种、共生萌发和组织培养技术等离体快繁技术的进展进行综述,并提出了目前存在的问题和解决方法,以期为兜兰属植物离体繁殖技术的深入研究和优质种苗的规模化生产提供参考。     

中国马铃薯单倍体诱导进展

马铃薯产量、品质、加工等方面都较其他作物有更大的提升空间,但由于四倍体马铃薯存在遗传基础狭窄且复杂、难以创新等诸多问题阻碍了相关研究的深入开展。利用马铃薯单倍体或双单倍体植株有望解决上述诸多难题。马铃薯单倍体具有加速育种过程、提高选择效率等优点。马铃薯单倍体的获得包括花药培养、花粉培养、孤雌生殖、子房培养。其中,花药培养因更易取材,并且得到胚性细胞团、愈伤组织或胚状体的几率更大等优点而研究最为广泛。获得单倍体植株的成功率与试验材料的基因型、培养条件、培养基添加物等诸多因素相关。根据不同的诱导方法简要阐述了中国马铃薯单倍体研究的历史及进展。