油菜素内酯对低温胁迫下冬小麦 wrab17基因表达的影响

为了探索油菜素内酯（BR）对低温胁迫下 wrab17基因表达模式的影响,以寒地冬小麦品种东农冬麦1号（Dn1）为试验材料,利用qRT-PCR技术克隆得到 wrab17基因的cDNA序列,利用生物信息学方法分析该序列的特征,采用qRT-PCR技术检测低温（5 ℃、0 ℃、-10 ℃、-25 ℃）胁迫下该基因在冬小麦叶片和分蘖节中的表达情况以及BR对 wrab17基因表达量的影响。结果表明, wrab17基因的编码区序列长度为735 bp,包含500 bp的完整开放阅读框,可编码167个氨基酸,属于稳定蛋白质,该蛋白质无跨膜区和信号肽。qRT-PCR分析表明,低温胁迫下对照组和BR处理组的Dn1叶片和分蘖节中, wrab17基因的相对表达量分别在-10 ℃和-25 ℃时最高,且BR处理组 wrab17基因的相对表达量均高于对照组,推测BR可通过提高 wrab17基因的表达量来增强冬小麦的抗寒能力。     

东农冬麦1号TabZIP1基因的生物信息学分析及低温和ABA对其表达模式的影响

为探讨小麦中TabZIP1应答低温胁迫及ABA调控信号的响应机制,以强抗寒性冬小麦品种东农冬麦1号(DN1)和弱抗寒性品种济麦22(JM22)为材料,在大田自然降温条件下,分别于5℃、0℃、-10℃、-25℃取样叶片和分蘖节,通过RT-PCR分析TabZIP1的表达模式,于不同温度下探究ABA对DN1分蘖节TabZIP1表达模式的调控,并对其生物信息学进行分析。结果表明,TabZIP1全长1 167bp,编码388个氨基酸,其表达产物为疏水蛋白,定位于线粒体,无信号肽或跨膜结构域;TabZIP1蛋白二级结构为mixed型。DN1叶片和分蘖节中的TabZIP1表达量均在-10℃时达到最高,且分蘖节中的表达量高于叶片;而JM22分蘖节中的TabZIP1表达量在0℃时达到峰值,叶片中的表达量却在-10℃达到最高。综合分析,DN1分蘖节中的TabZIP1表达量明显高于JM22。ABA处理后,DN1分蘖节中TabZIP1的表达量随温度的降低呈明显升高趋势,在-25℃时达到峰值。可见,ABA正调控TabZIP1的表达,有助于提高冬小麦的抗寒性。     

东农冬麦1号TaPRK基因的生物信息学分析及低温和ABA、SA、MeJA对其表达模式的影响

磷酸核糖激酶(PRK)是卡尔文循环的关键酶,在调节糖代谢过程中起着关键作用。为探索TaPRK在小麦抗逆过程中的功能,以强抗寒冬小麦品种东农冬麦1号(Dn1)和弱抗寒冬小麦品种济麦22(J22)为材料,对TaPRK进行生物信息学分析和表达模式研究。结果表明,TaPRK基因含有一个1 215bp开放阅读框,编码404个氨基酸,表达产物为稳定的亲水蛋白,属于尿苷激酶家族,带有叶绿体转运肽,定位于叶绿体。越冬期间,Dn1分蘖节中TaPRK的相对表达量显著高于J22,Dn1叶片中TaPRK的相对表达量在-10℃和-25℃时高于J22,而在0℃时低于J22;外源ABA、SA和MeJA处理下,Dn1分蘖节中TaPRK的相对表达量均随着温度的降低表现为先升后降的趋势,且均在-10℃时达到表达量的峰值;外源ABA和SA处理下Dn1叶片中TaPRK的相对表达量呈现"降-升-降"的变化规律,在-10℃时显著高于对照;外源MeJA处理下,Dn1叶片中TaPRK的相对表达量在0℃和-25℃高于对照,且在0℃达到峰值。总体来说,TaPRK在小麦抗寒方面发挥正向调节作用。外源ABA、SA和MeJA增加了冬小麦TaPRK的表达量,有助于提高冬小麦的抗寒性。     

外源MeJA对低温胁迫下冬小麦冷响应基因表达的影响

为了探讨外源MeJA(茉莉酸甲酯)处理对低温胁迫下东农冬麦1号(Dn1)叶片和分蘖节中 TaICE41(CBF表达诱导因子)及4个冷响应基因( Wcor14、 Wcor15、 Wcor18、 Wcor413)表达量的影响,了解Dn1强抗寒性是否与JA(茉莉酸)对CBF途径冷响应基因的调节有关,以Dn1为试验材料,叶面喷施1mmol·L~(-1)MeJA,采用荧光定量PCR法检测低温(5℃、0℃、-10℃和-25℃)胁迫下Dn1叶片及分蘖节中 TaICE41及下游4个冷响应基因的表达量。结果表明,外源MeJA处理提高了低温胁迫下Dn1叶片及分蘖节中上述基因的表达量;-10℃下,Dn1分蘖节中 TaICE41、 Wcor14、 Wcor15、 Wcor18、 Wcor413表达量均达到最高值,处理组依次约为对照组的3.3倍、38.0倍、12.7倍、9.4倍、3.5倍,表明JA对CBF途径冷响应基因的调节与低温胁迫下Dn1的强抗寒性有关;-10℃是Dn1抗寒的重要温度节点,分蘖节是影响其越冬性的主要部位。生物信息学分析及预测表明, TaICE41位于3A染色体上,定位于细胞核内,表达产物为无规则卷曲型蛋白,属于HLH蛋白家族成员,与节节麦的ICE1蛋白亲缘关系最近。本研究可为解析激素JA调控植物抗寒性的分子机制提供理论依据。     

花生中UDP-glucosyltransferase基因的克隆及在非生物胁迫下的表达研究

通过RACE技术从花生叶片cDNA中克隆到了UDP-glucosyltransferase基因,命名为AhUGT83A1-like （Genbank注册号为KF411463）。该基因全长为1 530bp,ORF为1 380bp,编码460个氨基酸。序列比对与进化分析结果表明,该序列有保守的UDPGT结构域,并且与其它植物的UGT蛋白同源性较高。荧光定量PCR结果表明,AhUGT83A1-like基因在高盐和低温处理的花生根和叶片中均上调表达;在干旱处理时,根中表达也受到显著上调,但叶片中表达量则有明显下降。以上结果表明AhUGT83A1-like可能参与了花生对干旱、低温和高盐的抗性调控。ABA处理结果表明,AhUGT83A1-like在花生根中对ABA响应明显,但在叶片中对ABA没有明显响应,表明该基因在花生根中对非生物胁迫的调控可能是以依赖ABA的方式发挥作用的。?     

菜心 BclUBE2 基因的克隆与表达分析

采用同源克隆法从菜心中获得 cDNA 全长 459 bp 的 E2 基因,命名为 BclUBE2。该基因编码 153 个氨基酸,分子量为 17.24 ku,理论等电点为 5.37,为亲水性非分泌蛋白。结构分析显示,该蛋白含有一个泛素结合酶E2 活性位点、一个 WD 重复序列和一个高度保守的半胱氨酸。进化分析发现,菜心 BclUBE2 蛋白与芸薹属芜菁和油菜的亲缘关系较近。qRT-PCR 分析表明,菜心 BclUBE2 基因在根、茎、叶、叶柄中均有表达,且表达丰度和变化趋势不同。在低温胁迫下,根中的表达量呈现先降低后升高的变化趋势,且在处理 1 h 时表达量最低;在茎、叶、叶柄中均呈现先升高后降低的表达趋势,茎和叶柄处理 6 h 时的表达量最高,叶片处理 1 h 时的表达量最高。说明菜心 BclUBE2 基因在响应低温胁迫中发挥作用。     

白鸡冠茶树CsPPH基因全长cDNA克隆与表达分析

脱镁叶绿素酶（Pheophytinase,PPH）是叶绿素降解过程中的一个关键酶,它能使脱镁叶绿素a转化为脱镁叶绿酸a,脱镁叶绿酸a是叶绿素降解途径中最后一个保持植物绿色的产物,被认为是叶片衰老和黄化的关键步骤。以新梢白化茶树白鸡冠叶片为材料,克隆获得CsPPH基因cDNA的全长序列（登录号：MK359094）,并对其进行生物信息学分析。结果表明,CsPPH全长为1 298 bp,包含的ORF序列为1 241 bp,编码413个氨基酸。序列分析表明,该基因编码的蛋白质为稳定疏水蛋白,其预测分子量为45 741.50 Da,理论等电点为6.12。预测该基因主要定位于叶绿体中。qRT-PCR结果显示,遮荫抑制白鸡冠叶片CsPPH的表达,叶绿素升高,叶色变绿;光照促进白鸡冠叶片CsPPH的表达,叶绿素降解,导致叶片白化。     

橡胶树抗病相关基因HbNPR1的克隆及其表达分析

前期利用cDNA-AFLP技术分离获得了一个与橡胶树抗棒孢霉落叶病反应相关的差异表达基因片段EST-IAN-188,通过Blast比对分析发现,该基因片段与植物抗病相关NPR基因家族中的NPR1具有高度的同源性。将该片段与橡胶树基因组序列进行比对,设计引物进行PCR扩增,得到了一个橡胶树NPR1基因的cDNA和基因组序列,命名为HbNPR1基因。基因序列分析显示,该基因编码区全长(CDS)1 374 nt,含有两个外显子和一个内含子,编码457个氨基酸,蛋白分子量为51.0 ku,等电点5.82,具有BTB/POZ、ANK锚蛋白重复序列、DUF和NPR1-like C等4个结构域。qRT-PCR定量分析发现,HbNPR1基因在橡胶叶片中的表达丰度最高,特别是古铜期叶片;多主棒孢病菌(Corynespora cassiicola)诱导下HbNPR1基因在抗病品种(IAN873)的表达丰度明显高于感病品种(PR107);另外,SA、MeJA、ET处理下均能诱导HbNPR1基因的表达,SA处理后的表达量丰度最高。本研究初步表明,HbNPR1基因可能参与橡胶树抗病信号途径的调控和寄主对病原菌侵染的防御反应。     

玉米株型相关基因ZmDwarf4的克隆及表达分析

以松散型玉米自交系沈137为材料,利用同源克隆法成功克隆与水稻Dwarf4基因同源的玉米Dwarf4基因。序列分析发现,该基因cDNA序列全长1 626 bp,开放阅读框1 521 bp,编码506个氨基酸,与高粱、水稻、拟南芥的氨基酸同源性分别为95%、89%和71%。Real-Time PCR分析表明,ZmDwarf4基因的表达量为3～11叶期表达量逐渐增加,9～11叶期达到最大量,12～19叶期表达量逐渐降低,推测ZmDwarf4基因正向调控玉米叶夹角的大小。ZmDwarf4基因的表达量在叶片中最高,在叶枕中最低。不同激素处理的结果表明,用植物激素（IAA）处理的样品ZmDwarf4基因的表达量始终高于对照;用Brassinolide（BR）处理的样品6叶期ZmDwarf4基因的表达量高于对照,7～10叶期该基因的表达趋势与对照基本一致,但始终低于对照;用IAA+BR处理的样品,该基因的表达趋势与对照基本一致,但高于对照。ZmDwarf4参与玉米BR生物合成途径,进而调控其相关株型建成。     

外源SA对低温胁迫下冬小麦糖酵解代谢的影响

为揭示SA处理对低温胁迫下冬小麦糖酵解（glycolysis,EMP）代谢的影响,以强抗寒性冬小麦品种东农冬麦1号（Dn1）和弱抗寒性品种济麦22号（Jm22）为试验材料,在小麦幼苗三叶期喷施 1 mmol·L^-1 SA,于大田连续10 d自然降温至5、0、-10、-25 ℃时取小麦幼苗叶片和分蘖节,测定其果糖含量、丙酮酸含量及EMP代谢重要酶（己糖激酶HxK、磷酸果糖激酶PFK和丙酮酸激酶PK）的活性和相关基因（TaHxK、TaPFK、TaPK）的表达量。结果表明,SA处理提高了两种冬小麦叶片和分蘖节中果糖及丙酮酸含量,但对Jm22影响较弱;SA处理提高了Dn1叶片和分蘖节中EMP途径关键酶（HxK、PFK和PK）的活性及其相应基因（TaHxK、TaPFK、TaPK）的表达量。SA处理可有效调控冬小麦EMP代谢,促进果糖与丙酮酸积累与分解,提高植物的抗寒性。     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

先玉335、郑单958和京科968抗虫能力的比较研究

以先玉335、郑单958、京科968为材料,以玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)、黏虫(Mythimna separata)和禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)为供试昆虫,探究玉米品系大喇叭口期对玉米螟和黏虫及抽雄期对禾谷缢管蚜抗性差异,测定其主要抗虫化合物丁布类物质的含量。结果发现,京科968对玉米螟及禾谷缢管蚜抗性均高于另外两个品系;对黏虫的抗性,郑单958和京科968高于先玉335。大喇叭口期京科968中丁布类物质含量最高,抽雄期郑单958和京科968中主要丁布成分含量均高于先玉335,上述组织中丁布合成相关基因在郑单958及京科968中的表达量也均高于先玉335。本研究揭示杂交玉米抗虫性与抗性相关化合物含量及其相关基因表达间存在正向相关关系,为抗虫玉米分子育种提供理论参考。     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Evaluation of fungicides to control Petri disease pathogens in the grapevine propagation process

The efficacy of fourteen selected fungicides against Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum was evaluated in vitro by mycelial growth and conidial germination assays. Azoxystrobin, carbendazim and tebuconazole were the most effective fungicides against P. chlamydospora, while carbendazim and didecyldimethylammonium chloride were the most effective against P. aleophilum. An assay was also conducted with cubiet, hydroxyquinoline sulphate and didecyldimethylammonium chloride to determine their potential to prevent infections caused by these pathogens during the hydration stage in grapevine propagation. The results of this experiment demonstrated that P. chlamydospora and P. aleophilum were able to infect healthy cuttings during the hydration stage and showed that didecyldimethylammonium chloride was consistently the best treatment as a disinfectant soak for grapevine cuttings. Additionally, semi-commercial trials were conducted in two grapevine nurseries to evaluate the effectiveness of several strategies with carbendazim, flusilazole and hydroxyquinoline sulphate at different nursery stages. Soaking planting material in carbendazim during the hydration stage was the most effective treatment since neither P. chlamydospora nor P. aleophilum were isolated from planting material in either nursery.     

Evaluation of diploid potato clones for resistance to tuber soft rot induced by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica,E. carotovora subsp.carotovora andE. chrysanthemi

Summary Tubers of clones from a diploid hybrid population ofSolanum phureja andS. stenotomum were screened for resistance to tuber soft rot caused by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Eca),E. carotovora subsp.carotovora (Ecc) andE. chrysanthemi (Ech). Significant, positive correlations between resistance to the different strains and species were observed, indicating that screening for resistance to tuber soft rot could be accomplished by using just one of the three pathogens. Strains of Ecc and Ech were found to be much more virulent than strains of Eca. Inoculating with Ecc and Ech resulted in more distinct differences among susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant clones than inoculating with Eca.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

转小麦 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥植株的主要抗旱性研究

核氧还蛋白（nucleoredoxin,NRX）可通过还原目标蛋白的二硫键来调控其生物活性,在植物的生长发育和抗逆境胁迫中发挥着重要作用。蛋白质二硫键异构酶（protein disulfide isomerase,PDI）、h型硫氧还蛋白（h-type thioredoxin,TRXh）和蛋白磷酸酶2A催化亚基（protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit,PP2Ac）是小麦核氧还蛋白TaNRX1的互作蛋白。为了明确TaNRX1互作蛋白的抗旱性功能,本研究在拟南芥中过表达了小麦 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因,对野生型和转基因拟南芥的表型和抗旱相关生理指标进行了鉴定。结果表明,干旱胁迫处理后,转 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥的根长、存活率、脯氨酸含量均大于野生型,离体叶片失水率、丙二醛（MAD）含量均小于野生型。二氨基联苯胺（diaminobenzidine,DAB）对H₂O₂组织定位染色结果表明,干旱胁迫处理后,转 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥的H₂O₂含量均低于野生型。上述结果说明,TaNRX1的互作蛋白基因 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D增强了拟南芥对于干旱胁迫的抵抗能力。本研究可为小麦抗旱育种提供候选基因和理论基础。     

玉米灌浆期3种鳞翅目害虫的空间分布

采用网格式取样200株玉米,整株剖秆调查亚洲玉米螟、桃蛀螟和棉铃虫在玉米上的数量,用地统计学的方法分析和模拟它们在田间的水平分布;采用生态位理论分析3种害虫在玉米植株上的生态位和种间竞争。结果表明,亚洲玉米螟、桃蛀螟和3种鳞翅目害虫整体在玉米田中的水平分布分别适合球形、高斯、球形模型拟合,均属于聚集分布。Kriging插值模拟图显示,亚洲玉米螟和桃蛀螟为核心分布型;在垂直分布上,雌穗上3种害虫数量最多,占总虫量的69.82%。亚洲玉米螟的基础生态位宽度最大,在整株玉米上都可危害;桃蛀螟则主要在玉米中、上部;棉铃虫基础生态位最窄,只在雌穗附近危害。3种害虫在玉米茎秆上种间竞争激烈,异种害虫无法共存;雌穗上种间竞争程度小于茎秆,异种害虫可以共存。