不同性别肉鸡心肌易颤性、血清酶活性和电解质水平的比较

对不同性别肉鸡的心肌易颤性、血清酶活性和电解质水平进行了比较,结果表明:(1)雄性肉鸡的电刺激诱颤阈和输钾诱颤阈均显著低于雌性肉鸡(P<0.05),二者均表明雄性肉鸡的心肌易颤性高于雌性肉鸡;(2)冷加压试验:冷加压5 min内心率和PT波宽出现了显著的变化,而且变化幅度雄性肉鸡均明显大于雌性肉鸡,提示雄性肉鸡的心肌易颤性高于雌性肉鸡;(3)雄性肉鸡LDH活性和CK活性极显著高于雌性肉鸡(P<0.01),而AST活性无显著差异(P>0.05);(4)K 、Na 、Cl-浓度均无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

早期限饲对肉鸡肌肉生长及生产性能的长期影响

本研究旨在比较不同生长阶段隔日限饲(早期限饲:1~14日龄限饲,后期限饲:50~63日龄限饲)对肉鸡肌肉生长及相关激素水平的影响,并探讨早期限饲对肉鸡肌肉生长的程序化作用。试验结果:1)早期限饲组整个试验阶段体重均极显著低于对照组,后期限饲组限饲一周后体重显著低于对照组并于63日龄实现完全补偿生长;2)早期限饲组14日龄和63日龄胸肌、腓肠肌重均显著低于对照组;后期限饲组63日龄胸肌、腓肠肌重均显著低于对照组,且二者与早期限饲组均差异不显著;3)早期限饲显著降低了14日龄肉鸡肌肉中DNA、RNA和蛋白含量,63日龄恢复至正常水平,且核酸、蛋白水平在胸肌和腓肠肌内的趋势表现不一致;4)早期限饲组14日龄血清中T3、T4水平均显著低于对照组,63日龄血清T3水平仍显著低于对照组;后期限饲组63日龄血清T3水平显著低于对照组,T4水平与对照组差异不显著。结果表明:1)限饲可显著阻碍肉鸡肌肉的生长;2)不同部位的肌肉对限饲的敏感度不同;3)早期营养因子对肉鸡肌肉的生长具有"程序化"作用,甲状腺激素可能参与这些过程的调节。     

能量限饲对肉鸡生长性能、血清免疫球蛋白含量、外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和血脂水平的影响

本试验旨在研究不同能量限饲水平对肉鸡生长性能、血清指标、外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和免疫功能的影响。选取22日龄科宝(Cobb)肉鸡72只,随机分为3个组,分别为对照组、试验1组(15%能量限饲组)和试验2组(30%能量限饲组),每组24个重复,每个重复1只鸡。试验期20 d。分别于28、42日龄时屠宰取样。结果表明:1)15%和30%能量限饲组肉鸡的末重和平均日增重均显著低于对照组(P0.05),30%能量限饲组显著低于15%能量限饲组(P0.05);30%能量限饲组22~42日龄时的料重比显著高于15%能量限饲组和对照组(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,15%和30%能量限饲显著增加28日龄时肉鸡的血清免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量和42日龄时的血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量(P0.05),显著降低28日龄时的血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量(P0.05);30%能量限饲显著增加28日龄时的血清IgA含量(P0.05),显著降低28、42日龄时的血清总胆固醇含量以及42日龄时的血清甘油三脂和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,30%能量限饲显著增加28日龄时肉鸡的外周血CD_8~+T淋巴细胞百分含量(P0.05)。4)与对照组相比,30%能量限饲显著增加28日龄时肉鸡的法氏囊指数和42日龄时的脾脏指数(P0.05)。由此可见,能量限饲降低了肉鸡的生长性能,提高了免疫功能,降低了血脂水平。     

肉鸡和蛋鸡心肌易颤性的比较研究

以常规饲养的肉鸡和蛋鸡作为试验动物,通过电刺激诱颤阈和输钾诱颤阈的测定以及进行冷加压试验,对同体重肉鸡和蛋鸡的心肌易颤性进行了比较研究。结果表明:(1)同体重肉鸡和蛋鸡相比,电刺激诱颤阈和输钾诱颤阈肉鸡均极显著低于蛋鸡(P<0.01);(2)在电刺激诱发室颤的过程中,开胸时室颤的发生率肉鸡(14%)显著高于蛋鸡(0%)(P<0.05);(3)冷加压试验:冷加压5min内,心率和PT波宽出现了显著的变化,而且变化幅度肉鸡均明显大于蛋鸡。上述试验结果从不同方面均表明肉鸡心肌易颤性高于蛋鸡。     

早期限饲对肉鸡体内脂质过氧化作用和抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用低温诱发肉鸡腹水综合征(AS)，并观察早期限饲对常温和低温饲养时肉鸡AS的发病率、肉鸡体内脂质过氧化作用和抗氧化酶活性的影响。试验1，限饲处理组肉鸡分别于7～14日龄或7～21日龄每天给料8h，对照组肉鸡全程自由采食。试验2，限饲组肉鸡分别于7～14日龄给予对照组肉鸡前一天饲料消耗量的60％或80％，对照组肉鸡自由采食。试验过程中连续测定肉鸡血浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH—Px)、丙二醛(MDA)水平和腹水心脏指数(RV／TV值)。结果显示低温显著升高了肉鸡血浆MDA浓度，降低了血浆SOD和GSH—Px的活性；低温饲养肉鸡5～6周龄时的RV／TV值显著升高，AS的发病率显著增加。限饲处理显著降低了肉鸡血浆MDA含量，并且限饲处理肉鸡生长后期血浆中SOD和GSH—Px活性显著高于自由采食组肉鸡。所有的限饲处理均能降低肉鸡AS的发病率，并且早期限饲处理肉鸡42日龄的RV／TV值显著低于非限饲肉鸡。这表明早期限饲能够减轻肉鸡体内脂质过氧化作用，提高机体抗氧化酶的活性，从而降低AS的发病率。     

饲粮卵磷脂添加水平对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肝脏营养成分及肝脏和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮卵磷脂添加水平对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肝脏营养成分及肝脏和血清生化指标的影响。选取体重一致的1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡500只,随机分成5个组,每组10个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加500、1000、1500和2000 mg/kg卵磷脂。试验期42 d。结果表明:1)随着饲粮卵磷脂添加水平的增加,21和42日龄肉鸡平均体重呈二次曲线升高(P<0.05)。2)随着饲粮卵磷脂添加水平的增加,42日龄肉鸡半净膛率和全净膛率呈线性和二次曲线升高(P<0.05),42日龄肉鸡腿肌率呈线性升高(P<0.05)。3)随着饲粮卵磷脂添加水平的增加,21日龄肉鸡新鲜样本基础和干物质基础上肝脏有机物含量呈线性和二次曲线升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),42日龄肉鸡新鲜样本基础和干物质基础上肝脏有机物和粗脂肪含量均呈线性和二次曲线升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。4)随着饲粮卵磷脂添加水平的增加,21日龄肉鸡肝脏总胆固醇含量呈线性升高(P<0.05),42日龄肉鸡肝脏甘油三酯含量呈线性和二次曲线升高(P<0.01)。5)与对照组相比,饲粮添加1000、1500和2000 mg/kg卵磷脂显著降低了21和42日龄肉鸡血清甘油三酯含量(P<0.05),饲粮添加2000 mg/kg卵磷脂显著降低21和42日龄肉鸡血清尿素氮含量(P<0.05)。随着饲粮卵磷脂添加水平的增加,21日龄肉鸡血清低密度脂蛋白、甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量呈线性降低(P<0.05),42日龄肉鸡血清甘油三酯含量呈线性和二次曲线降低(P<0.05)。由此可见,饲粮添加卵磷脂能够提高肉鸡生长性能和屠宰性能,调节肝脏和血清脂质代谢,降低血清尿素氮含量。以肉鸡平均体重为判断指标,推荐1~21日龄和22~42日龄肉鸡基础饲粮中卵磷脂添加水平分别为952和1246 mg/kg。     

早期限饲对肉鸡蛋白质周转代谢的影响

以艾维因肉仔鸡为研究对象,研究早期限饲对肉鸡蛋白质周转代谢的影响。结果表明:早期限饲降低肉鸡补偿生长期21、35日龄的骨骼肌蛋白降解速率,限饲水平越高降解率越低(R_(21)~2=0.9657,R_(35)~2=0.8865),30%的限饲水平时达到显著水平(P0.05)。限饲对骨骼肌蛋白合成速率影响不显著(P0.05)。     

早期限饲对肉鸡血浆NO水平、红细胞比容和心脏指数的影响

试验测定了常温和低温下限饲肉鸡和非限饲肉鸡体内一氧化氮(NO)含量、红细胞比容(PCV)和心脏指数的变化,以探讨早期限饲降低肉鸡肺动脉高压综合征(PHS)发病率的机理。试验结果显示低温下肉鸡的PCV值、心脏指数和PHS的发病率显著升高,NO水平在低温早期显著降低,然而随着低温时间的延长,低温处理组肉鸡的血浆NO水平反而代偿性升高。早期限饲显著降低了肉鸡生长早期的红细胞压积值,并显著降低了42日龄心脏指数和PHS的发病率。限饲鸡在限饲期间血浆NO水平显著降低,但其他阶段与非限饲鸡差异不显著。这提示早期限饲能够缓解肉鸡肺动脉高压和右心肥大的产生,其机理可能与NO和PCV改变所致的血流动力学变化有关。     

早期限饲对肉鸡补偿生长的影响

试验旨在研究不同时间、不同限饲水平对肉鸡补偿生长的影响。试验选取0日龄健康状况良好的艾维茵雏鸡330只,随机分为4个试验处理组,除对照组外,其余3个试验处理组各设三个限饲水平,每组3个重复(对照组为6个重复),每个重复10只鸡。结果表明:11～17日龄限饲最好,其最佳限饲水平为47%(R~2=0.9051);5～11、8～14日龄最佳限饲水平为14%;超过29%时,49日龄不能获得完全补偿生长(R~2=0.5913);限饲改善饲料利用率,随着限饲水平提高而提高(R~2=0.966),30%的限饲水平显著提高饲料利用率(P0.05)。结论:5～11、8～14日龄最佳限饲水平为14%;限饲可降低肉鸡总死亡率。     

丁酸梭菌对肉鸡生长性能和血清生化指标的影响北大核心CSCD

本试验通过在基础饲粮中添加丁酸梭菌,研究其对肉鸡生长性能和血清生化指标的影响。选择1日龄180只健康爱拔益加肉鸡,随机分为3个组,分别为无抗对照组、抗生素组和丁酸梭菌组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。无抗对照组饲喂基础饲粮,抗生素组在基础饲粮中添加5 mg/kg黄霉素、75 mg/kg金霉素和20 mg/kg吉他霉素,丁酸梭菌组在基础饲粮中添加2.5×108CFU/kg丁酸梭菌,试验期42 d。结果表明:1)饲粮添加丁酸梭菌未显著影响肉鸡21日龄和42日龄体重、1~21日龄平均日增重和料重比(P>0.05);与无抗对照组相比,饲粮添加丁酸梭菌极显著降低了1~21日龄肉鸡平均日采食量(P<0.01)。2)与无抗对照组和抗生素组相比,饲粮添加丁酸梭菌显著提高了42日龄肉鸡血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇含量和碱性磷酸酶活性(P<0.05)。3)与无抗对照组或抗生素组相比,饲粮添加丁酸梭菌显著提高了42日龄肉鸡血清总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白含量(P<0.05);与无抗对照组相比,饲粮添加丁酸梭菌极显著降低了21日龄和42日龄肉鸡血清氨含量(P<0.01),显著降低了21日龄肉鸡血清尿酸含量(P<0.05)。综上,饲粮添加丁酸梭菌显著改变了肉鸡脂类代谢,提高了血清中蛋白质含量,降低了蛋白质代谢废物含量。     

Influence of dietary electrolyte balance, source of added potassium and anticoccidial agents on the performance of male broilers

1. The performance of 1680 male broiler chickens was measured from one to 42 d of age. They were given diets with three (125, 165 and 205 mEq/kg) electrolyte balances (sodium + potassium - chloride), two sources of added potassium (carbonate or sulphate) and two anticoccidial agents (90 mg/kg of either monensin or lasalocid). 2. The dietary treatments had no significant effects on the growth performance of broiler chickens in the starter phase. 3. In the finisher phase, the chickens given the diets containing lasalocid utilised food less efficiently that those given the diets containing monensin. 4. There were significant interactions between dietary electrolyte balance and source of added potassium on body weight gains and food:gain ratios in the finisher phase. In diets with an electrolyte balance of 205 mEq/kg, the inclusion of potassium sulphate instead of potassium carbonate increased body weight gains by 3.4% and reduced food:gain ratios by 4.6%. 5. The body weight gains of chickens given the finisher diets containing lasalocid and added potassium carbonate were reduced by 2.6% compared to those of chickens given the diets containing monensin or added potassium sulphate. 6. The litter moisture content was higher in pens with chickens on the diets with an electrolyte balance of 205 mEq/kg than on the diets with either 125 or 165 mEq/kg. Both lasalocid and potassium sulphate tended to increase the litter moisture content. 7. It may be concluded that the inclusion of 90 mg/kg of either monensin or lasalocid in broiler diets does not alter the balance of electrolytes required for optimum growth performance of broiler chickens.     

不同配伍酶制剂添加于小麦日粮中对肉仔鸡生长和血液生化指标的影响

选择14日龄肉仔鸡,研究小麦日粮中添加不同配伍酶制剂对鸡生长和一些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:(1)添加酶制剂可显著提高鸡的增重(P<0.05),不同配伍间差异不明显,但有一定的增加趋势;(2)小麦日粮添加酶制剂有提高鸡血清总蛋白量的趋势(P>0.05);(3)小麦日粮添加酶制剂可显著提高鸡血清谷丙转氨酶和尿酸的量(P<0.05),不同配伍间有出现差异的趋势;(4)小麦日粮添加酶制剂可显著提高鸡血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯的量(P<0.05),不同配伍间有出现差异的趋势。结果显示,酶制剂可提高肉仔鸡生长、采食量和利用日粮营养的能力,适宜配伍酶制剂的效果更为显著。     

黄连提取物对高饲养密度下肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标及肠道微生物的影响

文章旨在研究高密度饲养条件下肉鸡日粮添加黄连提取物对其生长性能、血清生化指标及肠道微生物的影响。试验将640只平均体重为（42.12±0.16）g的肉鸡随机分为4组（T1～T4）,每组4个重复,每个重复40只。T1组肉鸡在高密度（20/m2）下饲喂基础日粮,T2组肉鸡在正常饲养密度（10只/m2）下饲喂基础日粮,T3组肉鸡在高饲养密度下饲喂基础日粮+20 mg/kg黄连提取物,T4组在正常饲养密度（10只/m2）饲喂基础日粮+20 mg/kg黄连提取物。在为期42 d的饲养试验结束后分析相关指标。结果：T4组22～42 d肉鸡平均日增重、22～42 d和1～42 d采食量最高（P＜0.05）,而T1组1～42 d肉鸡平均日增重和采食量最低（P＜0.05）。T1组肉鸡法氏囊重量分别较T2～T4组显著降低了18.53%、17.42%和18.89%（P＜0.05）。T4组肉鸡血清SOD和T-AOC活性最高（P＜0.05）,但血清丙二醛含量较T1组显著降低了29.04%（P＜0.05）。T1组肉鸡回肠大肠杆菌数量最高,分别较其他组显著提高了7.22%、6.93%和8.10%（P＜0.05）,但T1组肉鸡回肠乳酸杆菌数量较其他组显著降低了14.21%、15.74%和17.62%（P＜0.05）。T4组肉鸡回肠双歧杆菌数量较T1组显著提高了5.41%（P＜0.05）。结论：在高饲养密度条件下肉鸡日粮中添加20 mg/kg黄连提取物可以改善肉鸡生长性能和肠道有益菌数量,提高血清抗氧化指标,降低氧化应激。 [关键词]黄连提取物|饲养密度|肉鸡|生长性能|肠道微生物|血清生化     

Influence of esterified-glucomannan on performance and organ morphology, serum biochemistry and haematology in broilers exposed to individual and combined mycotoxicosis (aflatoxin, ochratoxin and T-2 toxin)

1. A study was conducted to evaluate the individual and combined effects of aflatoxin B1 (AF), ochratoxin A (OA) and T-2 toxin (T-2) on performance, organ morphology serum biochemistry and haematology of broiler chickens and the efficacy of esterified-glucomannan (E-GM), a cell wall derivative of Saccharomyces cerevisiae1026 in their counteraction. 2. Two dietary inclusion rates of AF (0 and 0.3 mg/kg), OA (0 and 2 mg/kg), T-2 (0 and 3 mg/kg) and E-GM (0 and 1 g/kg) were tested in a 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial manner on a total of 960 broiler chickens from 1 to 35 d of age in an open sided deep litter pen house. 3. Body weight and food intake were depressed by all the mycotoxins, OA being the most toxic during early life. 4. Weights of kidney and adrenals were increased by AF and OA. Liver weight was increased by AF (17.8%), while OA increased gizzard weight (14.6%) and reduced bone ash content (8.1%). T-2 toxin showed no effect on these variables. 5. Serum cholesterol content was decreased and activity of serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) was increased by AF and OA while serum protein content was decreased by AF. These effects were more pronounced at 21 d than at 35 d of age. Inconsistent responses were seen in the other variables: blood urea nitrogen (BUN) content, activities of serum alanine amino transferase and aspertate amino transferase. Blood haemoglobin content was depressed by AF and T-2, whereas blood coagulation time was prolonged by OA. 6. Significant interactions were observed between any 2 toxins for their additive effects on body weight, food intake, bone ash content and serum GGT activity at 21 d. Conversely, antagonistic interactions were observed among any 2 of the toxins for their effects on variables such as serum protein and serum cholesterol content. Simultaneous feeding of all 3 mycotoxins did not show increased toxicity above that seen with any 2. 7. Esterified-glucomannan increased body weight (2.26%) and food intake (1.6%), decreased weights of liver (32.5%) and adrenals (18.9%) and activity of serum GGT (8.7%), and increased serum protein (14.7%), cholesterol (21.9%), BUN (20.8%) and blood haemoglobin (3.1%) content, indicating its possible beneficial effect on mycotoxicosis in broiler chickens.     

Growth performance,carcass criteria,and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with either synbiotic or prebiotic under hot climatic conditions

ABSTRACT

1. Two separate experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of either prebiotic or synbiotic on growth performance, carcass yield, organ weights, and serum metabolic profile of broilers under hot climatic conditions.

2. In experiment 1, 150 1-d-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens were fed dietary synbiotic (Biomin® IMBO, 0, 1 or 1.5 g kg^?1 of the starter diets and 0, 0.5 or 0.75 g kg^?1 of the grower diets) for 6 weeks. In experiment 2, 150 1-d-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens were fed dietary prebiotic (Mannan oligosaccharide 0, 0.5 or 1 g kg^?1 of the starter diets and 0, 0.25 or 0.5 g kg^?1 of the grower diets) for 6 weeks. Each treatment had 10 replicates containing 5 broiler chickens each.

3. Supplementation of synbiotic at 1 or 1.5 g kg^?1 feed to broiler diets during 1–21 d and 0.5 or 0.75 g kg^?1 feed, respectively, during 22–42 d improved (P < 0.01) body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and decreased (P < 0.01) abdominal fat, serum total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels in experiment 1.

4. Similarly, supplementation of the prebiotic at 0.5 or 1 g kg^?1 in broiler diets during 1–21 d and 0.25 or 0.50 g kg^?1 feed, respectively, during 22–42 d improved (P < 0.01) body weight gain, FCR, and decreased (P < 0.01) abdominal fat, serum cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol levels in experiment 2.     

Early-life food restriction of broiler chickens. II. Effects of food restrictions on the development of fat tissue.

1. The physiological and metabolic effects of a short term food restriction of broiler chickens at an early age and grown to 49 d of age were examined. 2. Fat accretion was measured by tritium dilution. Adipocyte characteristics of the fat tissue were examined by cell counting after fixation with osmium tetroxide and the metabolic effects of food restrictions were measured by closed-circuit respiration calorimetry. 3. The success of food restrictions in allowing full bodyweight recovery and producing decreases in body fat was associated with a negative energy balance and a positive nitrogen balance achieved during the restriction phase. 4. Food restrictions produced decreases in body fat possibly by causing a delay in adipocyte hyperplasia. Excess dietary energy was then lost as heat until adipocyte hyperplasia re-commenced allowing the bird to store surplus dietary energy as fat. 5. A food restriction that allows full bodyweight recovery and maximum carcase fat reduction in the broiler chicken at 49 d may not be appropriate for birds grown for longer periods.     

粗酶制剂添加于大麦日粮中对鸡生长和血液生化值的影响

选择７日龄蛋用雏鸡和１日龄肉用仔鸡,研究大麦日粮中添加粗酶制剂对鸡生长和血液生化值的影响。结果表明：（１）添加粗酶制剂于大麦日粮可明显提高鸡的增重（Ｐ＜０．０５）和饲料转化率;（２）大麦日粮添加粗酶制剂可提高鸡血清总蛋白水平（Ｐ＜０．０５）,同时可提高肉用仔鸡血清甘油三酯水平（Ｐ＜０．０１）;（３）大麦日粮,添加酶制剂使蛋用雏鸡尿酸水平明显提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,却使肉用仔鸡尿酸水平明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。此结果提示,粗酶制剂可提高鸡对大麦日粮的营养吸收能力,促进鸡的生长,但蛋用雏鸡和肉用仔鸡对蛋白质或氨基酸的利用率不同。     

Early and temporary quantitative food restriction of broiler chickens. 1. Effects on performance characteristics, mortality and meat quality

1. An experiment was conducted with broiler chickens to determine the effects of different early food restrictions, strain (Ross 508 and Hybro G) and sex on performance, mortality carcase composition and meat characteristics. 2. Birds were restricted to 80% or 90% of ad libitum intake for 4 d (80%-4 d-group and 90%-4 d-group, respectively) or 80% for 8 d (80%-8 d-group). All restrictions started on d 4. After the periods of restriction, all birds were fed ad libitum. 3. Only the 90%-4 d-group reached a final body weight not significantly different from, but lower than, the ad libitum group. The other restrictions were too severe to allow a sufficient 'catch-up'. 4. No significant differences in food conversion and total carcase fat content between groups were observed. Abdominal fat showed a tendency to increase due to the restrictions induced. 5. There was a slight trend towards a reduced mortality and of 'sudden death syndrome' but no clear effect of food restriction on number of chickens removed with leg problems. There was no significant decrease in uniformity of the flocks due to restriction. 6. The group 80%-8 d had a significant lower yield percentage. Cut-up parts and meat quality were not changed by restriction. Ross birds had a significantly higher proportion of breast meat than Hybro chickens. Meat of female chickens seemed to be paler than that of males, possibly because of the higher proportion of carcase fat. 7. Food restriction did not always give good results. However, a mild restriction (90% for 4 d) may offer some economic advantages over an ad libitum feeding regimen, mainly by reducing mortality.